Nylon-6 Nanofibers Research Articles

Diminish charge loss by mica incorporation into nylon nanofibers for performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerators operating in harsh ambient

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a fascinating energy-harvesting device that utilizes the triboelectric effect caused by contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Nylon 66 is used widely in TENG applications because it is a representative tribo-positive polymer with excellent biocompatibility. On the other hand, the generated charges are vulnerable to discharge due to moisture in the air, which impedes the TENG performance in harsh environments. Moreover, the dielectric loss, which generates heat by consuming the considerable electric charge in triboelectric materials, significantly degrades the TENG performances. This study fabricated the composite nanofiber (NF) structure of nylon 66 and mica, which has excellent electrical insulation, low dielectric loss, high thermal conductivity, and enhanced tribo-positive properties, to circumvent these problems. Embedding the mica into the nylon NFs enhanced the TENG performance and prevented performance degradation even in harsh environments at a relative humidity of 70%. Furthermore, after 100,000 cycles of friction, the nylon/mica composite NFs showed smaller temperature increments than the pristine nylon NF because of the low dielectric loss and efficient heat dissipation of the mica. The nylon/mica composite NFs were applied to a sustainable and wearable power generator operating in a humid and hot environment by attaching the device to the forearm and soles of the feet. The generators were efficient enough to turn on 80 light-emitting diodes.

High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Odd–Odd Nylon Nanofibers for Wearable Electronics via Precise Control of Ferroelectric Phase and Orientation

High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Odd–Odd Nylon Nanofibers for Wearable Electronics via Precise Control of Ferroelectric Phase and Orientation

Triboelectric nanogenerator for Self-Powered musical instrument sensing based on the Ion-Electricfield-Migration Nylon/Na2SO4 nanofiber film

The advanced sensing technologies have a significantly important influence in promoting the design and research of intelligent musical instruments. Herein, we propose an ion-electricfield-migration enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator (IE-TENG) with the features of low-cost, lightweight and high-sensitive for the sensors of intelligent musical instruments. Compared to pure nylon nanofiber films, the voltage of IE-TENG with the nylon/Na2SO4 nanofiber films has been improved by 4.5 times, which is benefiting from the improved electrostatic induction of anions and cations migration. The fabricated IE-TENG sensor can achieve an excellent sensing performance with a sensitivity of 7.29 V N−1, a signal-to-noise ratio of 68.61 dB and a response-time of 10 ms, which are several times higher than the previous research works. Importantly, combined with the array structure design, multi-channel data acquisition and artificial intelligence digital analysis, an intelligent musical instrument system is constructed to gather and analyze the performer's playing information in real-time and quickly give the corresponding evaluation and improvement suggestions. Our finding not only give a good way for fabricating excellent performance TENG, but also promotes the application of TENG in intelligent musical instruments.

Optimization of electrospinning process parameters using Box-Behnken design for Nylon-6 nanofibers fabrication

In this research, the Box-Behnken (BBD) experimental design was utilized to optimize the process parameters involved in the electrospinning technique to produce Nylon-6 nanofibers. To optimize the fabrication of Nylon-6 nanofibers, process parameters, including solution concentration, working voltage, and flow rate, were varied across three levels of values, with a total of 15 experiments conducted. The study employed a Nylon-6 solution as the precursor, with three different concentrations of 14 wt%, 16 wt%, and 18 wt%. The working voltage was varied between 15.5 kV, 17.5 kV, and 19.5 kV, while the flow rate was adjusted to 0.5 mL/h, 0.75 mL/h, and 1 mL/h. The morphology of the Nylon-6 nanofibers and their average diameter were respectively examined using an optical microscope and ImageJ software. The results obtained using the Box-Behnken experimental design were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimization analysis revealed that the solution concentration was the most significant factor that affected the diameter of the Nylon-6 nanofibers. Based on the optimization results, the minimum nanofiber diameter was achieved at a solution concentration of 14 wt%, a working voltage of 19.5 kV, and a flow rate of 1 mL/h.

Sustainable energy harvesting and breath sensing with electrospun triboelectric nylon-6

A high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed for breath sensing applications, utilizing tribopositive electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers and tribonegative fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The optimization toward the development of electrospun nylon-6-based TENG includes a range of factors such as the applied force and frequency on tribo responses, the thickness of the fiber mat, the concentration of nylon-6 in the fiber mats, and the selection of the tribonegative material for pairing with nylon-6 nanofiber. Among these parameters, the nanofiber prepared with 18 wt% nylon-6, characterized by a uniform fiber distribution, the highest surface area of 55.69 m2 g−1, and an optimal thickness of 0.169 mm, demonstrated excellent TENG performance, among others. The TENG module constructed using nanofiber in a 4 cm2 area showed the TENG responses of more than 30 μA short-circuit current, 200 V open-circuit voltage, and 90 nC charge when hand-pressed. It achieved a substantial power density of 890 mW m−2 at 20 MΩ by applying a constant force of 10 N at a 10 Hz frequency. Charging a 1 μF capacitor to approximately 30.1 V in just 30 s highlights the potential of electrospun nylon-6 as a promising material for nanogenerator energy harvesting and sensing applications. The TENG device was found to be sufficient to power small, portable electronics such as LEDs and digital watch displays. A wearable belt was fabricated to showcase its breath-sensing capabilities by pairing it with FEP. The microcontroller connected to the TENG in the wearable belt is used to analyze the output produced through breathing patterns, subsequently activating a buzzer and LED by the nature of the breathing.

Flame‐Retardant Properties and Characterization of Nylon/Tannic Acid Electrospun Fibers

Incorporating flame‐retardant compounds into polymeric composites is a key area of materials research. Halogenated flame‐retardants are most widely used; however, they are under scrutiny due to health and environmental concerns which increases interest in eco‐friendly alternatives. Tannic acid (TA) is a naturally occurring polyphenol with flame‐retardant properties. To overcome current challenges incorporating TA into polymer composites at high concentrations, nonwoven mats of nylon/TA composite nanofibers are fabricated using electrospinning. TA is incorporated at concentrations up to 50 wt% while maintaining uniform fiber morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows TA within the nanofibers degrades at 230 °C and nylon degrades at 400 °C, irrespective of the initial TA concentration. Char yield increases with the concentration of TA, resulting in a maximum of 25% for fibers containing 50 wt% TA. Flame resistance is characterized using microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) which shows composite fibers have reduced heat capacity and total heat release (THR) indicating flame resistance at ≥75 rel. wt%. Finally, ignition tests and condensed phase analysis show that TA acts as an intumescent material when embedded within the polymer matrix which produces an insulating foam‐like char under direct heat that eliminates flaming melt dripping and results in self‐extinguishing nanofibers.

Fabrication of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on Ni3C nanosheets to self-power thermal patch for pain relief

In this work, we report a vertical contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) comprising of Ni3C/PDMS composite and Nylon Nanofibers for self-powering a nichrome wire-based thermal patch for muscular/joint relaxation. An optimised composition of Ni3C (25 wt%) and PDMS as a tribo-negative material and Nylon Nanofibers synthesised via electrospinning on copper electrode foil as a tribo-positive material were used to fabricate the TENG. The fabricated TENG exhibits outstanding output generating an average open circuit voltage of ∼252 V, an average short circuit current of ∼40.87 μA and a peak power of ∼562.35 μW cm−2 at a matching resistance of 20 MΩ by manual tapping. Enhancement in contact area due to electrospun nylon and micro capacitive Ni3C flakes in dielectric PDMS contribute to the exceptional performance of the TENG. The optimised TENG is then connected to a full bridge rectifier with a 100 nF filtering capacitor to convert the AC voltage to a DC output with a peak voltage of ∼5.4 V and a ripple voltage of ∼1.04 V to recharge an ICR 18650 Li-ion battery, which functions as a medium to improve electrical energy flow to the heat patch. The electrical energy is converted into heat energy by a wounded nichrome wire placed inside the heat patch. The nichrome wire of length 3 cm with appropriate number of windings was employed in the heat patch. An increment of 45 °F can be observed by switching the charged Li-ion battery-based circuit ON for just 30 s. The strategy of self-powering a heat patch using this TENG finds enormous applications in physiotherapy and sports to relieve muscle and joint pains.

High-output triboelectric nanogenerator based on L-cystine/nylon composite nanofiber for human bio-mechanical energy harvesting

Thanks to the characteristics of lightweight and high-efficiency in low-frequency, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is considered a highly promising technology to effectively harvest human mechanical energy. However, the low output of wearable TENG significantly limits its application in self-powered wearable electronic systems. Herein, we propose a high-output multilayer-structured triboelectric nanogenerator (HM-TENG) fabricated by nylon/L-cystine composite nanofiber film (NCNF), which can efficiently harvest various human bio-mechanical energy. Based on the excellent positive triboelectric performance of L-cystine and the corresponding preparation process research, the fabricated TENG by NCNF with 8 w% L-cystine achieves several times the output performance of TENG with pure nylon nanofiber. Besides, the fabricated HM-TENG obtain a high power density of 11.52 W/m2, which is 5–500 folds higher than previous related research work. Importantly, relied on the designed power management circuit and the installation of a foot mounted HM-TENG, various self-powered wearable electronic devices constructed by harvesting human bio-mechanical energy have been successfully demonstrated. Our research not only provides a novel method for developing high-output TENG but also offers a important solution for the design of self-powered electronic devices.

Electrospinning Nanofibers as Stretchable Sensors for Wearable Devices.

Wearable devices attract great attention in intelligent medicine, electronic skin, artificial intelligence robots, and so on. However, boundedness of traditional sensors based on rigid materials unconstrained self-multilayer structure assembly and dense substrate in stretchability and permeability limits their applications. The network structure of the elastomeric nanofibers gives them excellent air permeability and stretchability. By introducing metal nanofillers, intrinsic conductive polymers, carbon materials, and other methods to construct conductive paths, stretchable conductors can be effectively prepared by elastomeric nanofibers, showing great potential in the field of flexible sensors. This perspective briefly introduces the representative preparations of conductive thermoplastic polyurethane, nylon, and hydrogel nanofibers by electrospinning and the application of integrated electronic devices in biological signal detection. The main challenge is to unify the stretchability and conductivity of the fiber structure.

Tailor-Made White Photothermal Fabrics: a Bridge between Pragmatism and Aesthetic.

Maintaining human thermal comfort in cold wild is crucial for diverse outdoor activities, e.g., sports and recreation, health-care, and special occupations. To date, advanced clothes are employed to collect solar energy as heat source to stand cold climates, while their dull dark photothermal coating may hinder pragmatism in wild and visual sense considering fashion. Herein, tailor-made white webs with strong photothermal effect are proposed. With the embedding of Csx WO3 nanoparticles (NPs) as additive inside nylon nanofibers, these webs are capable of drawing both NIR and UV light in sunlight for heating. Their exceptional photothermal conversion capability enables 2.5-10.5°C warmer than that of a commercial sweatshirt of 6 times thicker under different climates. Remarkably, this smart fabric can increase its photothermal conversion efficiency in a wet state. It is optimal for fast sweat or water evaporation at human comfort temperature (38.5°C) under sunlight, and its role in thermoregulation is equally important to avoid excess heat loss in wilderness survival. Obviously, this smart web with considerable merits of shape retention, softness, safety, breathability, washability and on-demand coloration, provides a revolutionary solution to realize energy-saving outdoor thermoregulatory and simultaneously satisfy the needs of fashion and aesthetics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Boosting the mechanical strength and electrochemical performance of PEO/LiTFSI polymeric solid electrolyte via nylon nanofibers

Boosting the mechanical strength and electrochemical performance of PEO/LiTFSI polymeric solid electrolyte via nylon nanofibers

High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Commercial Textiles: Electrospun Nylon 66 Nanofibers on Silk and PVDF on Polyester.

A high-performance textile triboelectric nanogenerator is developed based on the common commercial fabrics silk and polyester (PET). Electrospun nylon 66 nanofibers were used to boost the tribo-positive performance of silk, and a poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) coating was deployed to increase the tribo-negativity of PET. The modifications confer a very significant boost in performance: output voltage and short-circuit current density increased ∼17 times (5.85 to 100 V) and ∼16 times (1.6 to 24.5 mA/m2), respectively, compared with the Silk/PET baseline. The maximum power density was 280 mW/m2 at a 4 MΩ resistance. The performance boost likely results from enhancing the tribo-positivity (and tribo-negativity) of the contact layers and from increased contact area facilitated by the electrospun nanofibers. Excellent stability and durability were demonstrated: the nylon nanofibers and PVDF coating provide high output, while the silk and PET substrate fabrics confer strength and flexibility. Rapid capacitor charging rates of 0.045 V/s (2 μF), 0.031 V/s (10 μF), and 0.011 V/s (22 μF) were demonstrated. Advantages include high output, a fully textile structure with excellent flexibility, and construction based on cost-effective commercial fabrics. The device is ideal as a power source for wearable electronic devices, and the approach can easily be deployed for other textiles.

Light-to-Heat Converting ECM-Mimetic Nanofiber Scaffolds for Neuronal Differentiation and Neurite Outgrowth Guidance.

The topological cues of fibrous scaffolds (in particular extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic nanofibers) have already proven to be a powerful tool for influencing neuronal morphology and behavior. Remote photothermal optical treatment provides additional opportunities for neuronal activity regulation. A combination of these approaches can provide “smart” 3D scaffolds for efficient axon guidance and neurite growth. In this study we propose two alternative approaches for obtaining biocompatible photothermal scaffolds: surface coating of nylon nanofibers with light-to-heat converting nanoparticles and nanoparticle incorporation inside the fibers. We have determined photoconversion efficiency of fibrous nanomaterials under near infrared (NIR) irradiation, as well as biocompatible photothermal treatment parameters. We also measured photo-induced intracellular heating upon contact of cells with a plasmonic surface. In the absence of NIR stimulation, our fibrous scaffolds with a fiber diameter of 100 nm induced an increase in the proportion of β3-tubulin positive cells, while thermal stimulation of neuroblastoma cells on nanoparticles-decorated scaffolds enhanced neurite outgrowth and promoted neuronal maturation. We demonstrate that contact guidance decorated fibers can stimulate directional growth of processes of differentiated neural cells. We studied the impact of nanoparticles on the surface of ECM-mimetic scaffolds on neurite elongation and axonal branching of rat hippocampal neurons, both as topographic cues and as local heat sources. We show that decorating the surface of nanofibers with nanoparticles does not affect the orientation of neurites, but leads to strong branching, an increase in the number of neurites per cell, and neurite elongation, which is independent of NIR stimulation. The effect of photothermal stimulation is most pronounced when cultivating neurons on nanofibers with incorporated nanoparticles, as compared to nanoparticle-coated fibers. The resulting light-to-heat converting 3D materials can be used as tools for controlled photothermal neuromodulation and as “smart” materials for reconstructive neurosurgery.

Surface Potential Tuned Single Active Material Comprised Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a High Performance Voice Recognition Sensor.

To fabricate a high-performance and ultrasensitive triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), choice of a combination of different materials of triboelectric series is one of the prime challenging tasks. An effective way to fabricate a TENG with a single material (abbreviated as S-TENG) is proposed, comprising electrospun nylon nanofibers. The surface potential of the nanofibers are tuned by changing the voltage polarity in the electrospinning setup, employed between the needle and collector. The difference in surface potential leads to a different work function that is the key to design S-TENG with a single material only. Further, S-TENG is demonstrated as an ultrahigh sensitive acoustic sensor with mechanoacoustic sensitivity of ≈27500mVPa-1 . Due to high sensitivity in the low-to-middle decibel (60-70dB) sounds, S-TENG is highly capable in recognizing different voice signals depending on the condition of the vocal cord. This effective voice recognition ability indicates that it has high potential to open an alternative pathway for medical professionals to detect several diseases such as neurological voice disorder, muscle tension dysphonia, vocal cord paralysis, and speech delay/disorder related to laryngeal complications.

Structure Tuning and Electrical Properties of Mixed PVDF and Nylon Nanofibers.

The paper specifies the electrostatic spinning process of specific polymeric materials, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyamide-6 (PA6, Nylon-6) and their combination PVDF/PA6. By combining nanofibers from two different materials during the spinning process, new structures with different mechanical, chemical, and physical properties can be created. The materials and their combinations were subjected to several measurements: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to capture topography; contact angle of the liquid wettability on the sample surface to observe hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity; crystallization events were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to describe properties and their changes at the chemical level. Furthermore, for the electrical properties of the sample, the dielectric characteristics and the piezoelectric coefficient were measured. The advantage of the addition of co-polymers was to control the properties of PVDF samples and understand the reasons for the changed functionality. The innovation point of this work is the complex analysis of PVDF modification caused by mixing with nylon PA6. Here we emphasize that the application of nylon during the spin influences the properties and structure (polarization, crystallization) of PVDF.

Energy generation from airborne noise: Improving electrical outputs of single-layer polyvinylidene difluoride nanofiber membranes by incorporating a small number of nylon-6 nanofibers

Considerable research has been devoted to generating electricity from airborne noise. However, it is still a challenge to develop high-efficiency, large-output energy harvesters for this purpose. Herein, we present a novel approach to improve the electrical output of a noise-related energy harvester, made of single-layer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membrane, simply by incorporating a small number of nylon-6 nanofibers into the PVDF fibrous matrix. The addition of just 4.3 wt% nylon-6 nanofibers profoundly improves the acoustoelectric conversion. In an airborne noise environment (e.g., 230 Hz 118 dB SPL), the device (working area 12 cm2) can generate peak electrical outputs as high as 201.4 V and 17.6 µA (power density 1.30 W/m2). The voltage and current outputs are 2.7 times and 2.6 times higher, respectively, compared to the pure PVDF nanofiber counterpart. The nylon-6/PVDF device also showed broader bandwidth, covering a frequency range of 230–800 Hz. The nylon-6 nanofibers were found to play dual roles in noise harvesting: 1) a tribo component to cause an endogenous triboelectric effect with PVDF nanofibers, and 2) a dopant to form macro dipoles, thus improving the charge transport from a dielectric layer to the external electrodes, which significantly increases the electrical outputs. Incorporating high polarity dopant may form a novel approach to improve the electrical outputs of acoustoelectric nanofibers.

Micro/nanofibrous nonwovens with high filtration performance and radiative heat dissipation property for personal protective face mask

The COVID-19 pandemic and airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution have posed a great threat to human health. Personal protective face masks have become an indispensable protective equipment in our daily lives. However, wearing conventional face masks for a long time cause swelter and discomfort on the face. Introducing thermal comfort into personal protective face masks becomes desirable. Herein, face masks that show excellent filtration performance and radiative heat dissipation effect are successfully designed and prepared by electrospining Nylon-6 (PA) nanofibers onto polyethylene (PE) meltblown nonwovens. The resultant PE/PA nonwovens have high PM filtration efficiency (>99%) with a low pressure drop (<100 Pa). Moreover, taking the advantage of the property of PE, the designed face mask posses high mid-infrared (mid-IR) transmittance and brings about high radiative cooling power, resulting in effective heat dissipation performance. This face mask design may provides new insights into the development of thermal comfort materials for personal protection.

ECM-Mimetic Nylon Nanofiber Scaffolds for Neurite Growth Guidance.

Numerous nanostructured synthetic scaffolds mimicking the architecture of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) have been described, but the polymeric nanofibers comprising the scaffold were substantially thicker than the natural collagen nanofibers of neural ECM. Here, we report neuron growth on electrospun scaffolds of nylon-4,6 fibers with an average diameter of 60 nm, which closely matches the diameter of collagen nanofibers of neural ECM, and compare their properties with the scaffolds of thicker 300 nm nanofibers. Previously unmodified nylon was not regarded as an independent nanostructured matrix for guided growth of neural cells; however, it is particularly useful for ultrathin nanofiber production. We demonstrate that, while both types of fibers stimulate directed growth of neuronal processes, ultrathin fibers are more efficient in promoting and accelerating neurite elongation. Both types of scaffolds also improved synaptogenesis and the formation of connections between hippocampal neurons; however, the mechanisms of interaction of neurites with the scaffolds were substantially different. While ultrathin fibers formed numerous weak immature β1-integrin-positive focal contacts localized over the entire cell surface, scaffolds of submicron fibers formed β1-integrin focal adhesions only on the cell soma. This indicates that the scaffold nanotopology can influence focal adhesion assembly involving various integrin subunits. The fabricated nanostructured scaffolds demonstrated high stability and resistance to biodegradation, as well as absence of toxic compound release after 1 month of incubation with live cells in vitro. Our results demonstrate the high potential of this novel type of nanofibers for clinical application as substrates facilitating regeneration of nervous tissue.

Electroconductive nylon-6/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite for sodium sensing applications

Developing smart fabric materials that can withstand stress, strain, and bending is a key factor to successful integration into smart clothing. The aims of this study were (1) development and characterization of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)- based electroconductive materials for sensing applications, (2) optimization of experimental fabrication parameters to sensor response, (3) optimization of experimental fabrication parameters for mechanical properties. Nylon-6/MWCNT nanocomposites have enhanced mechanical and electrical properties which make them an ideal candidate for integration into smart clothing. Nylon-6/MWCNT nanocomposites were fabricated by functionalizing an electrospun Nylon-6 scaffold for selective sodium detection. Selective sodium detection is realized using a calixarene functionalization of the MWCNT and the MWCNT is only responsible for increased charge transfer of the nanocomposite. Initially, three factors were considered for optimization of nylon-6/MWCNT nanocomposite fabrication: nanotube type, nanotube concentration, and the weight percent of nylon in the electrospinning solution. The sensing nanocomposite materials were characterized for the electrical and mechanical properties. The sensitivity of the sensor to changing sodium ion concentration (µA/mM) was optimized for 20wt% nylon-6 nanofiber base functionalized in a solution of 0.5 mg/mL of CNT. The optimized sensor has a nanotube length less than 0.2 µm and fiber diameter ranging between 0.25–0.32 µm. The target-controlled coat weight is 20 GSM (g/m2) for electrospun nylon nanofibers. Secondly, the impact of electrospinning conditions, particularly flow rate, on sensor response was considered. Sensor materials produced at an electrospinning flow rate of 1.0 mL/min had an enhanced stress at break, compared to neat nylon-6, without sacrificing elasticity. Additionally, sensors produced at electrospinning flow rates of 1.0 mL/h maintain their sensor response for approximately 20 stretches with no statistical difference between sensor response of the stretched and unstretched sensors.

Functionalization of Commercial Electrospun Veils with Zinc Oxide Nanostructures.

The present research is focused on the synthesis of hexagonal ZnO wurtzite nanorods for the decoration of commercially available electrospun nylon nanofibers. The growth of ZnO was performed by a hydrothermal technique and for the first time on commercial electrospun veils. The growth step was optimized by adopting a procedure with the refresh of growing solution each hour of treatment (Method 1) and with the maintenance of a specific growth solution volume for the entire duration of the treatment (Method 2). The overall treatment time and volume of solution were also optimized by analyzing the morphology of ZnO nanostructures, the coverage degree, the thermal and mechanical stability of the obtained decorated electrospun nanofibers. In the optimal synthesis conditions (Method 2), hexagonal ZnO nanorods with a diameter and length of 53.5 nm ± 5.7 nm and 375.4 nm ± 37.8 nm, respectively, were obtained with a homogeneous and complete coverage of the veils. This easily scalable procedure did not damage the veils that could be potentially used as toughening elements in composites to prevent delamination onset and propagation. The presence of photoreactive species makes these materials ideal also as environmentally friendly photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. In this regard, photocatalytic tests were performed using methylene blue (MB) as model compound. Under UV light irradiation, the degradation of MB followed a first kinetic order data fitting and after 3 h of treatment a MB degradation of 91.0% ± 5.1% was achieved. The reusability of decorated veils was evaluated and a decrease in photocatalysis efficiency was detected after the third cycle of use.