Nutrition Literacy Research Articles

Effect of a nutrition intervention on eating behaviours and body composition among elite adolescent ballet students

ObjectiveThe primary goal of this study was to assess whether a nutrition education programme had an effect on nutrition literacy and body composition of adolescents enrolled in an undergraduate ballet...

Association Between Nutrition Literacy and Quality of Life in Adults With Chronic Diseases in Bengbu China.

Nutrition literacy (NL) reflects an individual's ability to make correct nutritional decisions, and nutrition is a factor influencing patients' quality of life (QOL). To assess the association between NL and QOL in adults with chronic diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Chinese residents beginning in May 2023. Investigators, who were trained to follow standardized procedures, conducted individual, face-to-face interviews. Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China. A total of 1607 Chinese residents aged 18 and over. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey was used to assess QOL and the short-form NL measurement tool to measure the NL. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between NL and QOL. Of the 1607 participants, compared to those in the first quartile of NL, individuals in the 4th quartile, characterized by higher NL, reported a significantly higher QOL, including physical component summary and mental component summary. For dimensions, nutrition knowledge, understanding, interactive, and critical skills were associated with QOL. Upon stratification, this association was evident exclusively in individuals with low monthly incomes, moderate to high physical activity levels, those living with others and 1 to 3 diseases. Additionally, there's synergistic association between NL and the number of diseases with QOL. Our findings underscore that adequate NL is positively associated with better QOL in populations with chronic diseases, and the relationship varied by income, physical activity, living arrangements, and the number of diseases. Focusing on the NL of populations with chronic diseases might help provide a basis for dietary nutrition management and intervention to improve QOL in patients with chronic diseases.

Maternal nutrition literacy and childhood obesity in food-insecure and secure households

This study examined whether maternal nutrition knowledge could help reduce the risk of obesity in children from food-insecure households compared to those from food-secure households. This cross-sectional study was performed on 327 mothers and their children. The children, aged 6–12 years, were recruited from primary schools throughout Shiraz, Iran. Food-insecurity and nutrition literacy were assessed using the Household Food-insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and a 60-item Food and Nutrition Literacy Assessment Tool (FNLAT), respectively. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between children’s overweight/obesity and maternal food and nutritional literacy (FNL) across food-secure households and those facing varying degrees of food-insecurity. One hundred thirty-three participants were classified as mild, 28 as moderate, and 7 as severely food-insecure. The results showed that maternal FNL was significantly associated with a reduced risk of overweight/obesity in children (odds ratio (OR) 0.29, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.17–0.51). Only moderate/severe food-insecurity was associated with overweight/obesity (OR 4.64, 95% CI 1.75–12.29). Both in food-secure and food-insecure households, good FNL was associated with a significant reduction in overweight/obesity risk compared to poor FNL. The findings suggest that nutrition education programs may be particularly beneficial for children living in food-insecure households, and that these programs should be tailored to address the specific needs of this population.

Barriers and Enablers of Healthy Eating Among University Students in Oaxaca de Juarez: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Background/Objectives: The transition to university life brings significant social, psychological, and environmental changes, making it a critical period for establishing long-term dietary habits. However, many Mexican university students fail to meet national dietary guidelines, increasing their risk of non-communicable diseases. This study examines the determinants of healthy eating among university students in Oaxaca using a holistic, multi-level approach grounded in the Social Ecological Model (SEM) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating ethnography with a validated self-report questionnaire completed by 411 students at the Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca (UABJO). The ethnographic data included observations, field notes, photographs, informal conversations, and 13 semi-structured interviews. Data triangulation provided a comprehensive understanding of dietary behaviors by capturing both self-reported patterns and real-world eating practices and the food environment, as captured through ethnographic methods. The analysis included descriptive statistics, normality tests, and parametric tests to assess significant differences. Results: The findings revealed a decline in diet quality, characterized by low fruit and vegetable intake, high snack consumption, and irregular meal patterns, particularly among students living independently. Key barriers included academic stress, time constraints, low cooking self-efficacy, limited nutritional knowledge, peer pressure, and negative social norms, which contributed to reliance on convenient, processed foods. The lack of healthy food options on campus and the high perceived cost of nutritious food further led students to prioritize cheap, calorie-dense foods over healthier choices. Conversely, enablers included structured university schedules; peer support; hands-on culinary interventions; and improved access to affordable, healthy food. Conclusions: Addressing these barriers requires multi-level interventions that enhance nutrition literacy, cooking self-efficacy, and peer-led strategies while improving the campus food environment. Future research should explore SCT-based initiatives leveraging social networks and culinary education to foster sustainable dietary behavior change in university settings and assess how these findings can be applied in other socioeconomic and cultural contexts.

Determinants of household food security in Mwatate Sub-County, Taita Taveta County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Food insecurity is currently a global challenge. Using Bourdieu’s model of forms of capital, we surveyed and interviewed 301 households to establish determinants of household food security in Mwatate Sub County, Taita Taveta County, Kenya. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale revealed that only 22.7% of households were food secure. A chi-square analysis of a 5% p-value revealed that income, education, food values and norms, and gender significantly influenced food security. Accordingly, the study recommends food and nutritional literacy among households, broadening livelihood opportunities to boost household income, increasing women’s participation in agriculture, and further anthropometric studies on food access.

Current Status and Factors Influencing Nutrition Literacy in Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study investigated the current status of nutrition literacy and related influencing factors in stroke patients, with a view to providing a reference for the development of targeted interventions. Cross-sectional study. A convenience sampling method was used to select 342 stroke patients from June to November 2024 as the study population, and a cross-sectional survey was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire, Nutrition Literacy Scale, Herth Hope Scale, Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale and Social Support Rating Scale. Descriptive analysis, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. The results showed that the nutrition literacy score of stroke patients was 122.24 ± 16.66, and gender, age, education level, monthly per capita family income, nutrition education, hope level, self-efficacy and social support were the factors affecting the nutrition literacy of stroke patients (all p < 0.05). According to the study, stroke patients' nutrition literacy has to be raised, and medical practitioners should create focused intervention plans to raise patients' nutrition literacy levels. Healthcare professionals should assess the level of nutritional literacy in order to provide targeted interventions. The establishment of a multidisciplinary care team and implementation of long-term nutritional management after stroke are essential to reduce stroke recurrence and mortality. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist. No patient or public contribution.

Factors influencing nutrition literacy in patients of colorectal cancer: a cross-sectional study.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients often experience varying degrees of malnutrition both pre-and post-treatment, highlighting the importance of their nutritional knowledge. However, studies on nutrition literacy (NL) in this population remain scarce. This study aims to evaluate the level of NL in colorectal cancer patients and identify key factors influencing NL. A total of 245 colorectal cancer patients participated in this study. The questionnaire included five sections: sociodemographic information, the Chinese Version of the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument (CHI-NLit), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine sociodemographic determinants of NL. We used Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients to assess relationships between NL, MoCA and HADS. The overall NL level among CRC patients was moderately low, with an average score of 19.224 ± 4.391-significantly below the normative neutrophil score of 21.5. Among the assessed dimensions, food groups received the lowest scores while food label calculation achieved the highest. Significant predictors influencing NL levels included age, years of education, family annual income, in review duration of illness, number of hospitalizations, memory and attention abilities and anxiety and depress symptoms. This study provides a comprehensive examination of NL in CRC patients. The findings indicate a relatively low level of NL within this group. Younger age, higher income levels, and urban residency correlated positively with elevated NL. Factors such as illness duration, number of hospitalizations, cognitive function measured by relevant scales are also emerged as significant determinants impacting NL. To enrich the research on NL, it is essential to conduct further data collection. From a clinical perspective, this evidence-based framework enables the development of stratified nutritional intervention protocols, specifically targeting vulnerable subgroups (e.g., elderly patients, rural dwellers, and those with extended illness duration). Such precision approaches hold significant potential to optimize dietary adherence, mitigate treatment-related complications, and ultimately enhance long-term quality of life in cancer survivorship care.

Evaluation of Body Mass Index Changes, Nutritional Habits and Food Literacy Levels of Individuals Receiving Nutrition and Dietary Counseling During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period; Ankara, Pursaklar

Objectives: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the BMI values, changes in nutritional habits and food literacy levels of individuals who had previously received nutrition and diet counseling during the COVID-19 restriction process. Method: The study was cross-sectional and was conducted with 44 individuals over the age of 18 who received nutrition and diet counseling at Pursaklar District Health Directorate. After the individuals were called by phone and their verbal consent was obtained, they were directed to a questionnaire consisting of questions about sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric data, nutrition and lifestyle habits, and the short food literacy questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.20±9.08 years and 93.2% were women. The mean BMI of the participants was 33.87±6.36 before the restriction period and 32.84±5.87 after the restriction period. During the restriction period, 47.7% of the participants reported that their eating habits worsened and 36.4% reported that their appetite increased. 22.7% of the group stated that they skipped main meals during the period, while 20.5% added to main and snacks. The mean food literacy scale score of the participants was 33.54±5.8. As the education level of the participants increased, the food literacy score increased. Discussion: Individuals’ exercise, screen time and eating habits were negatively affected during the COVID-19 restriction process.

The influence of socioeconomic status on intelligence in school-age children in Xuyong County: a mediation analysis of nutrition literacy and dietary diversity.

While children's nutrition in rural areas has garnered attention, the most studies focus on underweight, obesity and anemia, neglecting the importance of intelligence in children's current academic performance and future success. This study aimed to examine how food and nutrition literacy (FNLIT) and dietary diversity score (DDS) mediate the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on the intelligence development, offering insights for improving childhood nutrition. This cross-sectional study employed a stratified cluster random sampling method and included 1704 children aged between 8 and 16years. Questionnaires was used to collect demographic data, FNLIT, DDS and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) scores. SES was constructed using principal component analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to explore the interrelationship between the variables. The mean scores for FNLIT, DDS, and SPM were 58.06 ± 7.00, 6.25 ± 1.64, and 37.60 ± 8.91, respectively. SES is positively correlated with SPM (B = 0.434, p < 0.01); FNLIT mediates the relationship between SES and SPM (B = 0.065, 95% CI: 0.035, 0.098). Among participants with DDS ≤ 6, DDS mediates the relationship between SES and SPM (B = 0.017, 95% CI: 0.0002, 0.044). For students with DDS ≤ 6, FNLIT + DDS has a positive mediated (B = 0.003, 95% CI: 0.0004, 0.007), while for primary students, it show a negative effect (B = -0.003, 95% CI: -0.008, -0.001). Both FNLIT and DDS have impacts on children intelligence. Nutrition education and dietary interventions should prioritize children with low SES and inadequate DDS to enhance intellectual development.

Nutritional Literacy for Individual Oral Health Among Village Health Volunteers in Public Health Region 1 of Thailand.

Oral health issues persistently affect the overall health and well-being of rural populations. Village health volunteers (VHVs) play a crucial role in advancing oral health literacy in their community. This study aimed to examine the factors related to nutritional literacy for oral health among VHVs. This was a mixed-methods study employing an explanatory sequential design. The quantitative data were gathered through questionnaires distributed to a cohort of 10,514 VHVs registered in Health Region 1. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure adequate representation of various subgroups within the VHV population, considering factors such as age, education level, and geographical distribution across the region. This approach allowed for a more representative sample that accurately reflects the diversity of the VHV population. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with a purposive sampling of 20 participants based on specific criteria. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and biserial correlation techniques, while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The study found that the sample group possessed a moderate level of knowledge of health literacy principles and nutrition for oral health. However, their self-assessed skills in nutritional literacy for oral health were rated as high. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between knowledge of nutrition for oral health and skills in nutritional literacy for oral health. VHVs equated health literacy with knowledge because their public health training had focused more on imparting knowledge rather than developing skills based on health literacy principles. There is a need to emphasize skill-based health literacy training and to use effective skill development techniques that are tailored to the specific roles and responsibilities of health volunteers. It is also recommended to continuously monitor and evaluate the outcomes of these efforts.

Uncovering nutrition needs in dyads of caregivers and persons with dementia.

Nutrition risk is common in Alzheimer's disease and is associated with symptoms of dementia, cognitive decline, institutionalization, and mortality. Family caregivers who increasingly manage nutrition needs of persons with dementia (PWD) experience high caregiver burden, low health literacy, and nutrition risk. Few interventions for informal caregivers have included nutrition. To inform design of a future caregiver nutrition intervention. This cross-sectional study used a convergent mixed methods approach to 1) assess nutrition status among PWD and caregiver dyads (measures in common included Mini Nutrition Assessment, skin carotenoid, and handgrip strength), and 2) interview caregivers to identify needs and barriers for nutrition intervention. We hypothesized caregiver nutrition literacy is associated with PWD nutrition risk. Data collected in nutrition assessment and interviews were analyzed separately then side-by-side for comparison. Of 50 dyads, 48% had at least one individual exhibiting nutrition risk, and nutrition status categories (χ2 = 6.25, p = 0.012) between caregivers and PWD were related. Caregiver nutrition literacy was associated with 1) PWD factors including nutrition risk (rho = 0.244), body mass index (BMI) (rho = 0.421), handgrip strength (rho = 0.283), and skin carotenoid (rho = 0.351), and 2) Caregiver factors including nutrition risk (rho = 0.304), diet quality (rho = 0.304), and BMI (rho = 0.333). Interviews with 18 caregivers found caregivers prioritize PWD nutrition, provide more PWD nutrition care since diagnosis, experience social isolation, and would attend nutrition interventions if PWD are included. Nutrition risk was more common among caregivers when PWD demonstrated nutrition risk. Factors present in individuals within the dyad were associated with partner nutrition risk. Future research should identify effective approaches for intervening on dyadic nutrition risk.

"Where" and "What" Do Adolescent Athletes Learn When It Comes toFood Literacy Compared With Adolescents that Do Not Play Sports? A Gender-Based Thematic Analysis.

"Where" and "What" Do Adolescent Athletes Learn When It Comes toFood Literacy Compared With Adolescents that Do Not Play Sports? A Gender-Based Thematic Analysis.

Relationship Between Nutritional Literacy and Healthy Life Skills of University Students

ABSTRACTHealth literacy is important for maintaining healthy diets and lifestyles. This study examined the relationship between nutrition literacy and healthy life skills of university students. This study was a descriptive and correlational design. The students' Food and Nutrition Literacy Scale knowledge sub‐dimension mean score was found to be 10.30 ± 2.11, at the limited knowledge level, the attitude sub‐dimension mean score was 49.32 ± 7.26, at the limited attitude level, and the behaviour sub‐dimension mean score was 31.04 ± 5.71, at the limited level. The mean Scale of Healthy Life Skills in University Students score of the university students was 62.96 ± 9.99, at a moderate level. Multiple regression analysis showed that the mean scores obtained from the attitude and behaviour sub‐dimensions, studying in the Faculty of Nursing, being 18 years old, and studying in the first or second year were the main variables influencing the healthy life skills of university students. The food and nutrition literacy of the students was limited and their healthy life skills were at a moderate level. As the food and nutrition literacy of the students increased, their healthy life skills became more positive.

Double Burden of Malnutrition: A Narrative Review of its Drivers and Mitigation Strategies in Urban Settings

Background: Double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is an emerging public health problem in urban settings where both undernutrition and obesity exist. This complex phenomenon is caused by socioeconomic disparities, urbanization, and dietary transitions, with women and children being proportionately affected. This study reviews the drivers of DBM and evaluates suitable mitigation strategies. Methods: A comprehensive review was performed using studies published between 2014 and 2024. Peer-reviewed articles examining the drivers, interventions, and outcomes of DBM within urban contexts were the target inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on location, target populations, methodologies, key drivers, interventions and outcomes which were then synthesized using thematic analysis. Results: Eighteen studies from Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America were included. Drivers known to be common among the reviewed studies include income inequality, poor dietary diversity, and cultural food practices that are further worsened by urbanization and sedentary lifestyles. By region, effective mitigation strategies included maternal nutrition literacy programs in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and taxation policies against unhealthy foods in Latin America. Gaps were identified in the areas of policy implementation and program scalability. Conclusion: Integrated, double-duty actions are needed to address the double burden of malnutrition in urban contexts. However, policy reform, community-based nutritional programs and educational initiatives targeted at vulnerable populations, are essential. Longitudinal and gender-specific research should be prioritized in assessing DBM’s trajectory and informing future sustainable interventions. The findings from this study offer actionable insights for policymakers and public health practitioners working to eliminate DBM in urban settings.

Nutrition literacy in Vietnamese pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.

Inadequate nutrition intake during pregnancy elevates the risk of adverse health outcomes during pregnancy, with potential long-term repercussions for both mother and child, extending to subsequent generations. Current initiatives to improve individual dietary habits emphasize promoting nutrition literacy (NL), which encompasses the ability to access, comprehend, and use basic nutrition information and services necessary for making appropriate nutrition decisions. However, there were limited data on the NL of pregnant women in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aims to explore the NL levels of Vietnamese pregnant women and examine the factors related to their NL. A total of 360 Vietnamese pregnant women participated in the study from May to September 2023. A validated questionnaire (Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument for Pregnant Women, NLAI-P), assessing the knowledge, behavior and skill, was applied. A general linear model with univariate linear regression analysis was conducted to identify predictor factors of NL. The findings revealed that 70.3% of participants had inadequate NL. Among the three dimensions, nutrition knowledge was particularly low, with no respondents achieving an adequate level and 94.7% scoring at an inadequate level. High household monthly income, age, normal prepregnancy weight and indoor work were statistically associated with higher NL scores. This study highlights the limited NL among Vietnamese pregnant women. Increasing NL is crucial for supporting their optimal healthy diet, enhancing the health of pregnant women and their offspring and future generations.

Evaluation of the relationship between nutrition literacy, Mediterranean diet compliance, ecological footprint and sustainable environmental attitudes in adolescents

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between nutrition literacy, Mediterranean diet compliance, ecological footprint and sustainable environmental attitudes in adolescents.MethodsThis descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 673 adolescents aged 14–18 years. The individuals' general characteristics were questioned. Sustainable environmental attitudes, nutritional literacy status and compliance with the Mediterranean diet were assessed with the help of scales. An ecological footprint calculator was used for the calculation of the ecological footprint.ResultsThe mean age of the individuals was 16.5 ± 1.42 years. Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale score and Sustainable Environmental Attitude Scale score were higher in female adolescents than in males (p < 0.05). Ecological Footprint score was higher in male adolescents than in females (p < 0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale score, Sustainable Environmental Attitude Scale score and Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) score (p < 0.05). It was determined that sex and Sustainable Environmental Attitude Scale score affected the Ecological Footprint total score (p < 0.05). It was determined that sex, Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale score and Ecological Footprint total score affected the Sustainable Environmental Attitude Scale score (p < 0.05). Also, it was determined that Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale score affected the KIDMED score (p < 0.05).ConclusionsGirls have higher nutritional literacy and sustainable environmental attitude. Nutrition literacy, sustainable environmental attitude and KIDMED total scores showed a significant positive correlation with each other. Nutritional literacy is effective on sustainable environmental attitude and compliance with the Mediterranean diet. Sustainable environmental attitude is effective in reducing the ecological footprint.

Impact of maternal nutritional literacy and feeding practices on the growth outcomes of children (6-23 months) in Gujranwala: a cross-sectional study.

Malnutrition contributes to approximately 45% of deaths among under 5 years children in low and middle-income countries. Poor maternal knowledge and failure to comply with recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices are known risk factors for malnutrition but there are inconsistencies in the literature. Therefore, this cross-sectional study of 100 mother-child pairs in district Gujranwala aimed to assess maternal nutritional literacy (MNL) and maternal feeding practices (MFP) and their ultimate impacts on child growth. A researcher administered questionnaire that was the combination of WHO model questionnaires and FAO Nutrition-related KAP model questionnaires was used to collect the data from mothers while and anthropometric measurements of children were taken by following the standard methods. Results showed that 57% of mothers had average nutritional knowledge and feeding practices were not satisfactory. Only 12% of mothers-initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth, 7% of infants were exclusively breastfed, while 27.27% continued to be breastfed beyond 1 year. Complementary foods were timely introduced to 53% of infants, 47% received minimum meal frequency and 34% met the minimum dietary diversity criteria. Additionally, the consumption of unhealthy foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, and zero consumption of fruits and vegetables was practiced by 71, 23, and 27% of infants and young children, respectively. Prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight was 19, 9, 12, and 12%, respectively. A non-significant association was observed between MNL and MFP with growth outcomes with a few exceptions. The odds of being wasted (β = 1.903, OR = 6.706, p < 0.05) and underweight (β = 1.732, OR = 5.654, p < 0.05) are higher among children who had vaginal birth. Higher odds of being stunted (β = 2.173, OR = 8.788, p < 0.05) were observed among those whose mothers had middle school education compared to those having higher education. Overall results indicated a dire need not only to create nutritional awareness among mothers in Gujranwala but also to provide a support system for mothers to help them implement standard feeding practices.

Development and validation of the nutrition literacy scale for Chinese gout patients.

Nutrition literacy is essential for the self-management and treatment of gout patients. However, to date, there is no appropriate scale to measure the level of nutrition literacy gout patients in China. This study objective to develop and psychometric nutrition literacy scale for patients with gout. Using item development and psychological assessment. First, literature review, brainstorming, delphi study, and pr-survey were used to construct draft of the nutrition literacy scale for patients with gout. Second, 526 patients with gout underwent scale-based surveys. Item analysis and exploratory factors were used to optimize the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the structure of the scale, including the goodness of fit of the model, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Subsequently, the reliability of the scale was tested using cronbach's α coefficient and test-retest reliability. The formal scale contains 5 dimensions: nutrition belief, nutrition knowledge, nutrition information acquisition ability, nutrition information interaction ability, nutrition information criticism ability, and 26 items. The overall content validity of the scale is 0.933. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 5 factors with a cumulative variance contribution of 82.18%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale structure was well fitted, with good convergent and discriminant validity. The overall cronbach's α coefficient of this scale was 0.873, and the cronbach's α coefficients of the dimensions were 0.861 ~ 0.980, and the overall re-test reliability was 0.864, and the re-test reliabilities of the dimensions were 0.881 ~ 0.981. Nutrition Literacy Scale for Gout Patients has good reliability and validity. It is suitable for the evaluation of nutrition literacy level in relevant population.

Nutrition literacy is associated with general obesity, abdominal obesity, and body fat percentage obesity.

Obesity is associated with unhealthy eating behavior among adults. Nutrition literacy (NL) is an important determinant of eating behavior. This study investigated the association of NL with general obesity, abdominal obesity, and body fat percentage (BFP) obesity among adults. This study was a cross-sectional survey on the Nutrition Literacy and Obesity, conducted in Bengbu City, China (May to July 2023). The Short-Form Nutrition Literacy scale was used to evaluate the NL of adults. General obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥28 kg/m2. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of ≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women. BFP obesity was defined as a BFP of ≥30% in men and ≥42% in women. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the correlations of NL with general obesity, abdominal obesity, and BFP obesity in adults. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were also performed. Participants with a high level of NL had low odds of general obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43-0.99), abdominal obesity (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46-0.87), and BFP obesity (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35-0.87). In subgroup analyses and interaction tests, age significantly influenced the negative correlations of NL with abdominal obesity and BFP obesity (p for interaction <0.05), but not general obesity (p for interaction >0.05). Moreover, sex and smoking status significantly influenced the negative correlations of NL with general obesity and abdominal obesity (p for interaction <0.05), but not BFP obesity (p for interaction >0.05), and drinking status significantly influenced the negative correlations of NL with abdominal obesity (p for interaction <0.05), but not general obesity and BFP obesity (p for interaction >0.05). However, marital status did not significantly influence the correlation of NL with obesity (p for interaction >0.05). Our findings highlight that adults with high levels of NL have low odds of general obesity, abdominal obesity, and BFP obesity. Age, sex, smoking status, and drinking status influence the correlation between NL and obesity. The results indicate the importance of NL in the prevention and management of obesity in adults. To effectively address the challenges of adult obesity management, public health practitioners should tailor nutrition education and skill training programs to specific demographic profiles.

Development and validation of a food and nutrition literacy questionnaire for Chinese parents of children with functional constipation (FNLQ-p).

Childhood functional constipation is a widespread condition with a global prevalence. Dietary interventions play a crucial role in the management of childhood constipation. Hence, the development and validation of a specialized food and nutrition literacy assessment tool for parents of school-aged children with functional constipation is of paramount significance. On the basis of literature review, the first draft was formed, and the results of expert correspondence and pre survey were combined to delete and modify the first draft. In the second stage, 459 parents of school-age children with constipation were invited to fill out the questionnaire. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were then conducted to assess the questionnaire's reliability and validity. The final scale comprises 4 dimensions and 25 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted four common factors (nutrition knowledge, nutrition skills, nutrition interaction, nutrition evaluation), and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 64. 532%. The content validity index (I-CVI) of each item level is 0.86-1, the content validity index (S-CVI) at the scale level is 0.96. The overall Cronbach'sα coefficient was 0.85. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-factor structure derived from exploratory analysis, with all relevant fit indices meeting standard criteria. The food and nutrition literacy questionnaire developed in our study had good validity and reliability, making it a useful tool for assessing the food and nutrition literacy among parents of school-aged children diagnosed with functional constipation.