Nusselt Number Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer From a Heated Horizontal Cylinder Rotating in Air: From Laminar to Turbulent Flow

Abstract A 3D computational fluid dynamics model is developed to reproduce the results of previous experiments and to investigate the correlation between Nusselt numbers and convection heat transfer phenomena surrounding an isothermal rotating cylinder. The simulation is conducted in a quiescent air domain and a fixed Grashof number of 2.32 × 108 for a horizontal cylinder placed in air with rotational speeds ranging from 2.43 to 103.22 RPM. The effects of buoyancy-induced flows and the rotational Reynolds number Rer on convective heat transfer characteristics are investigated. At low Rer, buoyancy-driven Rayleigh–Bénard convection dominates, forming vertically extended thermal plumes obstructing heat convection on the upper side of the cylinder, leading to lower Nusselt number in these regions. As Rer increases, rotational effects intensify, flow plumes merge with the cylinder surface and thicken the thermal boundary layers, on the other hand enhancing turbulent mixing, thus ultimately improving heat transfer. The circumferential Nusselt number distribution further highlights that plume formation lowers Nusselt numbers on the descending side, while heat transfer is enhanced along the axial direction toward the cylinder ends, where the thermal boundary layer thickness gradually decreases.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Coaxial Downhole Heat Exchangers: Influence of Spiral Fins at the Bottom Section

Coaxial downhole heat exchangers (CDHEs) extract heat directly from geothermal reservoirs through a closed loop, minimizing environmental impacts. However, the heat extraction efficiency is generally lower than that of groundwater harvesting technology. This study proposes integrating spiral fins on the CDHE outer tube’s inner surface to enhance heat transfer performance. Numerical simulations demonstrate that placing spiral fins on the inner wall of the outer tube significantly enhances rotational velocity and turbulence within the annular flow channel, outperforming configurations with fins on the outer wall of the inner tube. The intensified swirling flow extends to the bottom of the CDHE, promoting effective mixing of hot and cold fluids and consequently improving the heat transfer coefficient. This study also investigates the influence of fin pitch and height on heat transfer and flow characteristics. The results show that both the Nusselt number (Nu) and flow resistance increase as fin pitch decreases, causing the performance evaluation criteria (PEC) to initially increase and then decrease. Additionally, increased fin height enhances the heat transfer coefficient, but also leads to a greater pressure drop. The optimal performance was achieved with a fin pitch of 500 mm and a fin height of 10 mm, attaining a maximum PEC of 1.53, effectively balancing heat transfer enhancement and hydraulic resistance. These findings provide guidance for the structural optimization of coaxial downhole heat exchangers.

Efficient air ventilation with combined cleaning of pollutants

The results of a study aimed at developing a comprehensive solution for creating a safe air environment in residential and office premises are presented. An algorithm of actions has been developed, including administrative and hardware components, to ensure high efficiency of air purification and energy saving. The results of the study of the effectiveness of the "filter-heat exchanger" model aimed at simultaneously improving the quality of indoor air and reducing energy consumption are presented. A device has been developed and experimentally tested that provides savings of more than 500 watts per hour by using an air-to-air heat exchanger, where heat transfer occurs without additional heating of external air. A new method for determining the Nusselt number for heat exchangers of this type is proposed, based on the study of heat exchange during the transverse flow of both a separate pipe and a bundle of pipes in the range of Reynolds number 700 < Re < 3500. The study confirms the high efficiency of the air purification system, based on the use of a HEPA H11 filter and high air exchange rate, providing a minimum air purification efficiency of up to 95% of the original pollution. It is shown that increasing the volume of treated air significantly increases the cleaning speed, and each increase in the air exchange rate per unit reduces the cleaning time.

Temperature uniformity analysis of a cooling plate with stepped trapezoidal fins applied to boiling battery thermal management system

Abstract Non-contact boiling cooling enhances thermal management in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during fast charge/discharge, ensuring rapid heat dissipation and temperature uniformity of LIBs. The microchannel plate (MCP) structure critically affects coolant boiling heat transfer performance (BHTP) and LIB temperature distribution. Four types of MCPs with different internal structures based on a MCP with traditional straight channel (TSC-MCP) are proposed in this research: an MCP with single-sided stepped trapezoidal fins (SSTF-MCP), an MCP with bilateral stepped trapezoidal fins (BSTF-MCP), an MCP with bilateral equal-height trapezoidal fins (BEHTF-MCP), and an MCP with bilateral interconnected trapezoidal fins (BITF-MCP). The flow characteristics (pressure drop between inlet and outlet (ΔP) and friction coefficient (f)), boiling heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number, Nu), total entropy production (Sgen), comprehensive performance (PEC) of the HFE7000 in the MCPs, and temperature uniformity of the MCPs (Tstd) are analyzed at different inlet Reynolds numbers (Re). The optimal MCP type for Tstd and PEC is found to be the BSTF-MCP. Subsequently, the parameters of the decreasing height of the steps and the spacing between adjacent trapezoidal fins in the BSTF-MCP are optimized. Compared with the TSC-MCP, the optimized BSTF-MCP shows significant improvements in both flow performance and thermal management characteristics. Specifically, ΔP, f, Tstd, and Sgen decreased by 7.59%, 26.53%, 3.83%, and 6.25%, respectively, while Nu and PEC increased by 18.89% and 31.75%, respectively.

Wake management and capacity augmentation by toe-out type vortex generators in finned-tube heat exchangers

Abstract Waste heat recovery usually involves indirect heat transfer, between two fluids, across a diathermic wall; and finned type recuperative heat exchangers are preferred for the stipulated task. Strategic integration of vortex generators in aforesaid systems produce such flow structures which greatly improve the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Often heat exchanger designers place generators at underperforming locations, despite knowing the best ones, due to manufacturing restrictions. Since generators' geometry too affects the thermal augmentation, positional compromise can be duly reimbursed. This study uses computational analysis to investigate the effect of varying the geometric aspect ratio of the generators. For a conclusive assessment of the geometric designs, the attack angles espoused for integrating the generators cater to the entire effective range. In order to understand the changes in flow characteristics, velocity fields are examined which suggests that reducing the generators' aspect ratio aids in diverting the oncoming flow, and so limits the tube wake zones. Additionally, the swirling flow generated by the vortex generators facilitates bulk mixing across a large fin surface. Both flow modifications together give a substantial boost to the thermal performance, thereby downsizes the system. The highest heat transfer augmentation in the span-averaged Nusselt number equals 208.9%, and the average Colburn j-factor grows by 32.1%.

Investigating thermal radiation on thin films of Casson Cu-Ni-Al 2 O 3 /water nanofluids for enhanced solar thermal performance

Heat transfer enhancement is inevitable in solar thermal systems which harness solar energy to generate heat. Integration of nanomaterials in such systems particularly like Al 2 O 3 –Cu–Ni with water base can enhance their efficacy. Bearing this idea, the present model deals with nanofluids comprising aluminum oxide, copper, and nickel nanoparticles dispersed in water to improve heat absorption and transfer within the system, contributing to increased overall performance and effectiveness of solar thermal systems. Thus, the study focuses on investigating the heat exchange properties in the context of a flow within the boundary layer of a thin liquid film that is trihybrid on a stretched sheet – quite a significant topic. The aim is to assess the heat behavior of a thin liquid layer in the presence of heat radiation over a stretched sheet of porous medium containing a non-Newtonian fluid (Casson). By applying suitable similarity transformations, the governing equations of the boundary layer constitute a system of ordinary differential equations, which can be solved with the use of a boundary value problem solver. Moreover, the study provides a comparative examination of velocity and temperature profiles for the base fluid, nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, and trihybrid nanofluid. The investigation’s key findings indicate that the heat exchange properties of trihybrid nanofluids surpass those of hybrid and regular nanofluids. Energy enhancement is lower in non-Newtonian Casson fluid than Newtonian flow. The presence of radiation and unsteadiness improvises the Nusselt number, physically this energy transfer improvement assists to higher solar collector efficacy; converts that energy to usable heat. Practical applications include improving the efficiency of solar collectors, optimizing industrial cooling systems, and enhancing thermal coatings in microelectronics. These findings provide crucial insights into the development of next-generation energy-efficient thermal systems.

Numerical Investigation of Conjugate Heat Transfer from a Solid Torus

Abstract The present work comprehensively investigates conjugate heat transfer in a vertically oriented torus through numerical analysis using Ansys Fluent. A solid torus made of aluminum, having a constant surface temperature of 450 K, is allowed to cool using ambient air, whose temperature is 300 K. The combined influence of free convection and radiation heat transfer has been considered here. Independent parameters such as Aspect Ratio (D/d) of 2.5,5,7.5; Rayleigh number for the laminar regime in the range of 103 to 107 and surface emissivity ranging from 0 to 1 have been selected for the numerical study. Continuity, Momentum, Energy, and Radiation Equations were solved numerically using Finite Volume Method. Due to the high temperature difference between the ambient air temperature and torus surface (150 K), the thermos-physical properties of the fluid were calculated using a polynomial function of temperature to achieve more accurate results. It has been observed that each parameter has a substantial impact on the overall heat transfer, and also, at a higher Rayleigh number of 107 and with an increase in emissivity, both radiation, and convection have a considerable role in the overall heat transfer. Temperature and velocity contours have been plotted to visualize the consequence of the parameters on overall heat transfer. Using a nonlinear regression model of the obtained results, a correlation for the overall Nusselt number has been formulated, which can be beneficial to industrial engineers

Comprehensive study of Maxwell-Buongiorno models with suction-injection and cubic stratification: Unlocking complex heat and mass transfer mechanisms in nonlinear convection

Heat and mass transmissions are improved by cubic stratification in nonlinear mixed convection, which has important applications in the energy, electronics, and medical technology sectors. The advancement of cooling systems and environmental management depends on nanofluids, which are valued for their exceptional thermal qualities. Nanofluids are essential in modern thermal and engineering applications because of their exceptional heat transmission characteristics. To examine heat and mass transfer in a non-Newtonian Maxwell nanofluid across a vertically extended surface, this study uses the Buongiorno model, which incorporates Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis effects. Such configurations are major in polymer processing, thermal coating, and biomedical applications. Convective boundary conditions, cubic stratification, and the effects of suction and injection velocity are all considered in this inquiry. Through parametric analysis, the effects of heat source or sink are explored, offering insights to optimize thermal management systems in applications involving nanofluid-based porous media. The NDSolve (Built-in) numerical approach is utilized to resolve the nonlinear regulating formulas. A visual representation is provided of the influences of different factors on concentration, temperature outline, and fluid flow. The skin friction, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers have been computed and examined numerically. The important findings show that temperature profile and concentration profile are both noticeably lessened by raising the thermal and solutal stratification value. In contrast, increasing the mixed convection parameter raises the temperature and velocity profiles. Additionally, the transport dynamics of nanoparticles are influenced by the substantial temperature boost caused by thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. The findings exhibit strong agreement with earlier studies when compared to those published in the recent literature.

Effect of twisted tapes with multiple rotating turbulators on the performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger

Critical to many applications, heat exchangers are widely used across industries such as air conditioning, refrigeration, and power plants. This has led to a renewed focus on improving their efficiency through active and passive techniques. This study employs a passive technique (twisted tape and twisted tape combined with rotating turbulators) to investigate the thermal and frictional performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger. Experiments were conducted with water as the working fluid over a Reynolds number range of 5500 to 10,000, and varying numbers of rotating turbulators (1–6). The addition of rotating turbulators at a vane angle of 30° increased heat transfer by up to 118% compared to the plain tube, with the optimal configuration being 3 turbulators which achieved a balance between heat transfer and frictional losses. These enhancements are attributed to combined primary and secondary swirl flows, though friction factors increased up to 3.63 times for 6 turbulators. The performance evaluation criterion highlighted that twisted tape with turbulators is most effective at lower Reynolds numbers, with reduced efficiency at higher Reynolds numbers due to frictional losses. Regression analysis yielded highly accurate correlations for Nusselt number (R 2 = 0.9865) and friction factor (R 2 = 0.9609), with predicted values deviating within ±10% of experimental results. This research contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) by improving energy efficiency through enhanced heat transfer, and Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by advancing heat exchanger design. These findings offer critical insights for designing high-performance heat exchangers in HVAC, energy, and process industries.

Influence of MHD stagnation point flow on hybrid nanofluid (MWCNT+Fe3O4/H2O) past an elongating sheet with rapidity slip conditions and Joule heating

AbstractThe Joule heating effect plays a crucial role in numerous electrical and electronic applications, including electron microscopes, flash pasteurization systems, electric power generation, cartridge warmers, and various other devices. This article aims to delve into the effect of Joule heating in the steady 2‐D stagnation point flow of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) (MWCNT+Fe3O4/H2O) towards a stretching surface with magnetic effects. In addition, the heat source, viscous dissipation, varying thermal conductivity, velocity slip, and thermal radiation are also considered while analyzing the thermal characteristics. The governing partial differential equation (PDE) equations have been converted via similar variables to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These are numerically solved using the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method and the shooting technique. The effects of different physical parameters on velocity, temperature, Nusselt number, and drag force coefficient are graphically analyzed. The results demonstrate that an increase in the thermal radiation parameter (Rd) and the magnetic parameter (M) enhances the heat transfer rate at the surface. Moreover, the heat transfer rate associated with the Eckert number indicates that HNFs achieves a 3.94% improvement in heat transfer compared to mono‐nanofluids and a 2.28% improvement compared to viscous fluids.

Significance of dissipative flow on a second-grade nanofluid with variable thermal properties on the stretching surface

This work analyzes the impact of viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity on second-grade nanofluid. Boundary conditions are used for the analysis of heat and mass transmission. Stream functions and similarity variables are utilized to reduce the complexity of the governed PDEs (partial differential equations) and altered into ODEs (ordinary differential equations). The mechanism can be analyzed and solved more easily due to this modification. In order to efficiently handle boundary value issues by turning them into initial value problems, the method of shooting is employed to achieve numerical solutions for the physical phenomena under the Newton–Raphson scheme and Keller-box approach. The conclusions of physical attributes on temperature, velocity, and mass transportation are graphically represented using these methods. These parameters include heat production, variable thermal conductivity, second-order fluid properties, the Eckert number, Brownian motion, Prandtl number, thermophoresis, and the Lewis number. This study found that the temperature and velocity sketches improve as the estimations of the variable thermal conductivity parameter rises. The temperature profile drops and the velocity sketch rises as the second-grade fluid parameter escalates. Eckert number variations are greater in the temperature and concentration profiles. Furthermore, the velocity profile of the second-grade nanofluid decreases with increasing Prandtl numbers. Higher temperature-dependent density signifies the greatest fluid temperature and concentration values. Greater Brownian motion results in improved mass and heat transmission magnitudes. When the Prandtl number rises, the Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient, and Sherwood number drop, but enhances when the Lewis number rises.

Thermo Diffusion Effects on MHD Unsteady Stagnation Point Nano Fluid Flow over an Exponentially Porous Stretching Sheet

An investigation employing numerical methods has been conducted to present the Soret effects on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Unsteady Stagnation Point nano fluid Flow over an exponentially porous stretching sheet in existence of joule heating, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, time dependent heat source or sink, chemical reaction and suction or blowing. With the use of MATLAB's bvp4c solver, the leading time dependent PDEs may be reduced to a family of non-linear ODEs and numerically solved. The influence of relevant flow parameters on temperature, concentration and velocity distribution are demonstrated graphically. For different controlling parameters, Sherwood and Nusselt number along with the skin-friction coefficient are also tabulated. There is a fairly close agreement between the current outcome and the previously announced result.

Marangoni Convection in Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Disk

Marangoni convection problem is studied for hybrid nanofluids. The problem is studied for both positive and negative Marangoni parameters. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of heat transfer over a stretching disk with porous suction and injection effects is examined. The problem is converted from partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing similarity transformation method. Then, it is solved numerically by using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The effects of skin friction and Nusselt number for various selected values representing water concentration and Marangoni effects, along with nano particles comprises water, ZnO2 and MWCNT by incorporating the influence of suction and injection. Furthermore, we present detailed results in terms of radial velocity profile, axial velocity profile, and temperature profile under suction and injection effects, even for negative Marangoni parameters by comparing water, ZnO2, MWCNT nano particles. Additionally, we provide a comparative analysis with existing literature, presenting the skin friction and Nusselt number results in a table format. This holistic approach offers a comprehensive understanding of the intricate heat transfer dynamics in MHD nanofluids over stretching disks with porous media effects, contributing to advancements in thermal fluid dynamics and providing valuable insights for engineering applications in diverse fields.

Practical scaling-up of a four reactants multicomponent reaction (4-MCR)

Context: Translation of any chemical process from laboratory to pilot or commercial scale is by no means a simple linear process. This process is influenced by several parameters, such as temperature, agitation speed, the concentration of reactants, and their interactions. In addition, temperature and agitation speed are very related to heat and movement transfers, which are two critical unit operations that affect the scale-up process and reaction yield. A multicomponent reaction (MCR) is a process where more than three reagents react through two or more reactions, producing one biggest molecule. Its scale-up is complex considering the complex nature of the reaction pathway. Our project involves a 4-MCR for obtaining a 3,4-pyridone derivative, a very important product for obtaining a neuroprotective compound. Despite its importance in medicinal chemistry, no report about the scale-up of MCRs was found. Aims: To develop a practical way to scale up a multicomponent reaction with four components, from laboratory to pilot scales. Methods: A combination of the brute force method and dimensionless numbers was applied for the scale-up process based on the significant physical forces governing the process. Results: Experimentally, it was previously demonstrated that temperature and fluid agitation and their interaction are the most significant parameters affecting reaction yield. Its related unit operations, heat and movement transport, were selected as the critical physical forces for the scaling-up process. The dimensionless numbers related to those unit operations are the Nusselt and Reynold numbers. In addition to other criteria applied, those dimensionless numbers were used to calculate the agitation speed for the upper scale. Likewise, as the reaction product precipitated through the cooling process, the obstruction of the reactor discharge valve was observed. Thus, a critical agitation speed was determined at the laboratory scale by applying the Zwietering rule through direct observation of solid sedimentation in the reactor. Conclusions: The process showed high reproducibility at all scales, reaching good yields of around 73%. Product purity was higher than 99% for all batches. The method applied allows the successful scalability of the process to increase the scale to commercial.

Three‐dimensional convective flow in a CNT‐Gallium nanoliquid‐filled cavity equipped with horizontal fins

AbstractThe current study presents a detailed numerical investigation of buoyancy‐driven three‐dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow within a cubic cavity filled with Carbon nanotube (CNT)‐Gallium nanoliquid and equipped with horizontal fins. The finite volume method (FVM) is employed to solve the governing equations in an arrangement that includes a hot fin on the left wall and a cold fin on the opposite side while all other walls are adiabatic. This study examines the variation effects of fin lengths (0.1 to 0.4), Rayleigh numbers (103 to 105) and CNT nanoparticle concentrations (0 to 0.045) on convective heat transfer performance. Results demonstrate that fin length significantly affects fluid flow and heat exchange with the shortest fin (W = 0.1) yielding the highest heat transfer rates. The maximum heat transfer enhancement is achieved at Ra = 105 and φ = 0.045 where the average Nusselt number increases by approximately 40% compared to the base fluid. Furthermore, increasing nanoparticle concentration enhances thermal conductivity and overall heat transfer while it also raises viscosity and consequently reduces the flow intensity. This investigation emphasizes the critical role of fin geometry and nanoparticle concentration in the thermal performance optimization for advanced heat exchange applications.

Flow in a three-dimensional narrow-gap horizontal annulus with nanofluid

The three-dimensional (3D) natural convection utilizing a nanofluid in a narrow-gap horizontal annulus is investigated. The influence of Rayleigh number (Ra) and nanoparticle volume fraction (φ) on flow dynamics characteristics and heat transfer is investigated. Ra varies between 8000 and 10 000, whereas φ is in the range of 0–0.09. The findings demonstrate that an increase in the Rayleigh number correlates with a rise in the maximum stream function value, resulting in more isothermal deformation. Moreover, increased nanoparticle volume fractions lead to diminished flow and isothermal deformation. The flow roll size is affected by Ra and φ. At a nanoparticle volume fraction of φ = 0, the flow exhibits a crescent-shaped primary roll alongside an opposing tadpole-shaped roll; when φ grows to 0.04, the small opposing roll decreases into a strip structure, and it vanishes completely at φ = 0.08. Instability onset occurs at the end walls. The flow progressively converges toward the center over time, amplifying roll intensity and dimensions, resulting in considerable isotherm distortion. Three-dimensional circulation patterns are established, encompassing transverse and primary rolls alongside the axial movement of the primary roll. As φ increases, the average Nusselt number (Nu¯i) first decreases and subsequently rises for φ greater than 0.06. Comprehensive simulations produce generalized correlations for Nu¯i related to Ra and φ, exhibiting a divergence of under 3.5% from the correlation equation.

Machine learning-based prediction of Nusselt number for vertical helical coils in natural convection heat transfer

Machine learning-based prediction of Nusselt number for vertical helical coils in natural convection heat transfer

Towards understanding of mixed convection flows from the spinning finned sphere

Abstract The present work elucidates a rigorous numerical analysis on predicting the fluidic behaviour and pattern of thermal field around the rotating finned sphere suspended in ambient air. Mixed convection analysis is carried out within the laminar regime by considering important pertinent factors, such as fin height (0.1 = h/D ≤ 0.33), fin spacing (0.0719 ≤ SD ≤ 0.7786), Rayleigh number (102≤ Ra ≤ 105), and strength of rotational field (0 ≤ Re ≤ 300). A low-temperature zone within the spacing between the fins is predicted to form when Re ≠ 0 compared to Re = 0 and this fluidic behaviour is clearly understood employing velocity vectors. Thus, the heat removal rate is predicted to be higher at the spinning condition than non-spinning case. The heat transfer rate (Q) grows continually with the reduction of S/D and reaches a maximum magnitude till a certain lower value of S/D then it starts to drop dramatically. The maximum peak point of Q is gradually shifts towards the lower value of S/D as the magnitude of Ra is higher. We have also characterized the behaviour of average (Nu) and local (Nul) Nusselt number. Behaviour of Nu witnesses an increasing trend as S/D grows for a given h/D, Ra, and Re. A steeper increasing pattern of Nu against S/D at a higher S/D compared to a lower Re. Lastly, a suitable correlation for average Nusselt number was developed using pertinent parameters which shows a satisfactory agreement with numerical data.

Lattice Boltzmann Modelling of Natural Convection Problems in a Cavity with a Different Wall Temperature

In this study, the cyclic natural convection problem in a square enclosure is modeled using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) under laminar flow conditions. Four different combinations of boundary conditions are employed to create cases. These cases are denoted as HHHC (Horizontal Hot Horizontal Cold), HHVC (Horizontal Hot Vertical Cold), VHHC (Vertical Hot Horizontal Cold), and VHVC (Vertical Hot Vertical Cold). Four Rayleigh numbers have been utilized to represent laminar flow conditions, namely Ra=104, 105, 106, and 107. For validation purposes, the well-validated finite volume method-based commercial code Ansys-Fluent is employed. In the VHVC model and at the highest Rayleigh number, the results obtained with LBM were compared to and validated against the results obtained with the finite volume method. Nusselt numbers are compared for the four cases based on Rayleigh numbers, and the case with highest heat transfer identified. Cases of HHHC and VHVC have produced the lowest and highest Nusselt number, respectively.

Comparative Analysis of Flow Dynamics Studies between the Straight and Interrupted Minichannel Heat Sink

A simulation work was performed to investigate the advantage of interrupted minichannel heat sink over the straight one in terms of flow dynamics. Four different designs were examined, namely i) a straight, ii) Design A, iii) Design B and iv) Design C minichannel. All channels were rectangular in cross sectional area with 0.0032 m of hydraulic diameter, having cuts in between. Parametric studies were performed by utilizing the propylene glycol as the coolant fluid, while the Reynolds number are diverse between 510.9 to 608.2. The flow is modelled as steady and 3D flow. Comparative analysis between simulated and experimental data was first conducted as validation purposes with deviation of 0.49% to 9.81%, and 1.08% to 12.48% for Pdrop and Nusselt number respectively. The predicted results depicted the design features that affect the flow behaviours such as sharp corner edge that diminish Coanda effect and promotes flow separation, reverse flow and recirculation zone, and interrupts boundary layer. These behaviour causes the increment of heat flux and (Tout-Tin)/(Tw-Tm), while decrement in wall shear stress that finally augment the heat transfer. Comparative analysis showed that the increment in heat flux by 26.3% to 33.3%, (Tout-Tin)/(Tw-Tm) by 25% to 42.8%, and decrement in wall shear stress by 25% to 35.7%, indicating improved flow characteristics.