Number Of Fecal Coliforms Research Articles

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW MILK SAMPLES PURCHASED FROM AUTOMATIC MİLK VENDING MACHINES IN NİĞDE PROVINCE

In the regulation published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Turkey, it is stated that only automatic milk machines can be used to put raw milk on sale. This study aims to examine some physical, chemical and microbiological properties of a total of 40 raw milk samples sold in automatic vending machines and unpackaged, by egulations in Niğde province, and to compare the milk samples according to the retailer from which they were purchased. The study also aimed to quantitatively determine carbonate and hydrogen peroxide residues in milk samples and the presence of beta-lactam and tetracycline group antibiotics with a commercial kit. At the end of the study, the average value of lactic acid (%) density, fat, protein, non-fat dry matter, lactose, freezing point and pH values of the samples were determined as 0.153% ± (0.022); 1.028± (0.03) g/ml; 3.525%± (0.656); 3.5%± (0.107); 9% 4± (0.277); 5.134± (0.152); -0.549°C ± (0.018) and 6.55 ± (0.102) respectively. As a result of microbiological analysis of milk, the average number of total aerobic mesophilic organisms, coliforms, fecal coliforms, yeast-molds and micrococci-staphylococci was determined as 5.38 ± (0.47); 3.73 ± (1.11); 2.76 ± (1.66); 2.33 ± (1.86) and 4.29± (1.20) log cfu/ml respectively. Carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, beta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic residues could not be detected in the milk samples. The fact that some of the results obtained in the study were outside the limits specified in the codexes and different from the study average reveals that the milk sold in businesses selling street milk should be analyzed regularly.

Evaluation of the Drinking water in some Hospitals in Baghdad

Due to the significance of hospital drinking water, a study was done to assess the water in three hospitals in Baghdad (Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Ibn Sina Hospital, and Ibn-Al-Nafis Hospital) for its nature and quality, compare it to other hospitals in terms of its physical, chemical, and bacterial specifications, and compare it to international standards. According to Iraqi standards from 2009 and WHO standards from 2011, Chemical factors were measured, which included pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Calcium Ion (Ca+2). Reported readings are all within acceptable ranges for drinking water. In contrast, turbidity, total hardness (T.H.), chlorides (Cl-), magnesium (Mg+2), the number of aerobic plates (APC), total coliform (T.C.), fecal coliform (F.C.), and fecal streptococcus (F.S.) which maximum values were (8.7 NTU, 690 mg-1, 510 mg-1, 231.1 mg/l, 38 cfu/ml, 20 cfu /100ml, 16 cfu /100ml, and 16 cfu /100ml) respectively. These values were higher than the permissible level recommended by the Iraqi standard (2009) and WHO standard (2011) for drinking water for all months and some months. Keywords: Drinking/ Water/ Hospitals/ Baghdad.

Prevalence of Haemogregarina stepanowi and Assessment of Some Risk Factors in Mauremys rivulata (Valenciennes, 1833) Freshwater Turtles (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

The Balkan terrapin, Mauremys rivulata, is a freshwater turtle. This reptile is exposed to many environmental pollutants and some infectious agents, including Haemogregarina stepanowi parasite. This study was conducted to determine the microscopic prevalence of haemogregarine infection in M. rivulata caught in three different localities (Bozcaada, Gökçeada, and Dardanos) in Çanakkale province of Turkey, and assessment of some risk factors. Twenty-four blood samples were collected, thin blood smears were prepared, and the presence of haemogregarine parasites microscopically was screened. Water samples were also taken from the habitats, and these samples were analyzed physiochemically and microbiologically. Morphological identification was made by detecting the sausage-shaped intra-cytoplasmic developmental stages of H. stepanowi, and thirteen of twenty-four turtles (54.2%) were found to be infected. The prevalence of H. stepanowi was detected as the highest (90.0%) in the Gökçeada district, where the water pollution is higher than in the other localities. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the distribution of the infection and the gender of the turtles, the temperature of the water, the number of faecal coliforms in water and the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. A statistically significant difference was found between the localities in terms of the prevalence of H. stepanowi infection, and the infection was primarily detected in the Gökçeada district. This study has significance in providing information regarding haemoparasitic diseases of freshwater turtle, M. rivulata, in Turkey.

Microbial contamination effects on the hydrochemical parameter in a Thettiyar watershed, Kerala, India, using GIS.

The present study has been carried out to assess the quality of groundwater and surface water resources of Thettiyar watershed, Kerala, India. Sixty-six water samples were collected during pre-monsoon (April, 2019) and monsoon (July, 2019) season, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness and major cations and anions and microbiological parameters as well. According to the piper diagram's plot, Ca and Mg dominate over Na among the cations, and Cl is the most prevalent anion in groundwater throughout both the studied seasons. The hydrochemical analysis of water samples revealed that all the parameters are within the permissible limit except for pH. For microbiological analysis, the samples were tested for total coliform and fecal coliform. Most of the groundwater samples collected have higher total coliform and fecal coliform (E. coli) content than the recommended count by BIS (2012). The pre-monsoon surface water samples owned a maximum number of 3700cfu/100ml (TNTC-too numerous to count) of total coliform and 1400cfu/100ml (TNTC) of fecal coliform. In monsoon, the number of total coliform and fecal coliform has increased to 3800cfu/100ml and 1900cfu/100ml respectively. E. coli and total coliform are effectively correlated with each other in both seasons, in accordance with the statistical study. Domestic, sewage dump, and other household wastes are the main sources of bacterial contamination in the study area, which in turn nourishes contaminant organisms. According to the results, the government or municipality should implement an appropriate system for managing solid waste and should take all necessary measures to clean up the study area.

Freezing method assists calcium hypochlorite for synergistically promoting methane production from sludge anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is widely considered to be a promising technology for waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment, by which sludge stabilization and resource recovery are simultaneously achieved. The poor reaction efficiency however hinders the large-scale applications of WAS anaerobic digestion technology. This study reported an efficient sludge pretreatment method by combining freezing with calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) for enhancing the anaerobic digestion efficiency. Experimental data showed that the optimal combination was freezing at −20 °C coupled with 0.075 g/g VSS (volatile suspended solids) Ca(ClO)2, by which the maximum biomethane production of 274.4 ± 8.2 mL/g VSS was realized, 1.62 times higher than that of the control. Model-based analysis demonstrated that higher potential and rate for methane production were attained by the combined pretreatment. Mechanism analysis revealed that the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial cells were both effectively destructed when treated by combined freezing and Ca(ClO)2, and more dissolved organics were generated in consequence. Microbial analysis demonstrated that the co-treated reactor enriched more functional microbes (such as Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina and Candidatus_Methanofastidiosum) responsible for biomethane generation than that of the control. Furthermore, the number of fecal coliform was largely reduced in co-treated reactor. As the correlation between sludge anaerobic digestion performance and numerous pretreatment parameters was systematically revealed, this study can provide important references for engineers when applying the combined freezing and Ca(ClO)2 technology in practical engineering.

Zootechnical, bacteriological, and histometrical effects of a combination mycotoxin binder-acidifier in broiler chickens

Mycotoxins are present in food and cannot be eliminated even by using modern technological processes in food manufacture; they can cause pathologies and economic losses in the poultry industry. To combat their effects, this study aimed to test the incorporation of a mycotoxin binder (MICOTEC 0.1%) associated with an acidifier (TECAVIAR 0.1%), both marketed in Algeria, in the feed distributed to broilers. During this study, a beneficial effect was found in subjects consuming the supplemented food compared to the control subjects. In addition to the significant decrease in mortality (51.47%), test subjects showed an average weight of 3308.1 g, which was significantly higher than control subjects (2876.25 g). The data revealed a significant reduction in the number of total and faecal coliforms, with prevalence ranging from 3.1 to 36.5% vs 63.2 to 96.9% for the control group. An increase in the length of the small intestine (24.13 cm), increase in the weight of the Fabricius bursa (FB; 1.25 g), weight of the gizzard (10.25 g) and finally an increase in the weight of the wishbone (153.87 g) were recorded in the test subjects. The results indicate that the association of mycotoxin binder-acidifier in broiler chickens can improve growth performance. Further experiments are required to confirm more effects (with different doses, different strains, and other organs).

A Green Approach to Safe Domestic Drinking Water Supply by Using Solar Geyser

Introduction: Accessibility to safe drinking water is an important human health issue, so water reuse and water resources management are critical in arid parts of developing regions. This study aimed to investigate the use of a combined simple designed solar geyser/photocell for drinking water disinfection.
 Materials and Methods: In this study, a solar geyser with a simple design was combined with a solar cell and its efficiency on the disinfection of contaminated water was investigated. This study was carried out with artificially polluted tap water by a solar geyser joined with a solar photovoltaic cell. The heated water (55°C) was kept for 2 hours using a solenoid valve. The pilot plant was operated and monitored for one year. The volume of the collected effluent was measured every 24 h. The most probably number (MPN) of total coliforms and fecal coliforms in 100 mL of 24-hour composed samples were measured.
 Results: The mean volume of disinfected water production was calculated as 2095.74 ± 270.28 mL/day. The strongest correlation was found between disinfected water and the maximum daily ambient air temperature with a linear model (R2 = 0.9937). The results showed that by increasing the sunny time, the volume of water outlet increased. Therefore, sunny time and UV radiation have direct effect on volume of disinfected water.
 Conclusion: The simple designed solar geyser for drinking water disinfection was efficient and recommended for tropical areas, emergency conditions, and farms for agricultural activities.

Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water for domestic use in Cotonou in the republic of Benin

Water is the source of life. It is essential for the survival of all living things. However, its alteration becomes harmful to humans. In Cotonou, the main city of Benin, the quality of drinking water is worrying because of many factors such as environmental pollution and poor hygiene around water sources. In fact, poorly ecological management methods of household waste pose risks of contamination of soil and water resources. This study aims to assess the quality of domestic water for households in the city of Cotonou. The methodology adopted is summed up in a physico-chemical and microbiological analysis of thirty water samples taken from households in the 13 districts of the city of Cotonou. The results obtained at the physicochemical level show that, apart from the waters of SONEB at the source, whose turbidity (5.6 NTU) complies with the standard which is 5 NTU, that of other sources is much greater than Standard. This indicates the presence of suspended solids in the water that may harbor microorganisms harmful to humans. With regard to microbiological quality, all the water sampled at household level contains E.Coli, the number of which is much higher than the Benin standard which sets at 0/1 ml of water. In addition, the water sampled from the wells contains high numbers of fecal coliforms. As for SONEB water, the presence of coliforms was determined but with lower numbers than well water (50 / ml at household level and 2 / ml at source level.

Quantitative and qualitative assessments of microbial contamination in some bottled and tap water, and their drug resistant pattern

The present work focussed on the concerns of the existence of coliform, faecal coliform, and other pathogens in both tap water and commercially available bottled water, along with the drug resistant pattern of the isolates. The physico-chemical features of the bottled water samples were satisfactory, but most of the tap water exceeded the marginal limit. A total of 21 samples (10 of tap water and 11 of bottled water) were collected and processed for microbiological analysis. All the samples were found to be contaminated with total viable bacteria up to 108 CFU/mL. Among the 21 samples, seven samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli up to 106 CFU/mL, and six samples had Klebsiella spp. up to 102 CFU/mL. Faecal contamination was totally absent in all bottled water, but present in four tap water samples. Fungi was found in six samples within the range of 102 to 103 CFU/mL. Surprisingly, Staphylococcus spp. were observed in all bottled water. Vibrio spp. were detected in three samples. An elevated number of faecal coliforms, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were estimated among the tap water samples up to 105 CFU/mL. The water samples, especially tap water, collected from the different areas were microbiologically unsafe, as few pathogenic microorganisms were found in several samples. This indicated as public health threat. Most of the isolates from both tap and bottled water samples were found to be resistant against more than one antibiotic tested, which is extremely alarming for the consumers. Very few antibiotics were found to be effective against the bacterial isolates.

Mikrobiološka kvaliteta morske vode i dagnje (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck 1819) u priobalju Dubrovnika (jugoistočni Jadran)

This research was conducted between March 2016 and March 2017 as the first study on the water and mussel quality in the coastal area of Dubrovnik (Croatia). Bacteriological analyses were conducted simultaneously on wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) tissue and their ambient water. The total numbers of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci in the water were determined. Concentrations of Escherichia coli were measured in mussel. The investigated stations are located in coastal water, which is particularly influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors interacting at the boundaries between the land and freshwater and seawater environments. Seasonal variables, such as rainfall and riverine network characteristics, determine the delivery of bacteria (including E.coli) to coastal water. Direct methods of assessing the density of heterotrophic bacteria at all sampling stations showed the characteristics of an oligotrophic area. The abundance of faecal coliform bacteria was in all cases higher within mussel tissue than in the surrounding water where levels were sometimes undetectable. Maximum E. coli concentrations in mussels and seawater were regularly recorded through the summer, with the exceptions of April 2016 and January 2017 at two stations following precipitation. Minimum faecal coliform concentrations were recorded in the winter.

First detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (HlyA gene) and enumeration of most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in cage cultured oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) and water from southern Malaysia

First detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (HlyA gene) and enumeration of most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in cage cultured oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) and water from southern Malaysia

Acidic aerobic digestion of anaerobically-digested sludge enabled by a novel ammonia-oxidizing bacterium

Anaerobic digestion is a commonly used process for the reduction and stabilization of wasted activated sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants. However, anaerobically-digested (AD) sludge is still a problematic waste stream due to its large volume and often poor quality. In this study, two aerobic digesters were set up to treat anaerobically-digested sludge, with one digester operated in self-generated acidic condition as the experimental reactor, and one at neutral pH as the control reactor. The acidic condition in the experimental reactor was driven by an inoculated special ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, ‘Candidatus Nitrosoglobus’, which can tolerate low pH. As a result of ammonium oxidation by Ca. Nitrosoglobus, the pH decreased to 4.8 ± 0.2 and nitrite accumulated to and stayed at 200.0 ± 17.2 mg N L−1, from which free nitrous acid (FNA) at 8.5 ± 1.8 mg HNO2N L−1 formed in-situ. As a combined effect of low pH and high concentration of FNA, the experimental reactor reduced the total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and non-volatile solids (NVS) in the AD sludge by 25.2 ± 7.0%, 29.8 ± 4.3%, and 22.6 ± 5.5%, respectively. In contrast, the control reactor without Ca. Nitrosoglobus inoculation (operated at a near-neutral pH of 6.8 ± 0.3 and no FNA formation) only reduced VS in the AD sludge by 10.4 ± 4.3%, along with negligible NVS reduction. Additionally, the acidic aerobic digestion in the experimental reactor significantly stabilized AD sludge, decreasing the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) to 0.5 ± 0.1 mg O2 g−1VS h−1 and the most probable number (MPN) of Faecal Coliforms to 2.4 ± 0.1 log(MPN g−1TS), both of which meet USEPA standards for Class A biosolids. In comparison, the control reactor produced biosolids at Class B level only, with an SOUR of 1.8 ± 0.2 mg O2 g−1VS h−1 and a Faecal Coliforms MPN of 3.6 ± 0.1 log(MPN g−1TS). By reducing the volume and improving the quality of the AD sludge, the acidic aerobic digestion of AD sludge enabled by Ca. Nitrosoglobus has the potential to significantly save the sludge disposal costs in wastewater treatment.

New trends in the use of recycled manure solids in dairy housing

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.109-113 The aim of the study was to compare improved bedding composition with conventional straw bedding under farm conditions, regarding its effects on the indicator microorganisms influencing hygiene levels. Dairy cows were housed in newly-built stables divided into two parts each with four sections and bedded cubicles arranged in three rows. In the first part, the bedded cubicle floors were layered with straw up to a height of 20 cm. In the second part, the cubicles were layered to a height of 20 cm with improved bedding composition consisting of recycled manure solids (RMS; 10 kg), ground limestone (200 kg), straw (40 kg) and water (110 l). After layering the bedding was treated with a concrete selector to provide strength and sufficient resistance. Samples for microbiological examination were taken from four sections according to the time interval of production and bedding. From three sections were taken bedding samples according to a new recipe in intervals of 1-3 months after its use. A control sample of bedding, consisting of straw, was taken from the last, fourth section. Comparing classical straw bedding with the improved recipe bedding, the total viable count (TVC) and coliforms bacteria (CB) in a first and second month after laying were found to be reduced. In addition to TVC and CB, decreased numbers of faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) were observed in the first, second and third months after layering. In addition to reducing the number of microorganisms, the improved bedding showed a stabilizing effect by keeping the litter thickness up to the bedding threshold (200 mm), which has a beneficial effect for increased purity of the body and udder. Keywords: dairy cows, housing, hygiene, improved bedding, microorganisms References Bradley, A. et al. (2018). The impact of dairy cows’ bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk–A cross sectional study of UK farms. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 23(269), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.022 Broucek, J. et al. (2015). Impact of gestation and lactation stage on the dairy cow response following removal to unfamiliar housing and milking system. Italian Journal of Animal Scince, 14(2), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2015.3410 Fournel, S. et al. (2018). Production of recycled manure solids for bedding in Canadian dairy farms: I. Solid-liquid separation . Journal of Dairy Science , 102(2), 1832–1846. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14966 Heinonen-Tanski, H. et al. (2006). Methods to reduce pathogen microorganisms in manure. Livestock Science , 102(3), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.03.024 Ismail, R. et al. (2013). Methods for recovering microorganisms from solid surfaces used in the food industry: a review of the literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(11), 6169–6183. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph10116169 Maiorano, G. (2014). Livestock Production for a Sustainable Development. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci. 3 , 34–38. Available online: https://www.jmbfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/10_jmbfs_maiorano_2014_fs.pdf Leach, K. A. et al. (2015). Recycling manure as cow bedding: Potential benefits and risks for UK dairy farms. Vet. J., 206, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.013 Popescu, S. et al. (2014). The effect of the housing system on the welfare quality of dairy cows . Italian Journal of Animal Scince, 13(1), 2940. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.2940 Tancin, V. et al. 2013. Livestock farming in marginal areas (In Slovak), CVŽV, Nitra, Slovakia 2013. p. 70. ISBN 978-80-89418-26-8. Wolfe, T. et al. (2018). Effects of alternative deep bedding options on dairy cow preference, lying behavior, cleanliness, and teat end contamination. Journal of Dairy Science,101(1), 530-536. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12358

Role of participatory management in water health quality of the Anzali International Wetland, Iran

This study aimed to investigate water quality and identification, prioritization and network analysis of the stakeholders of the Anzali International Wetland, Iran. In the wetland watershed, a wide range of stakeholders benefit from ecosystem services and, with regard to the activities they carry out, affect the functions of the wetland in the lower part of the watershed. The different stakeholders were identified and categorized according to the different parameters including power, interest, co-stakeholder, and interaction. Finally, the linkage between the stakeholders was investigated using network analysis (Gephi software). To determinate water quality, the content of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Temperature, Turbidity and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured in-situ while number of Fecal Coliform, amount of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Phosphate and Nitrate were measured at laboratory in 4 sites from Dec2018 to Feb2020 monthly. The results of the parameters and water quality index indicated relatively high pollution in the watershed. PirBazar station, the most important source of water providing for the wetland, polluted much higher than others. The role of local communities, the participation of stakeholders and their awareness in the protection and rehabilitation of the wetland is very effective. The identification process led to 39 stakeholders categorized into five groups, with government sectors having the highest number of stakeholders. Weighted out degree showed many stakeholders that directly use wetland services such as the local people were placed in low-power categories whose importance was determined by closeness and betweenness criteria. Based on the stakeholders’ attributes in the study, the most important and influential stakeholders can be used by the related managers for decision-making and improving of water health quality.

Microbial and composition changes during vermicomposting process resulting from decomposable domestic waste, cow manure and dewatered sludge

Aim: Although vermicomposting is rich in nutrients, the virulent microbes and pathogens present in it may be a threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the microbial quality of produced vermicompost, including fecal coliform and parasitic eggs, at a pilot scale, and compare it to present standards. Materials and Methods: Three various reactors containing decomposable domestic waste (T1), cow manure (T2), and dewatered sludge (T3) were used to produce vermicompost using Eisenia fetida. According to the standard methods, fecal coliforms, parasitic eggs, and some of the treatment characteristics including organic carbons, nitrogen, temperature, humidity, pH, electrical conductivity and metals were evaluated during the 56-day operation period. Results: According to the results, the number of fecal coliforms in treatments of T1, T2 and T3 reduced from 2.5 × 104, 6 × 105 and 15 × 106 to 1000, 1500 and 1500 MPN/g dw, respectively. All parasite eggs reached zero after the 3rd week. At the end of the study, the average of organic carbon in T1, T2, and T3 were 35.4 ± 6%, 50.7 ± 5%, and 58.4 ± 7%, respectively. This value for total nitrogen were 0.9 ± 0.2%, 1.8 ± 0.7%, and 4.2 ± 1.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that the worm E. fetida has a great ability to reduce pathogens without the need for an increase in temperature. Furthermore, it can be concluded that vermicompost can improve the quality of compost in 8 weeks. The vermicomposting process can also greatly destroy the fecal coliforms and all parasite eggs.

Detection of Coliform, faecal Coliform And Total Bacterial Count From Drinking Water Of Varanasi (U.P.) India

In India source of drinking water at Varanasi city for common people are tap water, well, hand pump, Ganga river and stored tank water collected from bore well. All water samples were studied to assess their bacteriological characteristics and suitability for potable purposes. A cross-sectional epidemiological method was adopted to investigate the drinking water of six different sites of Varanasi city. The bacteriological examination of water samples included the most probable number of presumptive coliforms, faecal coliforms, and total bacterial count. The results showed that the total coliform count was detected in all the site. In all the methods coliforms presence was indicated. Maximum number of coliform observed in all the seasons, were from river and well water followed by hand pump, tap water and stored tank. The most common group of indicator organisms used in water quality monitoring are coliforms. These organisms are representative of bacteria normally present in the intestinal tract of mammals including human. Contamination of water may occur through different way like sewage disposal in the river, seepage of bathing near sites, fecal excreta of human, bird and other animals. Improving and expanding the existing water treatment and sanitation systems are more likely to provide good, safe and sustainable sources of water in the long term.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Taiz City and their Suitability for Irrigation

Abstract
 A field study was carried out for influent and effluent wastewater from Two treatment plants in Taiz city. The aim of the study is to evaluate and increase the efficiency of the treatment plants in Al-Buriahy and Nadfood factories (Al-Qurf), in order to ensure the safe and suitable use of wastewater for irrigation. Four samples of sewage were collected from influent and effluent of different locations within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawjlah, Hidran Al-Dabab and Al-Buraihy. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the samples of the partially treated wastewater compared with the untreated wastewater were higher in total dissolved solids. The values of the trace elements remained at the level of the sewage influent before and after the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy, the level of treatment did not decrease the concentration of a number of these elements. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) for effluent wastewater from the treatment plants recorded a significant decrease in their values. In contrast the results were close in the concentration of the BOD5 influent from the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy with the BOD5 concentration effluent from the treatment plant in the Nadfood has, reached 457mg/l, because the influent of the sewage from the industrial processes in the treatment plant of the Nadfood was too high, reaching an average of 7791 mg / l compared with 553 mg / l in the municipal influent sewage at the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy. The results of bacteriological analyses showed that the treated wastewater recorded a significant reduction in the number of fecal coliform compared with the number of fecal coliform at influent from treatment plant at Al-Buraihy area.These indications for treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, and treatment plant for industrial wastewater, that include the aeration and sedimentation units in Al-Qurf Nadfood factories, indicate that the degree of treatment is below the required level and still exceeds the limit allowed for irrigation purposes according to Yemeni and International standards. This suggests an action of rehabilitation of existing sewerage system, completion of the sewerage network and the establishment of the new treatment plant by using stabilization ponds with floating surface aerator in the facultative ponds at north of Taiz City. In addition, increase the efficiency of the current treatment plant by division of wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, into anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, providing each pond with two devices/tools to measure the flows, and the establishment of the new treatment plant at the Nadfood factories. It should consist of screening, oil /fat removal, primary and secondary clarifiers, high rate trickling filters (1st and 2nd stage), sludge digester, sand drying beds, and chlorination.
 Keywords: Taiz city, sewage, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform,treatment plant, efficiency, municipal, industrial.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Taiz City and their Suitability for Irrigation

Abstract
 A field study was carried out for influent and effluent wastewater from Two treatment plants in Taiz city. The aim of the study is to evaluate and increase the efficiency of the treatment plants in Al-Buriahy and Nadfood factories (Al-Qurf), in order to ensure the safe and suitable use of wastewater for irrigation. Four samples of sewage were collected from influent and effluent of different locations within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawjlah, Hidran Al-Dabab and Al-Buraihy. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the samples of the partially treated wastewater compared with the untreated wastewater were higher in total dissolved solids. The values of the trace elements remained at the level of the sewage influent before and after the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy, the level of treatment did not decrease the concentration of a number of these elements. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) for effluent wastewater from the treatment plants recorded a significant decrease in their values. In contrast the results were close in the concentration of the BOD5 influent from the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy with the BOD5 concentration effluent from the treatment plant in the Nadfood has, reached 457mg/l, because the influent of the sewage from the industrial processes in the treatment plant of the Nadfood was too high, reaching an average of 7791 mg / l compared with 553 mg / l in the municipal influent sewage at the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy. The results of bacteriological analyses showed that the treated wastewater recorded a significant reduction in the number of fecal coliform compared with the number of fecal coliform at influent from treatment plant at Al-Buraihy area.These indications for treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, and treatment plant for industrial wastewater, that include the aeration and sedimentation units in Al-Qurf Nadfood factories, indicate that the degree of treatment is below the required level and still exceeds the limit allowed for irrigation purposes according to Yemeni and International standards. This suggests an action of rehabilitation of existing sewerage system, completion of the sewerage network and the establishment of the new treatment plant by using stabilization ponds with floating surface aerator in the facultative ponds at north of Taiz City. In addition, increase the efficiency of the current treatment plant by division of wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, into anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, providing each pond with two devices/tools to measure the flows, and the establishment of the new treatment plant at the Nadfood factories. It should consist of screening, oil /fat removal, primary and secondary clarifiers, high rate trickling filters (1st and 2nd stage), sludge digester, sand drying beds, and chlorination.
 Keywords: Taiz city, sewage, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform,treatment plant, efficiency, municipal, industrial.

Pollutant treatment efficiencies through rainwater tank, recycled foamed glass and geofabrics

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effectiveness of removing pollutants from roof-collected rainwater through rainwater tank, filtration using recycled foam glass and geofabrics using series of laboratory experiments. It is found that rainwater tank itself helps to remove some pollutants, especially total suspended solids (TSS). To test the efficiency of recycled foam glass as filter material, the material was used to filter rainwater collected from roof. It is found that through such filtration most of the pollutants’ concentrations in the rainwater drop by about 50%. Also, removal efficiency of a 30 cm filter media is about double compared to a filter media of 10 cm height. However, concentrations of Suspended Solids, Copper and Lead in the filtered samples were higher than the concentrations in the raw sample, which might be due to leaching of pollutants from filter media as it is found that higher the filter depth, higher the pollutants concentrations in the filtrate. To overcome these pollutants’ leaching, similar experiments conducted with geotextile layer at the bottom of the filter material revealed that through the use of geotextile layer with 30 cm filter media, significant reductions of pollutants are achievable including an 87% removal in number of Faecal Coliforms.

ETV analysis of earthworm composting technology in municipal sludge

Earthworm composting technology can reduce the excess sludge of sewage treatment plant and treat it with resources. According to the procedure of environmental technology verification, this paper tests and analyzes the environmental protection effect and environmental impact of earthworm composting technology scientifically, objectively and fairly. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals and the number of fecal coliforms in earthworm dung met the limit requirements of the “Organic Fertilizer“(NY 525-2012), and the moisture content, organic matter concentration and total nutrients in earthworm dung did not meet the limit requirements of the “Organic Fertilizer”(NY 525-2012), so it was not suitable to be used directly. It is used as an organic fertilizer, and the mass reduction rate of the mixture after earthworm composting is more than 45%; the sludge treatment capacity (dry weight meter) of the process is 0.24 kg·m−2·d−1, the yield of earthworm dung (dry weight meter) is 0.06 kg·m−2·d−1, and the yield of earthworm (dry weight meter) is 0.02 kg·m−2·d−1. The reduction effect of earthworm composting process on organic waste (sludge and straw), the concentration of heavy metals and the number of Fecal coliform, all the indicators can meet the verification statement of the enterprise.