Number Of Turkeys Research Articles

TÜRKİYE'DE DOĞRULANMIŞ COVİD-19 VAKALARININ İSTİFLEME TOPLULUK MODELLER İLE ZAMAN SERİSİ TAHMİNİ

Since COVID-19 has spread almost across any country and is a serious threat to mankind, it was declared to be a pandemic by WHO. Forecasting the results of a pandemic is a quite important and difficult task for policy makers and decision makers. The aim of this study is to forecast the daily case numbers in Turkey by using various time series modeling approaches. In this context, positive case numbers between March 11, 2020, and December 24, 2021, were taken into account in this study. This study, with the number of observations it covers, differentiates from other studies which have been conducted with few number of observations. In this study, all the waves during the COVID 19 pandemic were included in the analysis by studying a more extensive time period. Moreover, in our study, along with a comparison of machine learning algorithms by making case forecasting with these algorithms, increasing the forecasting performance was aimed by combining the predictions of all models used with the stacking approach under a single model. By taking all the related studies analyzed into account, our study, as far as we know, is the first one to assess this many model performances together and make a stacking model on COVID-19 case numbers. The findings obtained from the study prove that forecasting of the cases validated via the developed stacking model were made with high accuracy, and all ensemble learning approaches produce better results than individual methods.

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE STUDIES ON IRRATIONAL NUMBERS IN TURKEY: A META-SYNTHESIS STUDY

The concept of number, which forms the basis of mathematics, is also an essential part of mathematics education. On the other hand, irrational numbers are one of the number sets that students have the most difficulty making sense of. In this study, descriptive content analysis and thematic content analysis (meta-synthesis) methods were used to determine the current status of qualitative studies on irrational numbers in Turkey, interpret them with a holistic perspective, and present systematic summary information. As a result of the research, although there are many studies in the national field to reveal conceptual knowledge about irrational numbers and to identify misconceptions, the scarcity of reflections on concept teaching has attracted attention. In addition, it has been seen that it will be more effective to emphasize the equivalence of different representations of numbers in instruction and make instructional designs by focusing on the fundamental properties of irrational numbers. The fact that the studies are mainly based on radical expressions, a form of representation, and few reflections on concept teaching, reveals the need for studies that deal only with irrational numbers in learning and teaching processes.

Event Study Design for Modeling Early Relaxation in Turkish Public with COVID-19 Vaccine.

Vaccination is crucial to fighting the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. A large body of literature investigates the effect of the initiation of the COVID-19 vaccination in case numbers in Turkey, including the resistance and willingness to taking the vaccine. The effect of early relaxation in the Turkish public with the initiation of vaccination on new daily cases is unknown. This study performs an event study analysis to explore the pre-relaxation effect of vaccination on the Turkish public by using daily data of new cases, stringency index, and residential mobility. Two events are comparatively defined as the vaccination of the health personnel (Event 1) and the citizens age 65 and over (Event 2). The initial dates of these events are January 13 and February 12, 2021, respectively. The length of the estimation window is determined as 14 days for the 2 events. To represent only the early stages of the vaccination, the study period ends on April 12, 2021. Thus, whereas the event window of Event 1 includes 90 observations, Event 2 covers 60 observations. While average values of residential mobility, stringency index, and daily numbers of cases are 15.36, 71.03, and 11 978.93 in the estimation window for Event 1, these averages are 8.89, 70.88, and 17 303.20 in the event window. For Event 2, the same average values are 9.14, 69.38, and 7 664.93 in the estimation window and 8.25, 71.12, and 22 319.10 in the event window. When 14-day abnormal growth rates of the daily number of cases for Event 1 and Event 2 are compared, it is observed that Event 1 has negative growth rates initially and reaches a 7.59% growth at most. On the other hand, Event 2 starts with a 1.11% growth rate, and having a steady increase, it reaches a 23.70% growth in the last 14 days of the study period. The preliminary result shows that, despite taking more strict governmental measures, while residential mobility decreases, the daily number of COVID-19 cases increases in the early stages of vaccination compared to short pre-periods of it. This indicates that the initiation of vaccination leads to early behavioral relaxation in public. Moreover, the effect of Event 2 on the case numbers is more significant and immediate, compared to that of Event 1, which may be linked to the characteristic of the Turkish culture being more sensitive to the older adult population.

Periodic analysis of forest fire numbers and sunspot numbers in Türkiye

Bu çalışmada Türkiye orman yangın sayıları ile güneş leke sayılarının periyodik yapılarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın temel hedefi sürekli dalgacık dönüşümleri ve global spektrumlar yöntemini kullanarak Türkiye orman yangın sayıları ile güneş lekesi sayılarının değişkenliğini araştırmaktır. Türkiye son yıllarda orman yangın sayılarının artması üzerinde odaklanılan sorunlardan birisidir. Güneş faaliyetini göstermek için genellikle güneş lekesi sayısı kullanılmaktadır. Dalgacık dönüşümü Fourier dönüşümünün gelişmiş ve iyi planlanmış bir sürümü olup sinyallerin frekans bileşenlerini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Dalgacık dönüşüm teknikleri yaklaşımı Türkiye’deki orman yangınlarının sayıları ve güneş lekesi sayılarının periyodik analizi için uygulanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Orman Genel Müdürlüğünün (OMG) 1937 yılından 2020 yılı sonuna kadarki güncel yangın sayıları kayıtları ile güneş lekesi sayılarının kayıtları değerlendirilmiştir. Mevcut olan 84 yıllık toplam orman yangın sayıları verileri ve aynı dönemde olan güneş lekeleri sayıları verilerinin periyodik yapısı Sürekli Dalgacık dönüşümü (SDD) ve Global Dalgacık Spektrumu (GDS) tekniğinden yararlanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Orman yangın sayıları için hâkim periyodik bileşen 6.60 yıllık bulunurken güneş leke sayılarında ise 10.67 yıllık periyodik bileşen belirlenmiştir. Her iki değişkenin uzun yıllık diğer periyodik bileşenleri de tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye’deki orman yangın sayıları ile güneş leke sayılarının periyodik yapılarının birbirlerinden çok farklı yapılarda olduğu bu çalışma sonucunda saptanmıştır.

Estimation of COVID-19 patient numbers using artificial neural networks based on air pollutant concentration levels.

The dilemma between health concerns and the economy is apparent in the context of strategic decision making during the pandemic. In particular, estimating the patient numbers and achieving an informed management of the dilemma are crucial in terms of the strategic decisions to be taken. The Covid-19 pandemic presents an important case in this context. Sustaining the efforts to cope with and to put an end to this pandemic requires investigation of the spread and infection mechanisms of the disease, and the factors which facilitate its spread. Covid-19 symptoms culminating in respiratory failure are known to cause death. Since air quality is one of the most significant factors in the progression of lung and respiratory diseases, it is aimed to estimate the number of Covid-19 patients corresponding to the pollutant parameters (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, NO2, CO, O3) after determining the relationship between air pollutant parameters and Covid-19 patient numbers in Turkey. For this purpose, artificial neural network was used to estimate the number of Covid-19 patients corresponding to air pollutant parameters in Turkey. To obtain highest accuracy levels in terms of network architecture structure, various network structures were tested. The optimal performance level was developed with 15 neurons combined with one hidden layer, which achieved a network performance level as high as 0.97342. It was concluded that Covid-19 disease is affected from air pollutant parameters and the number of patients can be estimated depending on these parameters by this study. Since it is known that the struggle against the pandemic should be handled in all aspects, the result of the study will contribute to the establishment of environmental decisions and precautions.

The Impact of Syrian Migration on Unemployment: Evidence from Turkey

This study examines the labor market effects of the influx of the Syrian refugees in Turkey. Engle-Granger and Johansen co-integration tests, followed by the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds tests reveal that the Turkish unemployment and Syrian refugee series are co-integrated; pointing out to a long-run relationship. Short-run and long-run dynamics have been analyzed from the fitted ARDL model and the error-correction parameter is used to examine the speed of convergence. Dynamic OLS (DOLS), fully modified least squares (FM-OLS) and canonical co-integrating regression (CCR) estimations are used to make inference on the long-run parameters. Empirical results show that there is a significant and negative relation between the level of unemployment in Turkey and the number of Syrian refugees in the long-run, indicating that the influx of Syrian refugees have had a reducing effect on unemployment numbers in Turkey. Our results suggest that the Syrian refugees have acted as a complementary labor force to the existing Turkish labor force.

The clinical impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily urological practice: first 3-month multicenter results from İstanbul

Background/aimThe aim of this paper was to determine the general tendencies of urology patients and effect of COVID-19 pandemic on daily urological practice at tertiary centers located in the most affected area in Turkey.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of 39,677 patients (group 1) that applied to 6 different large-volume tertiary centers in İstanbul for outpatient consultation, surgery, or other procedures in the 3-month period between March 16 and June 14, 2020. The distribution of the number of patients who applied to subspecialty sections of urology outpatient clinics and inpatient services were recorded by weeks. That data was compared to data obtained from 145,247 patients that applied to the same centers in the same period of the previous year (group 2). The reflection of worldwide and Turkish COVID-19 case distribution on the daily urological practice was analyzed.Results There was a decrease in the number of patients in all subspecialty sections the in group 1 compared to group 2; however, there was a significant proportional increase in urooncology and general urology admissions. A decrease of approximately 75% was observed in the total number of surgeries (p < 0.001). We detected a negative correlation between the numbers of admission to all outpatient clinics and COVID-19 cases or deaths in Turkey (p < 0.05). The same negative correlation was present for all surgical procedures and consultations (p < 0.05). The multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the number of cases in Turkey, and the number of deaths worldwide affect the number of outpatient clinic admissions (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.028) and urological surgery (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.020) in Turkey negatively. ConclusionThis novel pandemic has implications even for urology practice. Urological surgical procedures were more affected by COVID-19-related deaths in Turkey and worldwide. Outpatient admissions and urological surgeries decreased significantly by increasing COVID-19 case numbers in Turkey and worldwide deaths.

TR71 Bölgesinde İşletmelerin Koyun Yetiştiriciliği Faaliyetine Devam Etme Olasılığını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Analizi

Türkiye’de son yıllarda hayvancılığa yönelik sağlanan desteklemelerle koyun varlığındaki azalma durdurulmasına rağmen, koyunculuk faaliyeti geleneksel yapısı içerisinde kayda değer bir gelişme gösteremeden sürdürülmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu durum ise sektörün ekonomik faktörler dışında sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamada etkili olan diğer faktörlerin de araştırılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, TR71 bölgesinde Niğde ve Aksaray illerindeki yetiştiricilerin koyunculuk faaliyetine devam etme istekliliklerine etkili olan ekonomik, çevresel ve demografik faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve sektörün gelişimine yönelik alınacak politika önlemlerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamında bölgede hayvan varlığının üçte ikisinden fazlasını oluşturan Niğde ve Aksaray illerinden 114 işletmeden yüz yüze anket yoluyla toplanan veriler kullanılmıştır. Yetiştiricilerin koyunculuk faaliyetini devam ettirme olasılıklarına etkili olan faktörleri ise lojistik regresyon yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Model sonuçları, işletmecilerin koyun yetiştiriciliğini devam ettirme olasılıklarına etkili faktörler; barınak koşullarının iyileştirilmesi, faaliyetin karlılığı, işletmecinin medeni durumu, yem bitkisi yetiştirme durumu ve çoban bulma sorunu olarak bulunmuştur. İşletmelerinde hayvan barınak ve/veya çalışanların konaklama yerlerini iyileştirenlerin koyunculuk faaliyetini devam ettirme olasılığı diğerlerine göre 14.01 kat daha fazladır. Diğer yandan nispi karlılığın bir birim artması işletmecilerin bu faaliyeti devam etme olasılığını 9.53 kat, evlilerin bekârlara göre koyun yetiştiriciliğini devam ettirme olasılığı 5.03 kat daha fazla olduğu bulunmuştur. Yem bitkisi yetiştiren işletmelerin yetiştirmeyenlere göre bu faaliyeti devam ettirme olasılığı 4.14 kat daha fazladır. Buna karşın, çoban bulmada sorun yaşayanların yaşamayanlara göre koyunculuk faaliyetini devam ettirme olasılığı %81.1 daha düşüktür. İşletmelerin koyunculuk sektörüne devam etmeleri, sektöre yönelik sosyal ve çevresel koşulların iyileştirilmesiyle birlikte işletmelerin yapısal koşullarını iyileştirecek destekleme önlemlerinin uygulanmasını gerektirmektedir.

Human anthrax in Turkey: A ten years' experience (2009-2018).

Anthrax is a notifiable disease in Turkey. In order to control the human disease, animal foci are being monitored and prevention and control activities are being implemented by the Ministry of Health in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The objective of our study was to evaluate the national surveillance data and control activities in the last decade. A total of 1174 anthrax cases and 9 deaths have been reported. Anthrax was frequent in eastern provinces and in big cities where large animal movements were significant. The incidence rate was 1.5 times higher in males than in females. The disease was more common in the 30-64 age group. The number of cases increased in the summer and autumn seasons. Human anthrax is still being reported though in decreasing numbers in Turkey. A collaborative control programme continues to be needed.

Hope for the White-headed Duck, Oxyura leucocephala (Aves: Anatidae) in Turkey despite a declining breeding population and abandonment of its traditional wintering area?

The development of the breeding and non-breeding populations of the White-headed Duck, Oxyura leucocephala, in Turkey was analysed based on all available records from the period 1966–2016 from 99 different areas. Breeding is confined to Inner Anatolia and the eastern parts of the country. The breeding population had been estimated as 200–250 pairs in the period 1996–2001 but recent observations show that it does now not exceed 80–125 pairs which is a decline of about 50% within two decades. The non-breeding winter population comprises approximately 8,500–10,000 individuals. Burdur Lake has traditionally housed more than 90% of the population but is no longer a significant resting place. The numbers started to decrease from more than 10,000 birds at the beginning of the 1990s to a few hundred in the early 2000s. Now only very small numbers overwinter there. The reason seems to be a combination of water pollution and decreasing water level. After a period of more than 10 years, the numbers in Turkey started to increase again, and most birds are now concentrated at Manyas Lake in Western Anatolia. In 2016, the population reached a winter maximum of approximately 6,000. In the post-breeding season, up to 4,000 individuals were recorded in Eastern Anatolia in October 2014 which is far more than has ever been recorded in this season before.

Effect of Reimbursement System of Social Security Institution on Transplantation Numbers in Turkey

Introduction Transplantation surgeries have been reimbursed by the public social security system without taking patients’ out of pocket spending since 2008, in Turkey.[1][2] Although this policy made a visible increase on the number of transplantation, it didn't force transplantation from deceased donors and transplantation teams preferred to perform transplantation from living donors. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively evaluate the changes in the number of transplant operations according to amount of reimbursement which was provided by the system. Methods The data were collected from the web sites of the relevant public authorities.[3][4] Reimbursement amounts -those were got from The Communique on Health Implementations published by the Social SecurityInstitute- were calculated from Turkish Lira to US Dollar according to US Dollar/Turkish Lira annual averages published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The kidney and liver transplants (living donors, deceased donors and total) carried out in the country in the relevant years were obtained from the Ministry of Health Organ and Tissue Transplantation Department. The collected data were transferred to the computer and analyzed. Results It was found that the number of kidney transplants increased from 775 in 2004 to 3414 in 2016, also the number of liver transplants increased from 245 to 1341 in the same period. In this period, the amount of the payment made by the Social Security Institution to the hospitals for the kidney transplantation was increased from 1200 TL (984 $) to 52276 TL (17328 $), while the amount of payment for liver transplantation was increased from 2100 TL (1440 $) to 129848 TL ($ 43025). It was determined that there is a very strong and statistically significant correlation between the increase of the reimbursement amount and the increase of the number of living donor kidney transplants (r: 0.973, p <0.01). Conclusion This study found that there was a high and positive correlation between the numbers of living donor kidney transplants according to the increase in the reimbursement amounts. It was not the same for the kidney or liver transplantations from deceased donors. Because of governments have responsibility to increase transplantation numbers based on deceased donors[5][6][7], this policy has to be revised and improved in order to make a similar increase on the number of transplantation from deceased donors.

HLA Genotypes in Turkish Hematopoietic Cell Recipients and Likelihood of Finding a Matched Donor Through Family Searches.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a life-saving treatment, but donor numbers in Turkey do not meet the increasing demand for this procedure. Here, our objectives were (1) to assess the frequency of HLA-matched related donors in the Turkish population and (2) to identify the HLA antigens and haplotypes that are most frequent in Turkey. The HLA genotypes of 841 consecutive recipients and 3071 family members were retrospectively reviewed. Matched related donors were identified for 368/841 recipients (44%). Extended family donor searches were performed for 111/181 pediatric recipients (61%), with nonsibling matched related donors found for 23 patients (21%). Matched related donors were found for a significantly higher proportion of pediatric patients (52%) than adult patients (41%) (odds ratio of 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.1; P = .02). The percentage of pediatric versus adult patients with 3 or more siblings was 13% versus 46% (odds ratio of 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.6-8.5; P = .001). The most frequent HLA class I antigens at each locus were HLA-A*02 (20.2%), HLA-B*35 (19.5%), and HLA-C*07 (19.8%). The most frequent HLA class II antigens at each locus were HLA-DRB1*11 (21.6%) and HLA-DQB1*03 (40.2%). The most common 3-locus haplotypes were HLA-A*24 B*35 DRB1*11 (F:0.020) and HLA-A*01 B*08 DRB1*03 (F:0.015). When adult and pediatric groups were combined, the most common locus haplotypes were found in 43/345 sibling donors (12%) and in 7/23 nonsibling pediatric donors (30%) (odds ratio of 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.4; P = .02). The results indicate that, in Turkey, it can be beneficial to revise donor search algorithms to include an extended family donor search before an unrelated donor search. This type of search can be effective because of the HLA haplotype diversity in Turkey, the frequency of consanguinity, and the country's limited donor pool.

A DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy targeting turkey coronavirus spike protein fragment containing neutralizing epitope against infectious challenge

The present study was undertaken to determine immune response and protection efficacy of a spike (S) protein fragment containing neutralizing epitopes (4F/4R) of turkey coronavirus (TCoV) by priming with DNA vaccine and boosting with the recombinant protein from the corresponding DNA vaccine gene segment. Turkeys were vaccinated by priming with either one dose (G1-750DP) or two doses (G3-750DDP) of 750μg DNA vaccine expressing 4F/4R S fragment and boosting with one dose of 200μg 4F/4R S fragment. One dose of 100μg DNA vaccine mixed with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and sodium hyaluronate (HA) followed by one dose of 750μg DNA vaccine and one dose of 200μg 4F/4R S fragment were given to the turkeys in group G2-100DPH. After infectious challenge by TCoV, clinical signs and TCoV detected by immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay were observed in less number of turkeys in vaccination groups than that in challenge control groups. TCoV viral RNA loads measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR were lower in vaccinated turkeys than those in challenge control turkeys. The turkeys in G3-750DDP produced the highest level of TCoV S protein-specific antibody and virus neutralization (VN) titer. Comparing to the turkeys in G1-750DP, significantly less TCoV were detected by IFA in the turkeys in G2-100DPH receiving an extra dose of 100μg DNA mixed with PEI and HA. The results indicated that DNA-prime protein-boost DNA vaccination regimen targeting TCoV S fragment encompassing neutralizing epitopes induced humoral immune response and partially protected turkeys against infectious challenge by TCoV.

Calculation of HC, CO and NO&lt;SUB align="right"&gt;x from civil aviation in Turkey in 2012

To meet the growing demand for air transport, airline companies doubled their aircraft numbers in Turkey, where civil aviation activities have shown great development in recent years. This increase in aircraft numbers resulted in an emission problem. Considering its impact on regional air quality, the growing emission amounts are at a non-negligible level. We especially take the busiest airports in Turkey into account, as these airports are generally located in widely populated areas. In this study, HC, CO, and NOx emission during the LTO for the selected five busiest airports were calculated by taking the 2012 domestic data of: 1) the General Directorate of State Airports Authority in Turkey; 2) EUROCONTROL’s average taxi time; 3) emission factors of ICAO engine datasheets. The calculated emission amounts are 215 tons/year, 1,483 tons/year, 1,417 tons/year, HC, CO, NOx respectively and the biggest emission factor is found to be as CO. Among the airports, Istanbul Ataturk Airport has the biggest polluting emission ratio.

Longitudinal field study on the occurrence of Mycoplasma synoviae in Dutch turkey flocks with lameness and experimental induction of the condition

Four meat turkey farms with a history of lameness were investigated for the presence of Mycoplasma synoviae by testing one flock per farm for antibodies with the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) test and/or for M. synoviae DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Flocks were sampled every 2 weeks from 6 weeks of age until slaughter. If PCR results were positive, tracheal swabs were taken for mycoplasma isolation and swollen joints were sampled for general bacteriology, mycoplasma culture and virology. In one flock, all M. synoviae diagnostic tests were negative but reovirus was isolated. In the other flocks, M. synoviae was the only pathogen associated with lameness due to joint disease. M. synoviae RPA tests became positive 6 to 8 weeks later than PCR. An experimental infection was then conducted in male meat turkeys in which a negative control group was sham inoculated at 8 weeks of age, while three other groups were inoculated intravenously with M. synoviae. Turkeys in group LCh were given 105 colony-forming units (CFU) of an arthropathic M. synoviae chicken strain at 8 weeks; group LHCh was given a low (105 CFU) dose at 8 weeks, followed by a high (108 CFU) dose at 12 weeks, of the same chicken strain; and group HTu was inoculated with 108 CFU of a M. synoviae turkey joint isolate from the field study. Post-mortem examination, histopathology, serology, bacteriology and mycoplasma culture were performed at 19 weeks of age. A dose effect was found after comparing the LCh and the LHCh groups. No significant difference was observed between the HTu (108 CFU/bird) and the LCh (105 CFU/bird) group regarding the number of turkeys with arthritis, the number of M. synoviae reisolations and the mean microscopic lesion scores of joints, indicating that the M. synoviae chicken strain has greater arthropathogenic potential and that infection of turkeys in the field with such a strain may possibly have a greater clinical and economic impact.

Standard European footpad dermatitis scoring system for use in turkey processing plants

A standard scoring system for turkeys at slaughter that consists of 5 categories based on the size of the lesion was adopted as the recommended classification scheme for FPD in slaughter plants at a meeting of the WPSA European Poultry Federation Working Party Number 10: Turkeys. Each score of the classification scheme is defined and photographs of a minimal lesion in each category are presented. The numbers of turkeys required for scoring to determine the prevalence of FPD, if the target or expected frequency is 10, 20 or 40% respectively are 150, 250 and 400 birds. Assessment of the consecutive right foot for the required number of birds from the middle load of a specific flock with a minimum of 3 flocks from a given site is recommended. The classification scheme will facilitate comparisons across countries and systems of production and allow rational decisions to be made regarding management changes to decrease the prevalence of FPD in Europe.

The Socio-Economic Analysis of Contracted Turkey Farms : The Turkish Case

This study was examined socio economic characteristics of contracted turkey farms in Turkey. Results reveal that young labor force and literacy rate were at sufficient level. Although main production activity on farms was contracted turkey breeding, plant production, cattle, sheep and goats breeding were other activities carried out. While 83.980/0 of fann land under farrn property, 16.020/0 of that was used as rented and shared land. Grain production had the highest share in plant production. The number of turkeys, Iarge and small animals was, respectively 4845, 3.38 and 0.32 heads in average farm. Tractors were present on 40.820/0 of farms. While the share of variable cost in production cost was 62.540/0, the share of fixed cost was 37.460/0 in production cost. The highest shares in variable cost, respectively, belong to heating (16.510/0), Iightening (15.870/0) and pad (12.110/0) cost. On the other hand, the highest shares in fixed cost, respectively, belong to poultry-house depreciation (10.17010), poultry-house interest (l0.170/0) and perrnanent labor expenses (6.81010). Gross production value, gross income, and net income were, respectively, found as 6428.35$/year, 3083.18/year and 1293.91 $/year. Duration of contracted turkey breeding of farms was on average 2.63 periods. The most important factors causing to run a contracted turkey firm was price and sale guarantee. However, not having any influence in determining buying price of turkeys was the most important problem of farms. Even though 63.270/0 of farms were not satisfied income obtained from turkey breeding, 83.670/0 of farms stated that they will have maintained turkey breeding due to guaranteed income depending on marketing guarantee and input provision.

Space-time modeling for the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey

The Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey (MTHS) is a postseason mail survey conducted by the Missouri Department of Conservation. The 1996 MTHS provides information concerning the number of turkeys harvested by hunters on each day and the total number of trips made to the counties by these hunters on each day of the hunting season. The success rates are then found from this information. Small sample sizes produce large standard errors for the estimates at the county level. We use a Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model to estimate daily hunting success rates at the county level. The model includes an autoregressive process for the days of the hunting season and spatially correlated random geographic effects. The computations are performed using Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. Results show that there are significant spatial corelations between counties and correlations between days of the hunting season. The estimates are close to the frequency estimates at the state level and much more stable at the county level.

Increased Left Lung Consolidation in Turkey Cholera Related to Larger Left Pulmonary Artery

After necropsy of the surviving turkeys in a comparative vaccine study for fowl cholera, in the turkeys with only one lung lobe consolidated, a significantly (P < 0.01, chi square test) higher number of turkeys were found with a consolidation of the left lung lobe than with the right lung lobe. When the circumferences of the left and right pulmonary arteries 0.5 cm rostral from the bifurcation were measured and converted to cross-sectional area, the left pulmonary artery had an average area of 29.6 +/- 2.8 mm2, and the right pulmonary artery had an average area of only 22.9 +/- 2.8 mm2, which was nearly one-fourth smaller. This finding suggests that the left lung lobe receives more blood than the right lobe and that, during an acute Pasteurella multocida septicemia, it would receive more of this organism than the right lung lobe.

Indigenous domestic turkeys of Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, Mexico

SummaryThe presence and role of indigenous turkeys in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, Mexico, were investigated by means of on-site assessment and an orally administered questionnaire. Questions included breed characteristics, uses, management conditions, advantages and limitations of the breed. An indigenous breed of turkey in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo was described. A strong interest in the raising and commerce of turkeys in Oaxaca was noted, however in Quintana Roo substantial reductions in numbers of turkeys have occurred over the last two decades. Mortalities of turkey poults ranging from 50–100% due to a disease with symptoms compatible with Histomonas meleagridis infection were reported. This appears to be the most significant limiting factor to raising turkeys in a back-yard type of system in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo. Raising turkeys separately from chickens is probably the most effective strategy for decreasing indigenous turkey poult mortality of this type.