Number Of Spikelets Research Articles

Оценка эффективности применения микробиологического препарата при выращивании травосмеси Bromus inermis и Elymus fibrosus на малопригодных субстратах

Abstract. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the effect of the microbiological preparation BIOR-AV on the structure, morphological characteristics and productivity of the grass mixture of Bromus inermis Leyss. and Elymus fibrosus (Schrenk) Tzvelev during the reclamation of planned clay dumps. Methods. Studies of experimental and control crops planted in 3 replicates within an area of 25 m2 were carried out during the growing seasons of 2001–2010. Projective cover and above-ground phytomass were determined on survey plots of 0.5 × 0.5 m; in each option, at least 15 plots were laid out. The dynamics of the morphological structure of vegetative and generative shoots was analyzed, and an agrochemical analysis of the substrate was carried out. Results. The positive effect of using the microbiological preparation during accelerated reclamation of dumps without applying fertile soil on the height, weight and length of leaves of vegetative and generative shoots; the number and size of structural elements of the inflorescences of the tested cereals (the length of the inflorescence, the number of branches in the inflorescence, the number of flowers, the number of spikelets, the weight of the inflorescence), and the sowing qualities of the seeds has been established. An increase in the content of the main elements of mineral nutrition in the substrate with the addition of the microbiological preparation: total nitrogen (1.6 times), available phosphorus and potassium (2 times), humus (5 times), as well as an increase in pH values from acidic to slightly acidic was revealed. The scientific novelty of the work: for the first time, in the conditions of the Middle Urals, monitoring studies of the effectiveness of the microbiological preparation on the structure, morphological parameters and productivity of a grass mixture of B. inermis and E. fibrosus were carried out on unsuitable clay substrates.

CRISPR-mediated promoter editing of a cis-regulatory element of OsNAS2 increases Zn uptake/translocation and plant yield in rice.

Developing nutritious rice with a higher yield is one approach to alleviating the problem of micronutrient deficiency in developing countries, especially human malnutrition involving zinc and iron (Fe) deficiency, and achieving better adoption. The transport of micronutrients such as Fe and Zn is mainly regulated via the nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS) gene family, whereas yield is a complex trait that involves multiple loci. Genome editing via CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9, focusing on the OsNAS2 promoter, particularly the deletion of the cis-regulatory element ARR1AT at position -933, was conducted for an enhanced accumulation of Zn in the grain and per plant. The results showed that our promoter editing increased Zn concentration per plant. Evidence also showed that an improved spikelet number per main panicle led to increased grain per plant. The traits were inherited in "transgene-free" and homozygous plant progenies. Further investigation needs to be conducted to validate trait performance under field conditions and elucidate the cause of the spikelet increase.

Assessment of Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation Coefficient in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present research investigation was conducted at Instructional farm of AKS University, Satna, Madhya Pradesh during rabi Season of 2022. The experimental material for the present research trial comprised of 20 diverse genotypes of wheat collected from different sources through the help from Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture Science, AKS University, Satna (M. P.). This experiment was conducted by using Randomized Block Design with three replications. Five plants were chosen aimlessly from every genotype in each replication. Data were recorded for 12 yield and its contributing traits viz. days to 50 % flowering, number of productive tillers per plant, peduncle length (cm), plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, days to maturity, 1000 seed weight (g), biological yield (g), harvest index (%) and grain yield per plant (g) to estimate the heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient among various yield and its contributing characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results revealed highly significant difference for all the characters which expressed huge amount of diversity among 20 genotypes of wheat. The maximum value of heritability was shown by number of grains per spike (97.75), number of spikelets per spike (97.16), spike length (cm) (90.68), plant height (cm) (87.68), 1000 seed weight (g) (87.37), days to maturity (86.59), number of productive tillers per plant (84.77), days to 50 % flowering (84.24), grain yield per plant (g) (81.25) and peduncle length (cm) (78.23). Characters 1000 seed weight (g) (47.0977) followed by Spike length (cm) (41.0351), Number of grains per spike (39.9853), Number of productive tillers per plant (37.6517) and Number of spikelets per spike (30.6568) showed higher estimates of genetic advance in per cent of mean. The characters number of productive tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and 1000 seed weight (g) exhibited great coupling in heritability and genetic advance. The characters number of spikelets per spike (0.8524**), number of grains per spike (0.8411**), biological yield (g) (0.8279**), spike length (cm) (0.7737**), days to maturity (0.7252**),1000 seed weight (g) (0.6038**) and plant height (cm) (0.4648*) exhibited positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant so maximum weightage should be given to these traits for further crop improvement program.

Optimizing the Total Spikelets Increased Grain Yield in Rice

Maximizing rice yield potential has always been the focus of high-yield rice cultivation research. For high-yield rice cultivation and breeding, more research into the link between yield and yield components is essential. In this experiment, 38 rice varieties with different yield types and 185 rice varieties as materials were chosen. The relationships between yield and yield components were studied. The regulation effects of total nitrogen application rate (TNAR) on yield and yield components were observed. The results showed that (1) the grain yield of high-yield varieties was 189.3−195.6%, 76.1−77.7%, and 27.0−28.7% higher than that of super-low-yield, low-yield, and medium-yield varieties, respectively. Compared with rice varieties with other yield types, rice varieties with high-yield type have a higher total number of spikelets. (2) The spikelet number per panicle and total number of spikelets were significantly positively linked with grain yield, but significantly negatively correlated with filled grains and grain weight. (3) With an increase in TNAR (0−340 kg ha−1), the panicles, spikelet number per panicle, and total spikelets of rice varieties with different yield types increased gradually, and the filled grains and grain weight decreased gradually. The higher the TNAR, the more obvious the decrease in filled grains and grain weight. The grain yield of rice varieties with different yield types was the highest under the TNAR at 250 kg ha−1. The main factor contributing to its high yield was the substantial increase in total spikelets. The above results showed that increasing the spikelet number per panicle and total spikelets played a material role in improving rice yield.

Genetic variation, genetic advance, heritability and correlation analysis of phenotypic traits in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum spp.) landraces and some improved cultivars of Ethiopia

AbstractTetraploid wheat species from Ethiopia hold ample genetic variation, which could provide a source for improvement of wheat. A total of 196 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum spp.) accessions, including 174 landraces and 22 improved cultivars, were evaluated at Sinana and Debrezeit to assess morphological variation, genetic advance, heritability and correlation based on 11 phenotypic traits. Except for spike length, highly significant variation (P < 0.001) among genotypes for all traits was observed. The observed mean and range values of the phenotypic traits revealed high variability in the accessions. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values were high for grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index. Seed yield showed highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation with days to booting and days to maturity and positive correlation with all traits. The estimates of heritability (H2) for grain yield and the number of spikelets per spike respectively ranged from 41.78 to 84.62%. The genetic advance as a percentage of mean was low for the number of seeds per spikelet, days to booting and days to maturity; intermediate for plant height, thousand kernel weight and spike length and high for the number of spikelets per spike, the number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index, respectively. The number of spikelets per spike gave a high value of genetic advance and heritability implying high genetic gain from its selection.

Genetic dissection of major QTL for grain number per spike on chromosomes 5A and 6A in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Grain number per spike (GNS) is a crucial component of grain yield and plays a significant role in improving wheat yield. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with GNS, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of Zhongkemai 13F10 and Chuanmai 42 was employed to conduct QTL mapping across eight environments. Based on the bulked segregant exome sequencing (BSE-Seq), genomic regions associated with GNS were detected on chromosomes 5A and 6A. According to the constructed genetic maps, two major QTL QGns.cib-5A (LOD = 4.35-8.16, PVE = 8.46-14.43%) and QGns.cib-6A (LOD = 3.82-30.80, PVE = 5.44-12.38%) were detected in five and four environments, respectively. QGns.cib-6A is a QTL cluster for other seven yield-related traits. QGns.cib-5A and QGns.cib-6A were further validated using linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers in different genetic backgrounds. QGns.cib-5A exhibited pleiotropic effects on productive tiller number (PTN), spike length (SL), fertile spikelet number per spike (FSN), and ratio of grain length to grain width (GL/GW) but did not significantly affect thousand grain weight (TGW). Haplotype analysis revealed that QGns.cib-5A and QGns.cib-6A were the targets of artificial selection during wheat improvement. Candidate genes for QGns.cib-5A and QGns.cib-6A were predicted by analyzing gene annotation, spatiotemporal expression patterns, and orthologous and sequence differences. These findings will be valuable for fine mapping and map-based cloning of genes underlying QGns.cib-5A and QGns.cib-6A.

Rapid Visual Detection of Elite Erect Panicle Dense and Erect Panicle 1 Allele for Marker-Assisted Improvement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method.

Molecular-assisted breeding is an effective way to improve targeted agronomic traits. dep1 (dense and erect panicle 1) is a pleiotropic gene that regulates yield, quality, disease resistance, and stress tolerance, traits that are of great value in rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding. In this study, a colorimetric LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) assay was developed for the detection of the dep1 allele and tested for the screening and selection of the heavy-panicle hybrid rice elite restorer line SHUHUI498, modified with the allele. InDel (Insertion and Deletion) primers (DEP1_F and DEP1_R) and LAMP primers (F3, B3, FIP, and BIP) for genotyping were designed using the Primer3 Plus (version 3.3.0) and PrimerExplore (version 5) software. Our results showed that both InDel and LAMP markers could be used for accurate genotyping. After incubation at a constant temperature of 65 °C for 60 min with hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a color indicator, the color of the LAMP assay containing the dep1 allele changed to sky blue. The SHUHUI498 rice line that was detected in our LAMP assay displayed phenotypes consistent with the dep1 allele such as having a more compact plant architecture, straight stems and leaves, and a significant increase in the number of effective panicles and spikelets, demonstrating the effectiveness of our method in screening for the dep1 allele in rice breeding.

Enhancing rice ecological production: synergistic effects of wheat-straw decomposition and microbial agents on soil health and yield.

This study evaluated the impact of wheat straw return and microbial agent application on rice field environments. Using Rice variety Chuankangyou 2115 and a microbial mix of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum. Five treatments were tested: T1 (no straw return), T2 (straw return), T3, T4, and T5 (straw return with varying ratios of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum). Results indicated significant improvements in rice root length, surface area, dry weight, soil nutrients, and enzyme activity across T2-T5 compared to T1, enhancing yield by 3.81-26.63%. T3 (50:50 microbial ratio) was optimal, further increasing root dry weight, soil enzyme activity, effective panicle and spikelet numbers, and yield. Dominant bacteria in T3 included MBNT15, Defluviicoccus, Rokubacteriales, and Latescibacterota. Higher Trichoderma harzianum proportions (75% in T5) increased straw decomposition but slightly inhibited root growth. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between yield and soil microorganisms like Gemmatimonadota and Firmicutes at the heading stage. Factors like dry root weight, straw decomposition rate post-jointing stage, and elevated soil enzyme activity and nutrient content from tiller to jointing stage contributed to increased panicle and spikelet numbers, boosting yield. The optimal Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum ratio for straw return was 50:50, effectively improving soil health and synergizing high rice yield with efficient straw utilization.

Efficiency of mineral fertilization of spring wheat

The results of application of Agree’s leaf mineral fertilizer on spring wheat in the system of complex crop protection under conditions of insufficient moisture are presented. Field studies were carried out in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region in the experimental fields of the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture for Northern Trans-Ural Region - Branch of Federal State Institutions Federal Re-search Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to the results of the research, the positive effect of Agree’s NK liquid complex fertilizer in the complex of plant protection products application on the parameters of plant structural elements was revealed. Increase in ear length by 1.4 cm, number of spikelets by 2.5 pieces, number of grains in the ear by 6 pcs, weight of grain from 25 stems by 6-16 g, weight of 1000 grains by 4 g according to variants of agrochemicals application in tillering and earing phases: No 3 Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; No 6 Agree’s N, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; No 7 Agree’s N, 3 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha. Application of agrochemicals in one phase of crop development, maximum rates had no positive effect on spring wheat yield. Application of agrochemical schemes Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; Agree’s N, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; Agree’s N, 3 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha increased yield to 0.6-0.8 t/ha or 24-31%. The application of agrochemical Agree’s in the phase of the beginning of earing contributed to the improvement of technological quality of wheat grain, gluten content was higher than the control by 2-4%. Gluten quality 75-100 units, which is satisfactory. The use of agrochemicals has a clear advantage in the treatment of plants on the leaf in the system of their protection, an integrated approach to the use of agrochemicals is necessary, taking into account the treatment of at least 2 phases of plant development or one, but in the phase of unfolding of the flag leaf and the beginning of earing.

Implicações da remoção dos parâmetros do modelo nas relações lineares de ensaios com a aveia

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the implications of removing the parameters from the mathematical model on the results of path analysis, with oats grown in different years and agricultural scenarios (with and without fungicide). For this, two field trials were conducted in southern Brazil, in five years of growth. The experimental design used in trial I (with fungicide application) was randomized complete blocks (RCB), in a 22 × 4 bifactorial arrangement, characterized by twenty-two oat cultivars and four fungicide applications. For trial II (without fungicide application) the RCB design was used, and the treatments were characterized by twenty-two oat cultivars, with three replications. The traits measured were panicle length, panicle mass, number of spikelets, number of grains, grain mass, and grain yield. For each year, data group, and scenario, the correlation coefficients between the explanatory variables and grain yield were calculated. The diagnosis of multicollinearity indicated violation of the statistical assumption, so it was necessary to proceed with a path analysis under multicollinearity (ridge). The removal of parameters from the mathematical model caused changes in the linear relationships between the oat yield traits, with the maintenance of the linear correlation coefficients in 3.30% and 20% of the situations, for the scenarios with and without fungicide application, respectively. Regarding the path coefficients, it was observed that the direct effects were maintained in 3.30% and 30% and indirect effects in 7.33% and 24.67% of the situations, for the scenarios with and without fungicide application, respectively.

Molecular and agro-morphological diversity assessment of some bread wheat genotypes and their crosses for drought tolerance.

Wheat, a staple cereal crop, faces challenges due to climate change and increasing global population. Maintaining genetic diversity is vital for developing drought-tolerant cultivars. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and drought response of five wheat cultivars and their corresponding F1 hybrids under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Molecular profiling using ISSR and SCoT-PCR markers revealed 28 polymorphic loci out of 76 amplified. A statistically significant impact of parental genotypes and their crosses was observed on all investigated agro-morphological traits, including root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight, proline content, spikelet number/spike, spike length, grain number/spike, and grain weight/spike. The parental genotypes P1 and P3 had desirable positive and significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot length, and root length under well-watered conditions, while P3 and P5 recorded the highest GCA estimates under drought stress. P3 and P4 showed the highest GCA effects for number of spikelets per spike, the number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike under normal conditions. P5 presented the maximum GCA effects and proved to be the best combiner under drought stress conditions. The cross P1× P3 showed the highest positive specific combining ability (SCA) effects for shoot fresh weight under normal conditions, while P2×P3 excelled under water deficit conditions. P1× P2, P1 × P3, and P4× P5 were most effective for shoot dry weight under normal conditions, whereas P1×P3 and P3×P5 showed significant SCA effects under drought stress. Positive SCA effects for root fresh weight and shoot length were observed for P3×P5 under stressed conditions. Additionally, P4×P5 consistently recorded the highest SCA for root length in both environments, and P3×P5 excelled in the number of spikelets, grains per spike, and grain weight per spike under drought conditions. The evaluated genotypes were categorized based on their agronomic performance under drought stress into distinct groups ranging from drought-tolerant genotypes (group A) to drought-sensitive ones (group C). The genotypes P5, P2×P5, and P3×P5 were identified as promising genotypes to improve agronomic performance under water deficit conditions. The results demonstrated genetic variations for drought tolerance and highlighted the potential of ISSR and SCoT markers in wheat breeding programs for developing drought-tolerant cultivars.

SCREENING FOR DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN SPRING SOFT WHEAT FROM VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS BY SEED GERMINATION IN SUCROSE SOLUTIONS WITH DIFFERENT OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR ADAPTABILITY TO THE ACUTELY DRY CONDITIONS OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN

This article reports the results of laboratory studies on the germination of seeds of varieties and samples of spring soft wheat of various geographical origins in sucrose solutions with different osmotic pressure. We used 175 samples and varieties of spring soft wheat from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (St. Petersburg, Russia) and selection from the Aktobe Agricultural Experimental Station. Seeds of 112 varieties and samples were germinated in sucrose solutions at both 16 atm and 18 atm and were characterized for drought resistance. There were 6 “weakly resistant” varieties, where the proportion of sprouted seeds ranged from 20 to 38%; 3 “medium-resistant” varieties – where 50 to 59% of seeds sprouted; 15 samples with above-average resistance – where the proportion of germinated seeds ranged from 60 to 80% and 88 “highly resistant” samples where 81 to 100% of seeds sprouted in sucrose. Data from laboratory experiments are also confirmed by field observations and assessments from 2017 to 2019. 2019 was characterized by severe combined drought. During this period, the varieties allocated to the “highly resistant” group were characterized by a short growing season, long ear length and high values for the number of grains, number of spikelets, weight of 1000 grains and yield (in g/m2). The listed “highly resistant” varieties can be recommended as promising sources of adaptability and drought resistance for the purposes of breeding spring soft wheat in Western Kazakhstan.

The decrease in panicle number is the main reason for the yield reduction of japonica rice caused by 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress.

Persistent organic pollutants seriously affect the growth and development of crops. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB), as one of the most widely used chlorobenzenes, can affect the yield of japonica rice. However, existing research on the effect of TCB on japonica rice yield is not in-depth, and a basic understanding of commonality has not yet been formed. In this study, 28 conventional japonica rice varieties were selected to investigate the effects of TCB stress on their yield, yield composition, and TCB accumulation. This study also evaluated the efficiency of conventional tolerance indices in evaluating the TCB stress tolerance of japonica rice. The results showed that TCB caused sustained inhibition of the growth of japonica rice, which was considerably manifested in plant height, root length, soil plant analysis development (SPAD), and dry weight at different growth stages. Under TCB stress, TCB accumulation in various tissues of japonica rice increased sharply. TCB stress reduces the yield of japonica rice by reducing the number of panicles per hill, the number of spikelets per panicle, the grain filling percentage, and the grain weight. Overall, the results of this study indicate that TCB stress can cause a decrease in the yield of japonica rice, and the decrease in panicle number is the main reason. The conventional tolerance index can effectively evaluate the tolerance of japonica rice to TCB. The results of this study are substantial for the breeding and cultivation of japonica rice.

A co-located QTL for seven spike architecture-related traits shows promising breeding use potential in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A co-located novel QTL for TFS, FPs, FMs, FFS, FFPs, KWS, and KWPs with potential of improving wheat yield was identified and validated. Spike-related traits, including fertile florets per spike (FFS), kernel weight per spike (KWS), total florets per spike (TFS), florets per spikelet (FPs), florets in the middle spikelet (FMs), fertile florets per spikelet (FFPs), and kernel weight per spikelet (KWPs), are key traits in improving wheat yield. In the present study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits evaluated under various environments were detected in a recombinant inbred line population (msf/Chuannong 16) mainly genotyped using the 16K SNP array. Ultimately, we identified 60 QTL, but only QFFS.sau-MC-1A for FFS was a major and stably expressed QTL. It was located on chromosome arm 1AS, where loci for TFS, FPs, FMs, FFS, FFPs, KWS, and KWPs were also simultaneously co-mapped. The effect of QFFS.sau-MC-1A was further validated in three independent segregating populations using a Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR marker. For the co-located QTL, QFFS.sau-MC-1A, the presence of a positive allele from msf was associate with increases for all traits: + 12.29% TFS, + 10.15% FPs, + 13.97% FMs, + 17.12% FFS, + 14.75% FFPs, + 22.17% KWS, and + 19.42% KWPs. Furthermore, pleiotropy analysis showed that the positive allele at QFFS.sau-MC-1A simultaneously increased the spike length, spikelet number per spike, and thousand-kernel weight. QFFS.sau-MC-1A represents a novel QTL for marker-assisted selection with the potential for improving wheat yield. Four genes, TraesCS1A03G0012700, TraesCS1A03G0015700, TraesCS1A03G0016000, and TraesCS1A03G0016300, which may affect spike development, were predicted in the physical interval harboring QFFS.sau-MC-1A. Our results will help in further fine mapping QFFS.sau-MC-1A and be useful for improving wheat yield.

Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Grain Quality of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the highlands of Ethiopia and particularly in Arsi Zone. However, its yield is low due to intensive continuous cultivation, suboptimal fertilizer application and nutrient depletion especially in the highlands of Arsi, Ethiopia. For this reason, an experiment was carried out during the 2017 cropping season at Munesa District, Oromia Seed Enterprise Lole farm to determine the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and grain quality of bread wheat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement in three replications using two bread wheat varieties (Hidase and Kingbird) as test crop and nine fertilizers combinations (control, 5 tons vermicompost, 10 tons farmyard manure, 0.1t NPS+0.025t UREA, 0.1t DAP+0.025t UREA, 0.05t NPS+0.025t UREA+2.5t VC, 0.05t NPS+0.025t UREA+0.5t FYM, 0.05t DAP+0.025t UREA+0.25t VC, 0.05t DAP+0.025t UREA+ 0.5t FYM). Days to heading and maturity, spike length, plant height, tiller number, spikelet number, biomass yield, grain filling period, grain yield, thousand kernels weight and harvest index were significantly (p<0.001) affected by the effects of varieties and fertilizers. Days to physiological maturity and grain filling were also significantly (p<0.001) influenced by the interaction effects of fertilizers and varieties. Higher growth, yields and quality of wheat were obtained from Hidase as compared to Kingbird variety. Highest yield of bread wheat (6.2t ha-1) was obtained from the combined application of 2.5t VC + 0.05t NPS + 0.025t UREA ha-1 fertilizers; while application of 0.05t DAP+0.025t UREA gave statistically similar yield and yield components with the highest yield. However, grain protein contents and hectoliter weight were only significantly (p<0.001) influenced by combined fertilizer applied. Therefore, it be conclude that combined application of 0.05t NPS + 0.025t UREA + 2.5t VC fertilizers had significantly improved the yields and qualities along better economic returns of wheat and Hidase variety of wheat was superior as compared to Kingbird variety in performances.

Characterization of M8 Wheat Mutant Adaptability to Low Land

The wheat requirement in Indonesia is still fulfilled by import, which increases annually. To reduce the import dependence, Indonesia is required to elevate the domestic wheat production appropriate to the Indonesian agroclimatic condition by wheat plant breeding mutation. This study was aimed to characterize several mutant wheat commodities, that are adaptive to lowland condition. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with 16 observed-wheat genotypes (G). The wheat genotypes used were: 1) (G1) N1 200 2.4.B.6, 2) (G2) N 200 2.3.3, 3) (G3) N 200 2.5.2, (G4) N 350 3.6.2, (G5) N 350 3.7.1, (G6) N 300 3.6.1, (G7) N 350 3.1.3, (G8) N 250 3.7.1, (G9) M 200 1.7.1, (G10) S 300 7.9.1, (G11) S 300 2.1, (G12) D 200, and several comparative varieties, such as (G13) Guri-3 , (G14) Selayar , (G15) Nias , and (G16) Dewata . The results obtained that the lowland-adapted M8 wheat mutant with high productivity level was found in N 200 2.4.B.6 (2.75 t.ha -1 ), N 200 2.3.3 (2.69 t.ha -1 ), and D 350 3.6.2 (2.35 t.ha -1 ). Characters with the highest heritability level were number of tillers, number of productive tillers, seed weight per panicle, and production. Meanwhile, characters, that were correlated with production, were plant height, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, harvesting age, seed-filling period, number of spikelets per panicle, percentage of empty florets, number of seeds per panicle, and seed weight per panicle

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN STEM AND BRANCHES OF THE APPROVED CULTIVAR KM5180 TO THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS BY THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER SQUARE METER

A field experiment conduct during winter season 2022-2023. This study was aimed to investigate effect number of seeds.m2 to two wheat varieties. The results showed the superiority of V1 in most main stem growth traits (biological yield, number of ears .In square meters, plant height, spike length, spikelets number / ear and chlorophyll content ( 1.87 t. ha, 20.0 seed. m2 , 113.90 cm , 18.40 cm, 26.37 spikelets/ ear and 75.92 (SPAD ) respectively. V1 also excelled in all the traits of branch growth ( biological yield, number of peduncles /m2, plant height, spike length and spikelets number / ear, (16.71 tons .Ha-1, 259.17 ear /m2 ,104.57 cm, 16.83 cm and 23.63 spikelets / ear ) respectively . comparative to V2 . for the seeding rates per square meter; S2 produced the highest main stem growth traits of biological yield, plant height and chlorophyll content, (16.71 ton. ha-1 , 103.63 cm and 83.99 SPAD) respectively .in compare to (S1 and S3 seeding rates), even more; S2 produced the highest biological yield in tillers No. (14.56 ton .ha-1) which was significantly higher than seeding rates ((S1 and S3) ], while S3 produced the highest ears number. (265.00 ear.m2) compared to other seeding rates.

Genetic Diversity Studies in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Accessions

Genetic diversity among durum wheat tetraploid species has a premium to understand the diversity within the genotypes. This study’s major objective was to learn more about the diversity and relationships between various durum genotypes. The experiment was design randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, a total of eight durum advance lines, namely DW-1, DW-2, DW-3, DW-4, DW-5, DW-6, DW-7, and DW-8, were included with one Durum check wheat Miki3 and spring wheat Khirman to investigate the interrelationship and genetic diversity of quantitative traits and they ‘reaming these traits. For nearly all of the features, the analysis of variance revealed considerable variations among the durum advance lines, as evidenced by the significant mean squares at a probability level of P≤0.01. The mean performance results indicated variations in genotype performance DW8 exhibited maximum days to heading, tallest plant height (cm), and shortest peduncle length was measured in durum wheat. DW6 attained shorter plant height was recorded as compared to both check varieties. A notable variation was detected among the genotypes concerning the trait "number of tillers per m2". The genotype with the highest number of tillers appeared to be spring wheat and the minimum number of tillers was recorded in DW4, respectively. Significantly maximum number of spikelet’s, per spike-1,biological yield plant-1 and protein content % were observed in DW3, amount of grains spike-1 were significant in DW6, main spike yield per plant (g) was recorded in DW3. Whereas minimum grains spike-1and minimum spike yield was observed in DW9, respectively. Grain yield plot-1 (2.3333 kg) was observed significantly higher in DW6 and minimum Grain yield plot-1 (1.6667 kg) in DW10 was observed. Regards correlation, Grain yield plant-1 revealed there was a positive and significant correlation with respect to the trait "days to75% headline, days to 75% maturity, grains Spike-1, main spike yield-1 and 1000-Grain Weight (g) (r=0.500**, r=0.679**, r=0.316*, r=0.316*, r=0.533** and r=0.308*). Using UPGMA, two members of cluster 1 and cluster 2 were found to have closer relationship with different durum genotypes. However, miki 3 had closer relation with DW-8. The largest positive PCA loadings were observed in grains yield plant-1 and 1000 grains weight for the second, third, fourth and fifth PCA group. Hence, DW-8 was nearer relation with miki3, and DW-3, DW-10 and DW-6 considered the best genotypes according to performance.

Studies on Variability, Heritability, and Genetic Advance in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) with Special Reference to Satna, Madhya Pradesh

Fourteen diverse cultivars of paddy grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) at AKS University, Satna, during Kharif season on July 2022. Data were collected foreleven quantitative traits and estimated forvariance,genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance.The design of the experiment indicated highly significant differences for all the characters due to treatments. The analysis of variance indicated the existence of sufficient amount of variability among genotypes for all the studiedcharacters. The maximum GCV along with PCV was observed forgrain yield per plant (g) followed by panicle length (cm), number of spikelets per panicle, harvest index (%), kernel length (mm), number of panicles per plant. Higher estimates (h2b) >80% were observed for Number of spikelets per panicle, days to development, plant level (cm), number of panicles per plant, test weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), panicle length (cm). High heritability combined with high hereditary development for the person number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, panicle length (cm), test weight (g) and grain yield per plant (g) indicating that these characters could be prominently governed by additive gene action.

Estimation of Nature and Magnitude of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present research investigation was conducted at AKS University, Satna, Madhya Pradesh during rabi Season of 2022. Altogether 20 wheat genotypes were grown under RBD design with three replications. In the present study various parameters of genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance estimates of wheat crop. Analysis of variance revealed that the mean sum of square showed significant due to genotypes for all the 12 characters studied. Analysis of variance for the design of experiment revealed highly significant difference for all the characters which expressed huge amount of diversity among 20 genotypes of wheat. Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all the characters. The maximum GCV and PCV were observed for ear length (cm) (26.37 & 27.04) followed by number of productive tillers per plant (23.72 & 25.65) and test weight (21.76 & 22.57 g). The maximum value of heritability was shown by number of spikelets per ear (98.05), number of seed per spike (97.59), ear length (95.12cm), test weight (92.99 g), biological yield per plant (91.99 g), plant height (89.86 cm), seed yield per plant (87.28 g), days to maturity (86.67) and number of productive tillers per plant (85.56). The highest genetic advance was found for number of productive tillers per plant (45.20), number of seed per spike (43.60), test weight (43.24 g), seed yield per plant (37.37 g), no of ears par plant (34.99) and number of spikelets per ear (31.49). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for the characters number of productive tillers per plant, no of ears per plant, ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of seed per spike, test weight and seed yield per plant which indicated that above characters were governed by additive gene action and direct selection may be useful for further improvement program.