Number Of Shoots Research Articles

An Efficient Propagation Approach to Forcing Softwood Shoots from Epicormic Buds and Subsequent Rooting of Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu.

The current research describes the multiplication of Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu, a timber plant, through the forcing of softwood shoots from epicormic buds under glasshouse conditions in spring and fall seasons. Different growth media were used to compare their effect on the forcing potential of epicormic buds. For this, 25-30-cm-long and 1.2-2-cm-diameter stem segments taken from the lower juvenile portion of a mother plant were placed horizontally in flat trays containing media, i.e., sterilized well-moistened sand, peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite individually. Furthermore, 4-6-cm-long forced softwood shoots were detached and treated with various concentrations of IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and NAA (α-naphthyl acetic acid) either individually or in combinations for subsequent rooting. The response of shoot forcing was better in spring as compared to fall in terms of shoot length (cm), and number of shoots or leaves; however, an earlier bud break was observed during fall after 30 days of the initial experiment. The use of peat moss and vermiculite proved to be equally suitable for early bud break in both seasons, whereas in terms of shoot and leaf number as well as the shoot length (cm), the best outcome was observed in sand. Best rooting was observed at 3 gL-1 IBA + 3 gL-1 NAA in terms of root number per shoot, root length (cm), and days to root initiation while using sand as the growth medium after 50 days of the rooting experiment. The successfully established plantlets were further shifted to soil at Botanical Garden, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, exhibiting an 87.5% survival rate. On the basis of the results obtained, it may be concluded that reasonable softwood shoot forcing in P. elongata may further be exploited for its mass scale nursery propagation as well as use in future in vitro studies.

Response of Shoot Growth of Pterocarpus indicus willd. to The Addition of BAP and TDZ In Vitro

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. also known as redwood is a native Philippine species belonging to the Fabaceae family that has many uses and high economic value and highly exploited. However, it is not accompanied by good regeneration which causes this species to be categorized as endangered (IUCN v. 2021-1). The in vitro technique is an alternative to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the response of P. indicus Willd. shoot growth to the addition of BAP and TDZ in vitro. The research was conducted from August to December 2023, at the Biotechnology Laboratory, KST BJ. Habibie Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 9 treatments and 14 replications. The treatments consisted of: R0 = Control, R1 = BAP 0,25 ppm, R2 = BAP 0,5 ppm, R3 = BAP 0,75 ppm, R4 = BAP 1 ppm, R5 = TDZ 0,25 ppm, R6 = TDZ 0,5 ppm, R7 = TDZ 0,75 ppm, R8 = TDZ 1 ppm. The results showed that the concentration of BAP 0,5 ppm gave the best results in height of shoot and TDZ 0,25 ppm gave optimum results in the number of shoots compared to the control and other treatment concentrations.

Pengaruh Kombinasi BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) dan Kinetin Terhadap Multiplikasi Tunas Tanaman Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) Varietas AAS Agribun

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a plantation commodity crop and raw material for making sugar. The need for sugar increases every year so it is necessary to provide superior sugarcane seeds in large quantities in a relatively short time. This can be done by propagating using the plant tissue culture method. The research method used was an experimental method using a combined Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 replications and 8 treatments consisting of: Control (P0); 0.5 ppm BAP + 0 ppm kinetin (P1); 1 ppm BAP + 0 ppm kinetin (P2); 2 ppm BAP + 0 ppm kinetin (P3); 0 ppm BAP + 0.1 ppm kinetin (P4); 0.5 ppm BAP + 0.1 ppm kinetin (P5); 1 ppm BAP + 0.1 ppm kinetin (P6); and 2 ppm BAP + 0.1 ppm kinetin (P7). The data then explained the variations and then continued with the DMRT test at the 5% level. The results showed that treatments P3 and P7 showed the best results at the time of shoot emergence. The P3 treatment also showed the best results in the number of shoot (8.25) and number of leaves (16.50). The P7 treatment showed the highest shoot yield (4.58). Keywords: sugarcane, BAP, kinetin, shoot multiplication

Impact of Reeling Effluent Irrigation on Growth and Yield of V1 Mulberry Variety

A field experiment was conducted during 2022-2023 at Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru to study the growth and development of mulberry when irrigated with various proportions of reeling effluent and borewell water along with recommended doses of NPK and FYM. Five treatments were laid out in RCBD with four replications. Among all the treatments application of 100 per cent reeling effluent for irrigation to mulberry plant has recorded the highest growth parameters on 30, 45 and 60 DAP, viz., number of shoots (20.25, 23.65 and 28.05 No.), mean shoot length (49.74, 109.32 and 137.32 cm), plant height (138.23, 197.47 and 225.47 cm), internodal distance (5.01, 5.49 and 5.73 cm), number of leaves (185.80, 424.40 and 542.90 No.), leaf area (105.21, 204.33 and 219.33 cm2) and leaf yield (940.94 g/plant and 58.07 tonnes/ha/yr on 60 DAP, respectively) compare to control. An overview of the study revealed that 100 per cent reeling effluent has significantly improved the growth and yield parameters of mulberry.

A Comprehensive Study on the Micropropagation of Costus igneus: Media Composition, Growth, and Development

Costus igneus, commonly known as insulin plant, is an ornamental plant valued for its spiral ginger- like foliage and medicinal properties. Micropropagation is an efficient method for rapid multiplication of Costus igneus. This study aims to determine the optimal media composition and culture conditions for in vitro propagation of C. igneus. Axillary bud explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators including auxins (indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and naphthaleneacetic acid) and cytokinins (6- benzylaminopurine and kinetin). Microshoots cultured on MS + 1.5 mg/L BAP showed the highest shoot proliferation rate (98%) and maximum number of shoots per explant (12.6). Elongated microshoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with different auxins. The highest rooting percentage (95%) and maximum number of roots per shoot (9.8) were observed on medium containing 2.5 mg/L IBA. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to pots with 80% survival rate. Morphological and phytochemical analysis showed no significant differences between the in vitro propagated and mother plants. This study demonstrates the potential of micropropagation for large scale production of quality planting material of C. igneus. Further studies on genetic and epigenetic stability are recommended to validate this protocol for commercial applications.

In Vitro Shoot Multiplication and Rooting of 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) Genotypes for Cosmetic and Ornamental Applications.

The damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an ornamental-medicinal plant from the Rosaceae family, and its aromatic compounds and essential oils are applied globally in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its economic value, this research aimed to establish a protocol for an efficient, rapid, and cost-effective method for in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of the R. damascena 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes. Nodal segments (as primary explants) were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with combinations of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as gibberellic acid (GA3), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), as well as a PGR-like substance, phloroglucinol (PG), vitamins such as ascorbic acid (AA), and activated carbon in the form of active charcoal (AC). For the establishment stage, 0.1 mg·L-1 PG, 0.2 mg·L-1 GA3, and 1 mg·L-1 BAP were added to the media. Secondary explants (nodal segments containing axillary buds produced from primary explants) were obtained after 30 days of in vitro culture and transferred to the proliferation media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg·L-1) and GA3 (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 mg·L-1) together with 0.1 mg·L-1 PG and 20 mg·L-1 of AA. The rooting media were augmented with different concentrations of BAP and GA3 with 0.1 mg·L-1 of IBA, PG and 20 mg·L-1 of AA and AC. The results showed that the highest regeneration coefficient (4.29 and 4.28) and the largest number of leaves (23.33-24.33) were obtained in the explants grown on the medium supplemented with 2 mg·L-1 BAP and 0.4 mg·L-1 GA3 for the 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes, respectively. Likewise, this PGR combination provided the shortest time until bud break (approximately 6.5 days) and root emergence (approximately 10 days) in both genotypes. The highest number of shoots (4.78 per explant) and roots (3.96) was achieved in this medium in the 'Kashan' rose. Stem and root lengths, as well as stem and root fresh and dry weights, were also analyzed. In most measured traits, the lowest values were found in the PGRs-free control medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to pots filled with perlite and peat moss in a 2:1 proportion and were acclimatized to ambient greenhouse conditions with a mean 90.12% survival rate. This research contributes significantly to our understanding of Damask rose propagation and has practical implications for the cosmetic and ornamental plant industries. By offering insights into the manipulation of regeneration processes, our study opens up new possibilities for the effective production of high-quality plant material.

Effect of Trichoderma spp. Fungi and Phytium oligandrum on Maiden Apple Tree Growth and Photosynthesis in the Nursery

The conducted experiment evaluated the effects of three fungi—Trichoderma atroviride (Ta), Trichoderma harzianum (Th) and Phytium oligandrum (Po)—on the growth of maidens of two apple cultivars, ‘Szampion’ and ‘Topaz’, budded on two rootstocks, M.9 and M.26, in the nursery. The evaluation was based on the number of maidens obtained and their height, trunk diameter and number and length of lateral shoots, as well as the fresh weight of the leaves and the whole maiden. For the weaker-growing maidens of the ‘Topaz’ cultivar, the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus was additionally measured depending on the rootstock and fungal treatments. The number of maidens obtained improved significantly when Th (8.3–9.0%) and Po (8.4–12.8%) were applied, depending on the rootstock and cultivar used. With the best treatment with the Po fungus, on average, for the two cultivars, maiden apple trees budded on the M.9 dwarf rootstock were characterized by a significantly better height of 6% and trunk diameter of 13% compared to the control. In contrast, trees grown on the M.26 rootstock did not have significantly increased growth after the same treatments, with the exception of the Po fungus, which improved the stem diameter by an average of 10%. The use of fungi stimulated an increase in the number and length of the lateral shoots of maidens of the more easily branching ‘Szampion’ apple tree cultivar. Based on the fluorescence parameters obtained, it can be assumed that the ‘Topaz’ cultivar on the M.26 rootstock is less susceptible to stress conditions, especially those related to high temperatures and drought. All fungi used had a positive effect on the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Significantly worse values of the fluorescence parameters were obtained for the control combination compared to the fungal treatments.

MICROPROPAGATION OF AQUARIUM PLANT, ANUBIAS SP. ‘WHITE’ USING ADENINE SULFATE AND 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE

Introduction: Anubias sp. “White” is distinguished from other Anubias species by mutation. The leaves are white and green, which is popular and has great market demand. The growth of this aquarium plant is slow. Method: The combination of adenine sulfate (Ads) and 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) into Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. A comparison of three substrate materials, i.e., filter pads (FP), husk ash granules (HAG) and rockwool (RW) were used in ex-vitro acclimatization of the plantlets. Results: Ads and BAP had combined effects on the plantlets, leaves and roots of the apical bud (p<0.05). The treatment with only BAP at 0.5 mg/L in MS medium obtained the highest number of shoots, which was 7.40 shoots/explant (p<0.05). There is an interaction between 25 mg/L Ads and 1-1.5 mg/L BAP to induce callus. The treatments with HAG were better than the other planting materials in terms of growth performance (p<0.05). HAG yielded the best growth (fresh weight of 0.74 g/plant), which was better than FP and RW, respectively, and showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in terms of root number and plant height except root length. Conclusion: There was an interaction between 25 mg/L Ads and 1-1.5 mg/L BAP to induce callus. The treatment with only BAP at 0.5 mg/L in MS medium obtained the highest number of shoots, which was 7.40 shoots/explant (p<0.05). The HAG as a planting medium was the optimal ex-vitro acclimatization of Anubias sp. ‘white’ plantlets.

Features of clonal micropropagation of plum PK SK 1 clonal rootstock

Methodological features of the main clonal micropropagation stages of plum PK SK 1 clonal rootstock (of NCFSCHVW selection) are described. The rootstock is characterized by a high adaptability to soil and climatic conditions of the region. In particular, it exhibits good winter hardiness, resistance to overwatered soils, tolerance to drought, and the capacity to grow on heavy soils. Plum seedlings on this rootstock develop a powerful root system. These advantages render the development and improvement of methods for clonal micropropagation of plum PK SK 1 clonal rootstock highly relevant. The research was carried out in 2019-2022. The period of active shoot growth, i.e., the first and second decade of may, was established to be the most optimal period for introduction of explants into in vitro culture. In this period, regeneration reaches 78.1–93.8 %. Eff ective shoot multiplication proceeds on MS medium with Fe-EDTA or MS medium with Fe-EDDHA and 6-BAP in the amount of 1 mg/L, with the highest number of shoots formed from one explant following the fourth passage (on average, 11.7 and 12.3 shoots per explant). A signifi cant eff ect of the 6-BAP concentration on the number of shoots formed was observed. The combined eff ect of the form of chelated iron and 6-BAP concentration on the number of shoots formed was established only after 3-5 passages on MS medium with Fe-EDDHA. The rooting stage of PK SK 1 rootstock can also be carried out on a hormone-free MS medium with Fe-EDDHA. The rooting effi ciency reaches 57.1–61.8 %. On average, 2.4 roots are formed per shoot with a length from 1.2 to 5.1 cm, with the root quality being high (not cartilaginous and not brittle). For the adaptation stage, rooted shoots with a height of at least 2 cm having two or more roots with a length of at least 2-3 cm are selected. A mixture of the Agrobalt plant nutrient soil, vermiculite, and perlite in a ratio of 3:1:1 can be used as a substrate. Following four weeks of adaptation, the number of adapted plants averaged 87.5 %.

Spore Germination of Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt. (Athyriaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt. a species of fern in Peninsular Malaysia. This study reports an efficient method for D. simplicivenium spore sterilisation and the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) via green globular bodies (GGB). Sterilisation with 0.1% mercuric chloride effectively allowed spore germination. The result showed that the culture media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L gibberellin positively affects the weight of GGB and the number of shoots with significant differences (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The soaking technique established in this study for spore sterilisation is an efficient approach, and the optimal plant and concentration of plant hormones were identified. This procedure can be applied to other indigenous ferns and closely similar species.

In vitro growth of different chrysanthemum cultivars on murashige and skoog medium modified with some organic additives

Mass in vitro propagation of chrysanthemum plants requires large amounts of Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. In order to increase efficiency of MS media usage, the addition of organic materials and the selection of cultivars need to be studied. This study aimed to obtain the best modified MS media and cultivars for in vitro propagation of chrysanthemums. This research was conducted from July to September 2023 at tissue culture laboratory of Politeknik Negeri Jember. This study used Completely Randomized Design with two factors. The first factor was the chrysanthemum cultivars, i.e. Naweswari Agrihort and Suciono Agrihort. The second factor was the modified MS media, i.e. MS, ½MS + 50 g/l banana, ½MS + 50 ml/l coconut water and ½MS + 50 g/l sweet potato. Each combination of treatments was thrice repeated. Observation variables were plant height, time of shoot emergence, the number of shoots and the number of leaves. Data analysis was carried out using ANOVA and DMRT. The best modified media was ½MS + 50 g/l sweet potato that showed significantly higher plant compared to other treatments. The addition of the tested organic materials could reduce MS media usage by 50%.

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Two Penstemon Species to Saline Water Irrigation

Penstemon, with more than 250 species native to North America, holds significant aesthetic and ecological value in Utah, supporting diverse pollinators. Despite their significance, the survival of penstemon is threatened by challenges such as habitat loss, climate change, and Utah’s naturally high soil salinity. To address these challenges and understand their adaptability, this study evaluated the salt tolerance of two penstemon species [Penstemon davidsonii (Davidson’s penstemon) and Penstemon heterophyllus (foothill penstemon)] under controlled greenhouse conditions. The aim was to develop baseline information for nursery production and landscape use that utilize reclaimed water for irrigation. Plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.0 dS·m−1 as control or a saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·m−1 for 8 weeks. Half of the plants were harvested after four irrigation events, and the remaining plants were harvested after eight irrigation events. At harvest, visual rating (0 = dead and 5 = excellent without foliage salt damage), plant width, number of shoots, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf greenness [Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD)], stomatal conductance, and canopy temperature were collected to assess the impact of salinity stress. In both species, salt damage was dependent on the salinity levels and length of exposure. After four irrigation events, both species exhibited foliage damage that increased in severity with rising EC. The most severe damage was observed in plants receiving saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. After eight irrigation events, P. davidsonii exposed to a saline solution with an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1 received a visual rating of 0, whereas P. heterophyllus had a visual rating of 0.4. Both species exhibited salinity-induced effects, with variations observed in the specific parameters and the degree of response. Penstemon davidsonii exhibited significant salinity stress, as indicated by reduced leaf area, shoot dry weight, SPAD reading, and stomatal conductance with increasing EC of the saline solution. In addition, in both species, at both harvests, canopy temperatures increased either linearly or quadratically by 8% to 36% as the EC levels of the saline solution increased. These results indicate that P. davidsonii was more sensitive to salinity stress than P. heterophyllus.

Establishment of plant regeneration protocol through callus induction of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum l.) var. China using leaf-sheath

Establishment of a plant regeneration system through direct organogenesis or via callus is also a prerequisite to further in vitro genetic manipulation of the cultivar through somaclonal variation, in vitro mutagenesis and genetic transformation. Production of sufficient numbers of plants of a unique genotype is possible using in vitro culture system. In this study, the effect of various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators for in vitro regeneration of sugarcane via callus was described using leaf-sheath as explants. Thus, a reproducible protocol for induction of callus and regeneration into plantlets were developed in sugarcane var. china using leaf-sheath as explants. Potential callus induction was observed on MS medium supplemented with 4.5 mg/l 2,4-D, in which 80% explants induced callus after culture initiation of 90 days. Shoot formation from the callus was optimum on MS + 1.0 mg/l GA3 + 0.5 mg/l Kin., in which 70% of the cultured calli formed shoots. The average number of shoot formed per culture callus was 27.0 ± 2.50 and the average shoot length of 6.5 ± 0.50 cm were achieved in this medium after culture of 60 days. Regenerated shoots rooted well when they were transferred into half strength of MS + 2.50 mg/l NAA, in which 90% shoots rooted within 30 days of culture. The average number of root produced per shoot was 18.0 ± 2.25 and the average root length of 7.50 ± 1.20 cm were observed in this medium. Ninety percent of the in vitro raised plantlets were survived in the natural environment.

Shoot Induction of Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Smith with Several Types of Cytokinins through In Vitro Culture

Dendrobium lasianthera (Orchidaceae) is one of the potential plants as ornamental plants because it has beautiful and long-lasting flowers. Propagation of orchid plants through in vitro culture technique has been widely done to meet market demand. One of the supporting factors in plant propagation through in vitro culture techniques is growth regulators. Cytokinin is one of the growth regulators commonly used in plant propagation, including orchids. The study aims to determine the effect of several cytokinins and find the best type for shoot induction of Dendrobium lasianthera. The method used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 6 replications with several types of cytokinis (control; BAP 1.2 mg/L, Kinetin 2 mg/L, and Thidiazuron 1 mg/L) in Murashige & Skoog (MS) media. The results showed that several cytokinins significantly affected the number of shoots, time of shoot appearance, and shoot length of D. lasianthera. Thidiazuron was the best cytokinin for in vitro shoot induction of D. lasianthera

Determination of Important Game-Related Statistics in the UEFA Champions League: A 5-year follow-up

The research aimed to examine the effect of important game-related statistics on the success of the teams that made it to the knockout stages of the Champions League for 5 years (between 2015-2016 and 2019-2020 seasons). In the research, 139 matches of 35 teams that took part in the top 16 rounds, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and final tours of UEFA Champions League competitions were examined. The teams were divided into two groups the teams that qualified and the teams that were eliminated. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the in-game variables of the teams that passed the round and were eliminated. Linear discriminant analysis was used to determine important in-game variables between teams. The results of this research show that the number of statistical data related to the game between the teams that passed the round and the eliminated teams differed or decreased as they progressed from the round of 16 to the final. (Last of 16: goals scored, ball possession (%), duels won (%), passes, shots, number of shots on target, shots outside the penalty area, shots inside the penalty area, tackle, and red cards; Quarter-final round: shots on target; Semi-finals: aerial won (%), duels won (%), attacking sides rates (%)). In the study, it was found that only the goals scored and conceded in the last 16 and quarter-finals in the knockout stages had distinctive power, but no distinguishing variable was found in the semi-final and final stages. Therefore, the Champions League is one of the most followed organizations by football coaches and professionals. The tactical approaches of the teams that are successful in this tournament should be followed by football coaches at all levels and it is recommended to include variables that ensure success in training and matches.

Responses of shallot to ameliorant and actinobacteria applications in water-saturated system on tidal land

Tidal areas are believed as future land for many commodities in Indonesia. Here, shallot growing was evaluated on tidal land supplemented with soil conditioners. The research aimed to evaluate the adaptive response of shallot varieties for growing on tidal land with a water-saturated system indicating Fe and Al stress by applying soil ameliorant and actinobacterial. The study used a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. The first factor was shallot variety (Bima Brebes, Batu Ijo, and SS Sakato) and the second factor was soil conditioners (no ameliorant, actinobacteria, ameliorant+actinobacteria, and actinobacteria+ameliorant+dolomite). Bima Brebes and Batu Ijo cultivars had the highest growth percentage, age at shoot emergence, plant height, and number of leaves, while the SS Sakato variety had the slowest growth. Shallot production variable had a significant interaction with soil conditioners. Bima Brebes variety demonstrated high suitability for a water-saturated system in tidal land, and actinobacteria+ameliorant+dolomite was a more promising conditioner than other treatments. Keywords: pyrite, saturated soil culture, tidal swamps, growth, yield, marginal land.

Successful shoot tip grafting of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) due to the application of plant growth regulators on various concentrations

Cacao plays an important role in the Indonesia economy. Therefore, its production and area expansion have to increase to achieve maximum cacao productivity by the quality and superior cacao clones. Shoot tip grafting is one of the propagation methods to obtain superior cacao plants by applying Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). Research on the effect of several PGRs with various concentrations on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) shoot tip grafting was conducted at the Integrated Innovation Farmer Group, Belubus, Sungai Talang Village, Guguak District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra from February until June 2022. This study aimed to determine the interaction between PGR type and concentration on the grafting success and growth of cacao shoot tip grafted seedling. The research was designed by a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The first factor was the type of PGR, i.e., synthetic PGR (BAP), young corn seed extract, shallot extract, and young coconut water. The second factor was the concentration of PGR, i.e., 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The results showed an interaction between PGRs with some concentrations on the number of shoots, shoot length, and leaf length on the grafted cacao seedling. The natural PGR from young coconut water at a concentration of 75% gave the best effect on the number of shoots (3.33 shoots) and shoot length (24.50 cm) of cacao seedling.

INCREASING SOME FLAVONOIDS COMPOUNDS FOR ECHINACEA PURPUREA L. USING COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN VITRO.

This study was aimed to increase some flavonoids active compounds production in Echinacea purpurea seedlings through plant seeds treatment with different concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles that daignosed and characterized using AFM technique. This research was implemented at plant tissue culture labrotary of College of biotechnology - Al Nahrain University, during the period of 2021 and 2023. The experiment designed factorial within CRD using three factors and ten replicates (3X3). Sodium hypochlorite concentration (S1, S2, S3, S4) (0.0, 1, 2, 3%) represented the first factor, treatment duartion time (T1, T2, T3) (5, 10, 15min) represented the second factor and copper oxide nanoparticles concentrations (C1, C2, C3, C4) (0.0, 25, 50, 75mg/ml) represented the third factor. Results showed that the full reduction in the contamination rate of the selected E. purpurea explant recorded in 3% sodium hypochlorite at 10 and 15min. The results also showed that there were a significant increase in the shoots numbers in 50mg/ml CuNPs that recording the highest shoots numbers, the shoot length increased significantly within the 25mg/ml recording 13.5cm then decreased in 50 and 75 mg/ml and the seedlings dry weight increased significantly up to 50mg/ml CuNPs that recording the highest seddlings dry weight, then the seedlings dry weight also decreased significantly in 75mg/ml CuNPs. Also, all the analyzed flavonoids compounds using HPLC device as Echinolone, Humulene, Coumarin, Myricetin, Heperidin and Naringin concentrations were significantly increased in 50 and 75 mg/L-1 Cu ONPs, except the Humulene and Coumarin compound that significantly decreased in 75 mg/L-1 Cu ONPs in comparsion to the control.

Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in In Vitro Culture and Bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis in Ex Vitro Conditions on the Growth and Development of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)

The blackberry, valued for its delicious fruit, has gained attention for its medicinal bioactive compounds. In vitro cultivation methods, including nanoparticle enhancement, are increasingly chosen due to their advantages over traditional propagation techniques. We tested the effect of commercial zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on the growth and development of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) of the Navaho variety in an in vitro culture on MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg dm−3 BA, 0.1 mg dm−3 IBA, 0.01 mg dm−3 GA3, and various concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles: 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg dm−3. The morphological features of the plantlets were assessed two and three months after the start of the culture. Selected biological characteristics of the plantlets were determined. The values of the morphological and biological parameters assessed in the plantlets from in vitro culture depended on the concentration of ZnONPs in the medium. Increasing the concentration of ZnONPs negatively affected the number and length of shoots and roots and the fresh weight of the plantlets. The total phenolic content in the plantlets from the treatments with ZnONPs was lower than in the control plants, but the total antioxidant capacity as measured by the ABTS method was higher. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in the blackberry plantlets decreased at higher concentrations of ZnONPs in the medium. The addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles increased the zinc content and reduced the iron content in the blackberry plantlets. Concentrations of 10–30 mg dm−3 ZnONPs increased the concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and copper, while at the highest concentration of 40 mg dm−3 ZnONPs, the concentrations of these minerals were similar to the control, except for a lower content of calcium and manganese. The plantlets from the in vitro culture growing in the presence of ZnONPs were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions in control soil and soil inoculated with Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacteria added to the ex vitro substrate favourably influenced the growth and development of the shoots and roots of the blackberry plants and their fresh weight.

Genetic diversity analysis and molecular characterization of tropical rose (Rosa spp.) varieties

Characterization of rose varieties becomes essential for understanding, utilizing, and preserving the diversity among them, for their genetic improvement, cultivation, and conservation. With this purpose, 19 tropical rose varieties were evaluated via quantitative morphological and molecular markers. A significant degree of variation was observed across nearly all descriptors, suggesting a notable level of genetic diversity among the released rose varieties. Traits like flower diameter, flower yield/plot, and shelf life, considered to be of vital importance given the aesthetic value of rose, exhibited remarkable differences that would further aid in the selection of desirable varieties. The maximum flower diameter, flower yield/plot, and shelf life were recorded in Yellow Page, Lambada, and Delhi Princess, respectively. The varieties were evaluated by correlation matrix, hierarchical agglomerative clustering method-based dendrogram, network plot on phenotypic correlation, colour intensity graph including Red-Green-Blue (RGB) scattered plot. In the correlation matrix, it was found that more number of primary shoot contributes to higher flower yield, while increase in leaf area degraded the shelf life of the flower. Realizing the importance of molecular characterization, 10 selected polymorphic inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism primers were tested that amplified total 187 polymorphic loci with 94.4 % polymorphism. Cent percent polymorphism were found with SCoT-2, SCoT-18, SCoT-19, HB-12 and ISSCR3 primers. A principal component analysis based on molecular diversity highlighted that First Red, Local Selection 2, and Himroz exhibited distinct characteristics compared to the other varieties. The 19 varieties were grouped into 8 clusters viaunweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean-based dendrogram at 0.4 similarity co-efficient. The analysis revealed a significant genetic distance between Himroz, First Red, and Grand Gala, suggesting their potential to be utilized in hybridization programs for crop improvement. The distinguishable genetic background and high degree of variation revealed by molecular markers, specifically ISSR and SCoT, offer valuable insights that can contribute to the strategic improvement of roses. These findings provide a foundation for expediting rose breeding programs and comprehensive crop improvement strategies.