Number Of Passenger Cars Research Articles

IMPROVING RUTTING RESISTANCE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT BY DATES KERNEL POWDER

In Iraq, the significant increase in the number of passenger cars and trucks (increased inaxle loads) in addition to the unprecedented rise of temperature in the summer hasincreased the risk of permanent deformation of flexible pavement (Rutting) in recenttimes. Lower costs maintenance and extending serves life of flexible pavements are themain objectives of this study by improving rut resisting of it using the waste locallyavailable materials (Dates Kernel Powder).The Superpave design criteria is used to determine optimum asphalt content at 4% airvoids for hot mix with Lime Stone Dust and Dates Kernel Powder as a filler materials tothree types of aggregate blend. Preparing 54 samples with dimension (400*300*50) mmat 110˚C compacted temperature to test it by Wheel-Tracking device at 40˚C, 50˚C and60˚C. Based on wheel-tracking device results, it can be show that there was a significantdecrease in the value of the Rut Depth when using the Dates Kernel Powder as analternative to Lime Stone Dust as a filler materials in Hot Mix Asphalt and it can be usedto improve the rut resisting; the maximum percent of reduction is 67.71 after 3000 cycleof passing at 60ºC and 49.35 as a minimum percent of reduction after 5000 cycle at 40ºCtested temperature, then it can be seen that the impact of Hot Mix Asphalt with DatesKernel Powder is less at high temperatures than mixes with Lime Stone Dust on RutDepth value.

Analysis of road traffic intensity on selected streets of Szczecin

The article presents the analysis of road traffic intensity on selected streets of Szczecin. The research were carried out on three selected streets on working days in the afternoon transport peak. As part of the research, the number of passenger cars was determined in order to make possible the use of the railway infrastructure network as part of the public transport system.

Causes of traffic congestion in urban areas. Case of Poland

The dynamic development of urban areas poses increasingly more challenges for the provision of transport services for the population. The concentration of the economic potential and population in the metropolitan areas results in the occurrence of large transport needs, and when these needs are met at the same time, the phenomenon of congestion occurs. The purpose of the article is to research the relationship between various factors contributing to congestion in urban traffic and the level of congestion in Polish cities. The authors have used statistical methods such as correlation and regression analysis. The research has shown that the most statistically significant relationships have occurred in the case of the number of business entities and the number of passenger cars. It can be concluded that the demand side factors are more important in Polish cities than the supply side factors or perhaps the current transport policy is ineffective. When effectively applied, transport policy instruments can play a special role. These instruments can contribute to reducing congestion in various ways, i.e. by implementing various sub-objectives, which include reducing the need to travel, reducing the use of passenger cars, improving the functioning of public transport and use of the infrastructure. The results of this study can be useful for transport policy makers at central, regional and local levels.

New information technology of centralized management of passenger car fleet

Steady requirements of consumers to the quality of to the development of automated systems, make it necessary to the information provided, on the basis of which the control actions constantly process or create higher quality products. The require-are carried out, as well as the acceleration of technical means related ment to improve the basic information solutions using modern technical resources offered by industry was the reason for the rework of the existing business process for managing the fleet of passenger cars implemented in the automated system for managing operation and repair of the passenger car fleet (ASUPV). The article gives a brief analysis of the 20-year work of the linear enterprises (LP) with the ASUPV - (ASUPV LP) subsystem, with the help of which the source documents are entered into the car park, trains are formed and the passenger car fleet maintenance is monitored. This subsystem is the main supplier of information for obtaining analytical data at all levels of passenger car fleet management. The article also outlines the main goal of the new information technology - obtaining, through single processing of primary data, new quality information, on the basis of which optimal management solutions should be developed. The purpose of the newly developed ASUPV LP-2 system is to automate the technological processes of centralized management of the passenger fleet of linear enterprises to improve performance and efficiency of the industry, which will allow optimizing the work of passenger line enterprises, monitoring compliance with technological processes and ensuring the availability of reliable information to interested users. The article describes the main tasks of the developed system: ensuring the need for the necessary and sufficient number of passenger cars for the fulfillment of the transportation plan at the linear enterprise; creating of guaranteed traffic safety of the formed passenger trains; improving the quality of repairs and maintenance. It is noted that the sources of increased complexity of managing the passenger car fleet are the constantly increasing complexity of business processes automated at the linear enterprise, which conflicts with the existing regulatory and technological base, as well as increasing requirements for the speed and accuracy of execution of all operations with cars. It is also indicated that automatic monitoring of the input sequence of source documents and its information interconnection should be created in the developed system and a system of automated control and prevention of conscious violations performed by users should be developed in order to improve the performance of their own work. The system should control the user's actions as much as possible and check the information entered by the user for compliance with regulatory requirements.

Forecasting of Energy and Petroleum Consumption by Motor Transport in the Regions of the Russian Federation

The paper offers the directions for the improvement of methodological approach to forecasting the energy consumption in transport, taking into account special features of Russian regions. The authors developed a multivariate model allowing to predict the motor vehicle rate specified for the regions of the Russian Federation depending on the economic, social and institutional features. We formalized the dynamic (trend) model for predicting the effectiveness of energy consumption per unit of the vehicle in Russia with details on Federal districts. In the study, in predicting the number of motor transport, the authors applied the methods of economic and mathematical simulation modelling based on the results of the econometric analysis for the calculation of the population having motor transport. In determining the potential specific energy consumption, we have aggregated trending patterns and convergence. The study has shown that by 2040, the number of passenger cars in Russia will grow to 57.1 million, and the total number of all types of road transport will grow by 14.9 million units to 66.2 million. The highest growth rates are predicted in the Central regions of Russia and in some areas of Siberia. The smallest growth rates are expected in the Chukotka Autonomous District, Kamchatka and Primorsky regions. Energy efficiency in transport and active introduction of alternative motor fuels, primarily methane, will reduce the consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel by motor transport. Thus, in the forecast period of 2018–2040, the consumption of petroleum products by motor transport will be reduced by 8.9 million tons: from 61,9 million tons of oil to 51.7 million tons of oil. The results of the study can be applied for the formulation of proposals on the creation of scientific and methodological apparatus to predict the development of transport sector and oil products supply in of the regions of Russia.

Acoustic Modeling of Charge Air Coolers

The necessity of reducing CO2 emissions has lead to an increased number of passenger cars that utilize turbocharging to maintain performance when the internal combustion (IC) engines are downsized. Charge air coolers (CACs) are used on turbocharged engines to enhance the overall gas exchange efficiency. Cooling of charged air increases the air density and thus the volumetric efficiency and also increases the knock margin (for petrol engines). The acoustic properties of charge coolers have so far not been extensively treated in the literature. Since it is a large component with narrow flow passages, it includes major resistive as well as reactive properties. Therefore, it has the potential to largely affect the sound transmission in air intake systems and should be accurately considered in the gas exchange optimization process. In this paper, a frequency domain acoustic model of a CAC for a passenger car is presented. The cooler consists of two conical volumes connected by a matrix of narrow ducts where the cooling of the air takes place. A recently developed model for sound propagation in narrow ducts that takes into account the attenuation due to thermoviscous boundary layers and interaction with turbulence is combined with a multiport representation of the tanks to obtain an acoustic two-port representation where flow is considered. The predictions are compared with experimental data taken at room temperature and show good agreement. Sound transmission loss increasing from 5 to over 10 dB in the range 50–1600 Hz is demonstrated implying good noise control potential.

Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near highways in Baghdad, Iraq

In Iraq, the number of passenger cars, trucks and buses, local generators, and heavy construction equipment rose to a considerable extent since 2003, causing high environmental problems. Many types of pollutants were monitored and recorded for 24 h during March 2016. The study attempts to explore and establish a relationship between the volume of activity and the movement of motor vehicles of various compounds and contaminants resulting from their exhaust pipes, such as sulfur dioxide, particulate matters, oxides of nitrogen, VOCs, and unburned hydrocarbons. The study focused in and around Mohammad Al-Qasim highway adjacent to the University of Technology, Baghdad. The results showed the need for urgent treatments addressed by the environmental authorities in the city. The study results demonstrated that these contaminants are increased during periods of the beginning and end of working hours for government departments. Some types of sulfur compounds (H2S and SO2) concentrations were at serious health-threatening levels, which is a result of the high sulfur content in the Iraqi fuel. The concentrations of NOx and VOC were high, also, which could make the studied area vulnerable to the risk of smog formation. The Iraqi government should make greater efforts to protect the environment and human in this country from the transportation pollution risks.

An Evaluation of Urban Congestion Charging in Seoul

In November 1996, the City of Seoul imposed a fee on motorists driving through two tunnel corridors, Namsan 1st and Namsan 3rd tunnel, to mitigate traffic congestion. This research examines the effectiveness of pricing scheme and analyzes the toll elasticity at the two tunnels over the 12 years of operation. The traffic volume decreased 14% during the first two years and maintained almost constant after that. By implementing congestion pricing, travel speed increased from 22 km/h to 32 km/h for two years even though overall speed along other monitored roadways in Seoul remained unchanged. Also, the number of passenger cars has been considerably reduced up to 34% during the same period with increases in buses (62%) and taxis (211%). The toll elasticities estimated from empirical data in Seoul are -1.47 on Namsan 1st tunnel which is larger than those found in other countries, while -0.38 on Namsan 3rd tunnel.

대형 경유트럭의 NOx저감장치에 따른 배출가스 특성비교

With increasing of GDP, the registration number of passenger cars has exceeded 20 million last year in Korea. Especially, the registration number of the diesel engine vehicles has been increasing. However, the WHO(World Health Organization) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has reported that diesel engine exhaust gas is an one of HAPs, which has carcinogenic for human, and they have designated it to Group 1. To solve this problem, exhaust gas from diesel engines has to be controlled. Thus, it has been controlling by European regulatory standard in Korea. On the other hand, in order to meet the enhanced emission regulations, all manufacturing company applied NOx control device to vehicles such as EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) and so on. However, these devices (EGR, SCR) were operated by difference reaction mechanism respectively, and the composition of exhaust gas would be differenced from that of them. In this study, it was conducted to evaluate variety characteristics on changing of exhaust gas composition by each NOx control device, and the heavy duty diesel trucks were chosen as experimental vehicles. From the result, it revealed that vehicles (with EGR) were discharged higher THC as 52.5% than that of others (with SCR). However, it did not followed that trend, in the case of CO; it was discharged as 57.2% lower than that of others (with SCR). In the future, these data would be used to apply to efficient NOx control device for meeting to EURO 6.

Tableau Public을 이용한 인포그래픽 제작 사례연구

Recently, according to the increasingly populated data, many media and organizations focus on big data, data visualization, information visualization and infographics. Domestically, Chosun.com and Hankyoreh online have improved on the data visualization field and internationally, the Guardian, Wall Street Journal, and New York Times are the leading companies on that area. Until now, many people have recognized infographics as a design-oriented product in Korea. However, one of significant data visualization programs, Tableau Public, can visualize data more efficiently. In this paper, Data Visualization Methods Quadrant for Policy Making is defined, and data analysis and producing infographics are executed. As used data, World Bank open source was adopted and using the number of passenger cars per 1,000 people, two analysis results are extracted. First, in high income group, the more GNI per capita, the lesser Slope is represented and in mid income group, the more GNI per capita positively affects to Slope. Second, in the global finance crisis, the car ownership rate was about 1.7 times than the usual state in the global economy. Through the case study, this paper suggests that the direction of producing infographics should be changed from design-oriented to data-oriented. Moreover, the data-oriented infographics should be propagated as means of scientific research and policy making.

Using GIS to integrate the analysis of land-use, transportation, and the environment for managing urban growth based on transit oriented development in the metropolitan of Jabodetabek, Indonesia

There is an interaction between land use, transportation, and environment in improving and managing urban quality. One of the concpets to integrate those three aspects is Transit Oriented Development (TOD). It is a concept for managing urban growth in transit corridors which have characteristics of mixed land use, compact, walkability, and development focused around public transit area. This research aims at utilizing GIS to organize, sort, and analyze spatial data including aspects of land use, transportation, and environment. Jabodetabek is a strategic metropolitan area in Indonesia, and consists of DKI Jakarta and the neighboring Bodetabek cities, with more than 27 million population in 2010. Approximately 1,105,000 people are entering Jakarta every workday from the negihboring Bodetabek region. The surge in the number of passenger cars and motorcycles is astonishing. In contrast, the usage of public transport has declined deeply. Public transport infrastructure development without the integration of TOD may not attain the objective of reducing car dependency. This paper discusses the study which was carried out to identify the applicability of TOD principles in Jabodetabek using GIS as a tool to analysis and create model.

Projection of the demand for energy sources by car fleet in Poland by the year 2030

The paper presents an expert assessment of the number of passenger cars and light trucks (with a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 Mg), trucks (with a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 Mg) and buses for 2010 and forecast up to the 2030 taking into account types of energy sources (petrol, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas and electricity). The average annual mileage and average operational consumption of energy sources have been estimated. On this basis, the projected energy sources consumption for the years 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030 has been defined.

THE SIZE OF PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT AND THE NUMBER OF PASSENGER CARS IN POLAND AND SLOVAKIA

The increase in wealth of the society leads to an increase in the number of possessions. Nowadays, one of the basic goods is our own vehicle. Starting from the second half of the twentieth century a passenger car has become the own means of transport in Europe. The development of the automotive industry is critical for the changes taking place in the way of satisfying transport needs. The increase in the number of cars in society usually leads to a lower demand for public transport services. The paper is a comparison of the size of the public transport of passengers and the number of passenger cars in two bordering countries, i.e. in Poland and Slovakia. The available data collected by the statistical offices of both countries were used in the analyses. The data covered the years 2007–11 and related provinces and regions in Poland and Slovakia. In order to compare with each other the studied variables, these data were referred to the size of the population in the regions. To study the relationship between variables the correlation analysis as well as linear regression were used. The conducted analysis shows that the growth of the automotive industry has contributed to the decline in the number of public passenger transport in both countries. For each country this relationship was described by the linear regression equation. In addition, for both countries there were determined linear trend equations of the studied variables and demonstrated the existence of analogous trends in the regions. Also there were shown some differences between regions and countries, which are expressed mainly in the values of variables, and the pace of change.

Evaluation of Urban Bi-Fuel Vehicle Exhaust Emission During On-Road Test Facilities

Vehicle emissions constitute the main source of atmospheric pollution in modern cities. The increasing number of passenger cars, especially during the last decade, resulted in composite traffic problems with serious consequences on emissions and fuel consumption. However, the present work aims to clear the effect of different operating parameters of the vehicle on their emission characteristics. The on-road emission test procedure was carried out on a newly registered gasoline/CNG bi-fuel vehicle in Egypt market (Hyundai-star) and is now assessed from the European standard driving cycle (ECE-15). The European driving cycle shows the characteristics of vehicles operating conditions for various speeds and acceleration ranges, but does not represent realistic speed-time history of a vehicle in actual traffic. As the driving conditions are different, the assessment results using this driving cycle may not produce realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption of the cars under emission tests, which were carried out for urban cycle. Two different fuel injection systems (i.e., multi-point injection (MPI)-sequential and closed-loop venturi-continuous) are used. The vehicle is equipped with infrared gas analyzer and magnetic pickup transducer to measure the concentration of exhaust constituents and engine rotational speed, respectively. The measurements were conducted at different vehicle speed. The results indicate that most of the carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned total hydrocarbons (THC) emission appears at higher load as well as near the idling speed.

Environmentally Conscious Younger Consumers: A Study of Changing Shift in Green Attitude and Behaviour of Indian Car Consumers

World today is facing a number of environmental challenges, rapidly increasing vehicular pollution is one of those. In last few years, total number of passenger cars has touched the sky which is the major source of vehicular pollution in metro cities worldwide. A ray of hope is the movement of environmental concerns from being a fringe issue to becoming a major social and political issue. There is a big role to be played by two segments i.e. the car consumers and the passenger car manufacturers. A growing awareness about the environmental challenges has lead Governments and societies, in many parts of the world, to coerce business organizations into being environmentally more responsive. Extant research suggests that an increasing number of businesses are responding to these challenges by investing in environmentally responsive processes and products. While the role of factors such as regulatory and societal pressure in driving organizations to be environmentally responsive is now well understood, the role of consumers however, is equally noticeable. It is important to understand consumer attitude because consumer attitude can potentially act as the critical missing link that can take organization from their current (largely) reactive stances (in response to regulatory compliance or societal pressures), to the next stage of proactive responsiveness. Regulatory pressures largely act as the push factors, but if environmentally responsive consumerism is a fact, it would be a crucial pull factor for organizations. The present empirical study recorded and measured consumer attitude towards green cars and green driving practices and also examined the consistency between green consumer attitude and green consumer behaviour. This study defines three aspects of consumer’s attitude, those are, Effective, Cognitive and Behavioural response of target consumers. After conducting a pilot study, a research instrument of eleven items was prepared to measure the strength of green attitude and behaviour relationship. The study concludes that young consumers of passenger cars carry a strong positive attitude for green practices and green cars for all three components those are perceptual, emotional and behavioural. Thus the study confirms a consistency in green consumer attitude and consumer behaviour of younger consumers while elder consumers were found to be aware of environmental problems caused by passenger cars thus scoring reasonably good on perceptual scale but less promising scores on emotional and behavioural scales.

Grey relation analysis of motor vehicular energy consumption in Taiwan

Grey relation analysis (GRA) was utilized in this study to capture the dynamic characteristics of different factors in the transportation system during their development process and to evaluate the relative influence of the fuel price, the gross domestic product, the number of motor vehicles and the vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT) per energy increase. Furthermore, results from this method were then compared with the OECD decoupling index. This comparison revealed that the steady growth of economic development was strongly correlated with vehicular fuel consumption. The relation grade of 0.967 implies that the increase in the number of passenger cars was another important factor for energy increase. As for the motorcycles, the relative influence of VKT was insignificant, and the positive relationship to G FK indicated that the performance of vehicular energy efficiency has improved in recent years. In comparison to the other factors, the contribution of fuel price was obscure. Additionally, the analysis of decoupling effects also yielded similar results to those of GRA. The coupling index between economic growth and fuel price was observed for passenger cars and motorcycles, while the VKT was relatively decoupled.

Suicide by carbon monoxide from car exhaust-gas in Denmark 1995–1999

In the period 1995–1999 there were 388 car exhaust-gas suicides in Denmark. Of these 343 (88.4%) were men and 45 (11.6%) were women, the average age being 47 years. The car exhaust-gas suicides made up 9.3% of all suicides in Denmark in the period. The corresponding rate was 11.7% for men and 3.7% for women. In rural areas a larger part of all suicides were committed with car exhaust-gas compared to the more densely populated areas. Mental disease was diagnosed in 124 (32.0%) cases. A suicide note was found in 165 (42.5%) cases. A hose was fitted to the exhaust pipe in 334 (86.1%) cases. Of these the 234 (60.3%) occurred outside, typically in a forest area, while 76 (19.6%) occurred in a closed garage. All the 54 (13.9%) cases with no hose fitted to the exhaust pipe occurred in a garage. Seven (1.8%) victims were found in a burning or burnt-out car, where the following investigation revealed that it was actually a car exhaust-gas suicide. Carboxyhemoglobin was measured in 26 (6.7%) victims. In two of these victims no carboxyhemoglobin was found, as they had survived for some time after the poisoning. The average saturation of the remaining victims was 67%, the lowest saturation being 20% and the highest being 84%. In the period 1969–1987 the number of car exhaust-gas suicides in Denmark increased from 50 to ∼190 per year and the rate of car exhaust-gas suicides compared to all suicides increased from ∼5% to ∼13%. In 1987–1999 these figures decreased from ∼190 to 63 per year and from 13% to ∼8%. During these 30 years the number of passenger cars in Denmark doubled, which explains the increase in car exhaust-gas suicides during 1969–1987. A possible explanation for the decrease in 1987–1999 is the introduction of the catalytic converter, which was made mandatory in 1990. We anticipate that car exhaust-gas suicides will continue to decrease in numbers, as more cars are equipped with catalytic converters.

Integrated Quality Management System in Public Urban Traffic

Public urban traffic (PUT) requirements are based on thespecific characteristics that dictate the requirements themselves.The problems faced by all the big cities regarding public urbantransport are very similar, and they range from unacceptabilityof the very organisational structure of the system facing the populationgrowth, limitations and congestions of the traffic routesloaded by an increasing number of automobiles, to the chroniclack of economic funds for the investments that would createthe necessary conditions for positive shifts. In PUT there aremany random parameters whose statistical laws are not easy todetermine and it is often the topic of research of various profilesof scientists. There is always the satisfaction, that is, the lack ofsatisfaction by the final user of the public urban transport andall the other involved groups. The result is that the potential usersof public urban transport give up and try to find other solutionsfor their transport needs, turning in principle to individualtraffic. Consequently, the number of passenger cars on the trafficroutes increases along with all the resulting negative effects.The complex systems of public urban transport facing the increasingrequirements to improve efficiency have to be subjectedto certain changes in order to achieve physical sustainability oftraffic at all, and to satisfy the environmental requirements thatoccur as counterbalance to the pollution of the urban area.With the aim of achieving optimal conditions for the qualityof service, and by introducing acceptable traffic solutionscombined with the integrated quality management systembased on the standards ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 high-qualityshifts are made possible. The integration of these standards resultsin the rational combining of the quality management systeminto a single efficient system, reflected in achieving high-quality traffic and transport service, improved informationflow, unique documentation, positive orientation to the environmentwith concwTent reduction in the costs of resources,energy and number of automobiles on the traffic routes.

An Outline of the 1994-1998 European Inspection and Maintenance Study: Part I—Design, Tests, and Results of Experimental Methods

ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview and the main results of a study aiming to evaluate current and alternative inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs to control emissions from in-use cars in Europe. For this purpose, a large number of passenger cars from five countries (France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) were tested according to a common test protocol that included a variety of driving cycles and short tests, both legislative and specifically developed for this exercise. Evaluation of all test results was conducted with the objective of defining effective I/M test procedures and examining the potential of periodic I/M programs to reduce pollutant emissions and improve fuel economy of in-use cars. The results indicate that the current idle test used for catalyst-equipped cars in Europe is probably ineffective, while short transient loaded testing was found to offer higher potential in environmental terms. Regarding conventional gasoline cars, it is concluded that the idle test is sufficient, provided that the CO cut point is reduced and an HC test is added at high idle. Finally, the effectiveness of the free acceleration smoke test for diesels is questioned, while a transient cycle with continuous opacity measurement was found to be very promising. A companion paper further uses these results to analyze the likely cost-effectiveness on a per-country basis and discusses the possible effect of maintenance on emissions.

Assessing Heavy Vehicle Impacts on Operation of Rural At-Grade Intersections in Brazil

A simulation model was used to assess the impacts of trucks on the capacity of rural, at-grade, stop-controlled intersections in Brazil. The major differences between Brazilian and North American vehicles and intersections are discussed and a system for vehicle classification that reflects the characteristics of Brazilian vehicles is proposed. The proposed simulation model assumes that there is an endless queue of vehicles that approaches the intersection from the minor road. Gaps in the major road traffic flow are generated using a displaced exponential distribution. Crossing times and gap acceptance are modeled by logit models fitted for each vehicle category. Heavy vehicle equivalence factors are calculated as the average number of passenger cars that are able to cross the major road during the time required by each truck type to execute the same maneuver. The capacity estimates obtained with the model are similar to values calculated with Siegloch's model, which is the basis for the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) procedure. The equivalence factors estimated for trucks are considerably higher than those suggested in the HCM for most truck categories.