Number Of Passenger Cars Research Articles

Analysis of the Relationship between Fuel Prices and Vehicle Numbers in Urban Road Networks

The article presents an analysis of the relationship between the price of fuel and diesel oil and traffic intensity in the city. First, an analysis of fuel prices was prepared over fourteen months and the number of passenger cars and trucks per day was examined at the same time. From the results obtained, the highest, lowest, and average values were obtained. On this basis, it was noticed that when the price of fuel was the highest, there were fewer passenger cars, but when the price dropped, the number of vehicles increased. Another conclusion from the analysis is that when the price of fuel dropped even more than the average, there were no more cars. Based on the analysis, it was noticed that the number of vehicles may vary by up to 8000 passenger vehicles per day within one intersection. Then, a microsimulation model was performed in the PTV Vissim program to check the amount of pollution generated by vehicles in three variants: the highest, lowest, and average traffic intensities. The results show that the average daily CO pollution at the moment of the lowest traffic intensity is 15,000 g lower than the average, so the high price of fuel causes much less pollution for the consumer.

Classification of road sections according to the degree of danger to the formation of a wear track

Introduction. The intensification of the motorization of the Russian population has led to a significant increase in the number of passenger cars, which in many regions are supplied with studded tires for the winter period. This circumstance led to the large-scale appearance of a certain type of ruts caused by the wear of asphalt concrete pavement from the action of studded tires and abrasive materials used to combat winter slipperiness. The track formed on the surface of road surfaces has a complex character and includes three types of tracks: structural, shear track and wear track. The contribution of each type of track to the total depth of the complex track is different and depends on the characteristics of transport loads, the properties of the coating material, and weather and climatic factors.Materials and methods. The wear track is formed in winter from the impact of studded tires, and its depth is affected by many factors: the mode and intensity of movement of cars with studded tires, the type of spikes, their number on the tire, the size of the protrusion of the working insert of the spike, the properties of asphalt concrete pavement, weather and climatic factors, as well as winter road maintenance measures. On curves of a small radius, braking or acceleration sections, as well as sections with a normal mode of movement of cars, the horizontal loads from the studded tire are different. This is due to the occurrence of various types of friction, as well as the dependence of the coefficient of adhesion of the coated tire on the speed of movement, which is variable in the braking and acceleration sections. As a result, in certain areas, the contribution of wear to the depth of the complex track is greater than in areas with a different driving mode. In the article, a study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of road sections with different traffic modes to the formation of wear ruts. A method has been developed for calculating various components of the complex trackage caused by compaction and wear of the asphalt concrete coating, as well as deformations of the underlying layers of the pavement and the roadbed.Result. Based on the data of experiments carried out on the roads of Omsk, a classification of sections according to the degree of danger to the formation of a wear track is proposed, dividing sections of urban roads into heavily worn, worn and weakly worn. Based on the analysis of data from road diagnostics performed over the past five years, the approximate service life of the coatings until the formation of a 30 mm deep track has been determined.Discussion and conclusion. The authors’ ideas about the influence of friction and the speed of movement on the process of track formation caused by wear are presented. The correspondence of the experimental data obtained by the authors of the article with the data of colleagues who performed similar studies in Russia and abroad is shown. Clarifications introduced by the authors into the generally accepted ideas about asphalt wear are explained.

Bioelements in soil and plants roadside area of Orenburg streets

Today road transport has acquired a leading role in forming of environmental components` quality. The number of cars in the last years 3-5 years in many cities has doubled and somewhere even tripled. Orenburg region isn’t exception. If we consider the dynamics of the formation of the car park in Orenburg for the past few years, then it doubled, and there is a priority growth in the number of passenger cars. So, the trends in the quantity and quality of vehicles in Orenburg make it possible to predict an increase in the further adverse impact on the quality of the environment associated with the operation of vehicles. Cadmium enters the natural environment as a result of tire wear and abrasion of asphalt concrete. Nickel and chromium are wear products of body coatings, iron is a product of engine cylinder abrasion. Lead and cadmium are traditionally considered the most dangerous pollutants of the natural environment among heavy metals. It has been established that 75% of the lead contained in the fuel of an internal combustion engine is released into the air as part of aerosols in combination with chlorine and bromine ions and is scattered. The purpose of the study is to assess the ecological situation of the roadside territories of Orenburg streets. The most polluted objects in terms of the biogeochemical indicator are the crossroads of streets in the historical part of Orenburg, the roadside area of Sovetskaya Street is less polluted.

Causes and consequences of truck production predominance in the Soviet automotive industry in the first half of the XX century

A significant predominance of the number of produced trucks over the number of passenger cars was a feature of domestic automotive industry development until the 70-ies of the XX century. This fact did not correspond to the global vector of automotive industry development. The paper analyses the causes and consequences of this phenomenon by involving mainly a corpus of statistical sources of Russian and foreign origin. The socialist foundation of the political structure of the state and the focus on the development of heavy industry in the economy are identified as the fundamental factors that determined the specifics of Russian automotive industry strategy. By comparing the volumes of freight turnover of railway, river and road transport, the length of communication routes of various types both within the USSR and with the corresponding indicators of foreign countries, the author picks out the features of the Russian transport system that determined the containment of the USSR automotive industry development as a whole and the passenger car industry in particular. The paper denotes poverty and low level of education going with it to be among the social phenomena that prevented the mass distribution of passenger cars in the USSR and did not allow to form consumers of passenger car industry products in the country. Based on domestic and foreign data sources, the article concludes about the stability, regularity and validity of the predominance of produced trucks over passenger cars in the economic development of the country in comparison with the pan-European ones. It is noted that among others the result of this sectoral strategy is the contribution of truck production to the industrial breakthrough of the USSR in the 30-ies and the victory over Nazi Germany and Japan in 19411945 as well as a complex of diverse phenomena that exhibited in various sectors of social and economic life of the Soviet Union. The author claims that the change in the ratio of manufactured trucks and passenger cars in favour of the latter occurred in the 70-ies of the XX century as a result of the victory in the inter-party struggle of the concept of peaceful coexistence. The use of new data allowed the author to identify the influence of politics in the Soviet socialist state on the development strategy of the automotive industry as one of the key sectors of the economy

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Roadside Soils on the Białystok-Budzisko Route in Northeastern Poland

Civilization development has contributed to environmental pollution. In recent years, the number of vehicles has increased significantly; according to the Central Statistical Office, the number of passenger cars in Poland in 2000 was nearly 10 million, while in 2020 it was slightly more than 25 million. The study aimed to determine the content and spatial distribution of trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu) in the roadside topsoil along the trunk road Białystok–Budzisko on different types of land use (urban, rural, agricultural and forestal areas). Forty-five soil samples were collected from a 160 km road section, at intervals of approximately 4 km. Metal contents were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals in roadside soils occurred in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. The average contents of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb were higher than the geochemical background values of the Polish soils. Moreover, the values of the Igeo showed for Cd moderate to strong, while for Zn, Cu and Pb, moderate soil contamination. The study indicates that significant metal-binding factors in the studied roadside soils are Fe and Mn oxides. The crucial source of metals is road transport, depending on its intensity, which means amount, type, and speed of vehicles. Moreover, based on the analysis of the course of the factor values and their dynamics, it was observed that the areas where typical activities connected with the population take place (urban and agricultural areas) are additional sources of heavy metals. The results of this paper are relevant to the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in roadside soils. The study can contribute to reducing the concentration of toxic elements in ecosystems due to vehicle emissions with appropriate land-use policies.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF TRANSPORT AS A COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC STABILITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KUTAISI)

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF TRANSPORT AS A COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC STABILITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KUTAISI)

Circular economy as assistance for sustainable development in OECD countries

Research background: Circular economy is of great importance, as it plays a vital role in ensuring the reuse of waste created and, therefore, reduces the waste of limited resources, which is the primary goal of the general economic concept. In line with the circular economy, sustainable development gains great attention, as the United Nations announced the sustainable development goals that should be reached by 2030. Hence, the current paper aims at examining whether the circular economy could be treated as an effective assistance tool for sustainable development of OECD countries.
 Purpose of the article: The paper aims to investigate whether the circular economy could serve as an assistance tool for sustainable development and, therefore, seeks to determine if the circular economy could directly impact a country?s sustainable development.
 Methods: First, the countries chosen were prioritised using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) methodologies. AHP method was used for weight assignment to the circular economy indicators that were further used for OECD countries? prioritisation procedure for which multi-criteria decision-making method EDAS was employed. Second, to reveal a link between the circular economy ranking results and sustainable development, a comparative analysis was done. Third, the impact of the country?s circular economy on sustainable development was evaluated using the fixed-effect regression model on four years of panel data from 2016 to 2019 for the sample of 32 OECD countries.
 Findings & value-added: The comparative analysis of the circular economy?s prioritisation results and Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) ranking showed 20 out of 32 matches, assuming a link between the circular economy and sustainable development could be made. The fixed-effect regression equation results demonstrate that the unemployment rate, poverty rate, air pollution exposure, and CO2 emission per capita negatively influence sustainable development. In contrast, indicators such as gross domestic expenditure on R&D, renewable energy, number of passenger cars in use, and households with Internet access positively impact SDGI. The hypothesis that the circular economy is seen as an assistance for sustainable development and directly affects a country?s sustainability was approved. The paper contributes to the scientific literature in the field of circular economy and sustainable development interaction and could be seen as an assumption for new research directions, focusing on the linkage between circular economy and sustainable development. Moreover, the obtained results could contribute to a country?s policy-makers by highlighting the essential indicators of a circular economy that should be considered while forming the strategy of a country?s sustainable development.

Disposal methods for used passenger car tires: One of the fastest growing solid wastes in China

With the rapid growth in the number of passenger cars (PCs) in China over the past decades, more than ten million tons of used tires have already become solid wastes and subsequently caused serious environmental issues. Due to the presence of synthetic rubber in PC tires, waste PC tires cannot be disposed through rubber reclaiming technology. Thus, waste PC tires have become one of fastest growing solid wastes in China. First, the current disposal capacity of the pyrolysis method, regarded as a promising technology for the disposal of waste PC tires, is surveyed and compared with other disposal methods mentioned in previous papers. Second, this work establishes a model to predict the total number of waste PC tires in the next five years depending on the rate of PC growth and current waste tire disposal capacity. Moreover, pyrolysis is evaluated on 15 collected waste PC tires selected from the most representative tire brands in the Chinese market. The corresponding results imply that ∼68.5% of S was into oil and ∼44.3% N and large amount of heavy metals resided in solid carbon which severely limit further applications. Finally, a new pyrolysis technology is introduced that may represent a solution to the limits in the application of tire disposal methods and relief for the coming waste tire crisis.

Spatial differentiation of road safety in Europe based on NUTS-2 regions

Road safety varies significantly across the regions in Europe. To understand the factors behind this differentiation and the effects they have, data covering 263 NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) regions across Europe (European Union and Norway) have been analysed. The assessment was made using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). As a dependent variable the Road Fatality Rate (RFR – number of fatalities in a given year per one million population of the region) was used. The GWR was developed from 2014 data and took account of variables that characterise economic, infrastructural and social development. The model was validated using 2016–2018 data. The following factors were found to be statistically significant: gross domestic product per person (GDPPC), number of passenger cars per inhabitant (MRPC), share of passenger vehicles (PPC), life expectancy at birth (LIFE), as well as variables related to the border of the regions, innerborder (IB) and outerborder (OB).Results suggest that the GWR has an advantage over the global linear model which does not address regional proximity. The model allows for identification of the differences in the level of road safety in regions, estimated on the basis of the RFR and the available data in Eurostat databases. This in turn allows for indicating regions in which activities to improve road safety should have the highest priority. The model shows a large spatial diversity of factors affecting the RFR, which indicates the need to take different actions to improve road safety depending on the region. The results suggest that the GWR model can be useful for predicting and more efficient management of road safety at the regional level in Europe.

Stiffness of passenger cars: a class analysis

The increase in traffic flows on the roads causes an increase in road accidents. The study of the road safety deals on how to reduce the related phenomenon to non-pathological levels; to be able to operate correctly, much different information are needed. For some different levels of investigation of the phenomenon, only the incidental statistics may be necessary. To plan the interventions it needs information on the single incidents that occur in some areas. Each incident has some evolution characteristics that are repeated in a non-random manner, and these recurrences must be highlighted and studied to obtain effective countermeasures. The study methodologies of the road accidents maybe not only on their typology and imply the possibility of reconstruction, even if approximate, of the incident and its temporal phases of development. In some cases, it may also be necessary to evaluate the impact speed between vehicles. Some incident reconstruction techniques allow obtaining reliable speed values before the impact starting from the evidence left on the roadway. If these are not present, it is possible to use methodologies that provide speed values starting from the deformations of the vehicles as a relationship to the structural stiffness coefficients. Some databases are available: these concerning the coefficients obtained for a number of passenger cars and others concerning sister cars: these are used with a reasonable degree of approximation in forensic engineering works. A road safety engineer may not need values with a high degree of approximation but may wish to proceed more quickly with some stiffness coefficients that are not exactly those of a single model of car but only for those of car that has similar characteristics, not equal, with the full advantage of the speed of accident reconstruction. In research work, different stiffness coefficients for passenger cars were analysed and grouped for displacement classes, length and pitch.

The relationship between the concepts of sharing economy and smart cities: the case of shared mobility and smart transport

The sharing economy and smart city concepts have been growing in importance in the research activities worldwide. The main purpose of the article is to explore the interactions and complementarity of these models. This conceptual paper discusses how the sharing economy concept can support progress in achieving the smart city idea. Special attention is paid to the role of shared mobility (i.e., ridesourcing, ridesharing, carsharing and bike-sharing) in developing smart mobility. Shared mobility has the potential to improve the use of assets and contributes to a reduction in the number of passenger cars in congested cities. The methodology of the research includes a literature review and a deductive research method. The research has shown that both these concepts are important for the future of cities to make them more sustainable and provide a high quality of life for residents and visitors. The results of this study can be useful for policy makers, especially at local and regional levels.

Automated vehicles risk assessment and evaluation

Statistics show that the number of passenger cars is increasing significantly, which will have a negative impact on social, economic and environmental sustainability, and it will cause severe problems for the next generations. Automated Vehicles (AVs) represent an innovation in automotive technology. They have become a global concern because of their importance in smart traffic systems as well as their significant impact on safety, supposing that traffic will be more efficient and longer travel distance will not be a problem. They will become more acceptable since they will encourage living in suburbs and leaving noisy and polluted cities behind. Drivers will be more relaxed and in comfort while enjoying travel time and some extra privileges that they may have, for example, the chance for spending time more productively and efficiently at non-driving times inside the vehicle. Automated Vehicles are also beneficial for the environment. In fact, it is expected that in the next few years these cars in general will provide a solution for many problems. Researchers and planners of transportation systems are facing many challenges in the field of autonomous vehicles, as the level of safety and mobility involves such elements and circumstances which may cause that the operated travel will be less efficient than expected. The aim of the article is to discuss the challenges, threats, vulnerability, impacts and likelihood of failure faced in the development of AVs by studying information security risk management standard process, and explaining how to apply the process of International Organization for Standardization. The concept of applying ISO to AVs will be discussed here through certain processes.

Mobility-as-a Service jako postęp w integracji transportu

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is an innovative concept that makes a significant contribution to transport integration. This concept has developed following the emergence of new types of transport services and technological advances, in particular ICT and mobile technology. MaaS has the potential to improve the use of assets and contributes to a reduction in the number of passenger cars in congested cities. The aim of the article is to synthesise the current state of knowledge on the Mobility-as-a-Service concept, to assess the degree of the implementation of MaaS systems in Europe, to discuss the results of research on the benefits of using these solutions, as well as to show the role of MaaS in transport integration. The research methodology includes a literature review and a deductive research method. The research has shown that any consensus has been reached on the scope of the MaaS system, although the suggestion is that they should include solutions that have at least an integrated module for booking services and payments, in addition to the possibility of planning a journey by different transport means. Currently there are neither sufficient data on the costs and benefits of MaaS systems, nor comprehensive analyses how they affect travel patterns and user behaviour. However, the first fragmented studies of MaaS pilot implementations confirm the existence of benefits for different stakeholder groups. The analysis of levels and the scope of the integration in MaaS systems confirmed that they contribute to the deepening of the integration of transport services. The results of the research presented in this article can be a reason for in-depth research into the essence and effects of Mobility-as-a-Service applications.

Motorization rate in Serbia, Republic of Srpska, Federation of BiH, Montenegro and North Macedonia

Motorization rate is defined in two ways. The first definition says that the degree of motorization is the number of inhabitants per passenger car while the second definition represents motorization rate as the number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants. As absolute saturation limit, 500 passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants are taken. This paper analyzes motorization rate for local government units in the territory of Serbia, Republic of Srpska, Federation of BiH and Montenegro. The number of inhabitants and the number of registered passenger cars were collected. In addition, the analysis was done for countries and entities. Also, the data has been collected for Northern Macedonia as a state. A comparison of the results obtained with other European and individual world countries for 2017 was made.

Analysis of the noise emissions of a common-rail pump before and after an endurance test

One of the problems of the modern era that we are facing nowadays, besides the pollution caused by fuel burning, is the level of noise pollution in constant growth in agglomerated cities. The main source of noise is the transport sector where the number of passenger cars had dramatically increased in recent years. Most of the vehicles around the world are powered by internal combustion engines equipped with a fuel injection system and a small percentage with an electric one. Researchers have shown that noise pollution affects human health from a psychological and physical point of view. Due to the manufacturing process of high-pressure pumps, some pumps mounted on the engine and running under certain conditions can produce a higher audible noise than the engine. The paper presents an experimental investigation on a high-pressure pump that provides a comparison between the noise level at the beginning of its lifetime and that resulting after an endurance test performed on a special test bench. It has been found that the greatest contributor to noise emissions is the high-pressure pump outlet valve when it opens. To improve the sound quality of the high-pressure pump, it is essential to further develop the outlet valve design and better control over the manufacturing process.

Experts forecasts on the demand for energy carriers in motor vehicle transport in Poland up to year 2035

Presentation of the number of passenger cars, vehicles other than passenger cars with GVM up to 3.5 tons and above 3.5 tons (trucks, buses and special vehicles), registered in Poland as at the end of 2015, with types of energy carriers. Forecasts of transport performance of the vehicle fleet and the forecast of the fleet volume in Poland by year 2035. Expert forecasts of energy carriers con-sumption (petrol, diesel oil, LPG, CNG, electric power, hydrogen) up to year 2035.

Analysis of road traffic intensity on selected streets of Szczecin in 2017–2018

The article presents an analysis of traffic intensity on selected streets of Szczecin carried out in October 2018 and compared the results of research from September 2017. The research were carried out on three selected streets on working days in the afternoon transport peak. The number of passenger cars was determined in order to use the railway infrastructure network as part of the public transport system.

IMPLEMENTATION OF A PARK & RIDE SYSTEM IN SARAJEVO / IMPLEMENTACIJA MODELA PARK & RIDE SISTEMA U SARAJEVU

Sarajevo is the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and represents the largest urban, cultural, economic and transport center, with seven major roads connected to other parts of the country. A large number of cities in the world have a problem with parking requirements, and Sarajevo is not an exception. Because of that, there is a need for reducing traffic flows in the nearest city center by using “smart solutions” that advocate vignettes or other billing for entry into the city center, such as the Park & Ride Concept, with with the aim of reducing pollution and environmental pollution. The Park & Ride system is a highly functional way of reducing the number of vehicles coming to a larger city, and it works by getting public transport terminals closer to each other, rebuilding or building a new parking lot where drivers park their passenger cars and continue the route with public transport to the very center of the city. Since Park & Ride facilities are expensive and spend fairly precious city land, so their planning and construction needs to be accessed extremely thoroughly and rationally. It is extremely important to have a set of criteria according to which investment decisions will be made, which does not mean that their number in advance guarantees a successful planning process. Traffic system analysis in Sarajevo is based on the analysis of the load and number of passenger cars, an analysis of the number of public parking lots in the city center and the possibility of implementing the Park & Ride system. According to data from automatic traffic counters, there are 29,822 AADT vehicles wich enter the city center and 32,877 AADT vehicles of wich leaving the city. There are frequent queues that last for 2-3 semaphore cycles on the stock, which represents the need of building innovative solutions that make up a part of every concept of “Smart Cities”. In this paper, AHP method has been applied which provides a good basis for multi-criteria evaluation and ranking of future Park & Ride facilities. The AHP method is also suitable for use in cases where pure economic criteria may not be sufficient to make final decisions. This paper is based on the critical analysis of previous experience and the research carried out by the author, and it defines the main criteria that need to be applied in the planning of Park & Ride facilities development. Eight locationst are detected at the very entrance to the nearest city center of Sarajevo, which are directly linked to the public transport infrastructure, which would be ideal for implementing the Park & Ride concept.

Mobility-as-a-Service jako rozwiązanie usprawniające mobilność w inteligentnych miastach – analiza porównawcza wybranych miast

The smart city concept has been growing in importance in the research activities worldwide as a direction in the development of modern cities. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) solutions are quite a new transport concept introduced in a small number of cities usually in the pilot phase. The main purpose of the article is to explore the interactions and complementarity of these concepts. This paper analyses how MaaS can support progress in achieving smart mobility, and thus the idea of a smart city. It has the potential to improve the use of assets and contributes to a reduction in the number of passenger cars in congested cities. The research methodology includes a literature review and a deductive research method. The research has shown that cities having high indexes of ‘smartness’ are more likely to implement technologically advanced ICT solutions in transport systems and both these concepts (smart city and Mobility-as-a-Service) are important for the future of cities making them more sustainable and providing a higher quality of life for residents and visitors. The results of this study can be useful for policy makers, especially at local and regional levels

Spatial and temporal variability of BTEX in Paris megacity: Two-wheelers as a major driver

Abstract Besides their impacts on health, BTEX play an important role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols and ozone for which limit values are regularly exceeded in Paris megacity and Ile de France region. An enrichment by a factor of 3 in the C7 C9 aromatic fraction in the Paris atmosphere compared to other northern mid-latitude cities was shown in 2013. Here, we combined different approaches to investigate the role of transport-related sources in such enrichment (gasoline composition and vehicle fleet composition): a statistical analysis of a large BTEX dataset including multi-year and multi-site measurements (traffic, background, tunnel) and a coupled experimental and modelling analysis of liquid and headspace composition of representative fuels distributed in Ile de France region (SP95, SP95 E10, and SP98). For the latter the experimental set-up was designed to analyze the composition of 87 VOCs from C2 to C17 in both liquid and headspace phases. The model is able to predict the headspace composition at ± 15% and with an R2 > 0.9. First a strong positive spatial gradient in BTEX composition at traffic stations is observed, with higher TEX-to-benzene ratio in Paris center compared to the suburbs and outskirts up to a factor of 2. This gradient reflects differences in fleet composition especially gasoline powered vehicles in Paris with a larger proportion of two-wheelers (15% in 2012). This gradient is also consistent with the inter-annual increase of TEX-to-benzene ratios along with the doubling of two-wheelers use and the decrease in the number of passenger cars. The gasoline evaporation model cannot solely explain the observed spatial variability. Finally, we investigated the potential contribution of two-wheelers to the aromatic enrichment in IdF region by introducing an additional unburned gasoline term to the model. The results support the suggestion that two-wheelers are a potential contributor to this enrichment. Considering the high use of two-wheelers in other European cities such as London or Barcelona if Europe is to decrease transport-related air pollution and inner city traffic, policy makers should consider finding alternatives to the conventionally-powered two-wheelers and supporting electric two-wheelers for example.