Parity Number Research Articles

Profil Faktor Risiko Dan Sosiodemografis Kanker Serviks-: Sebuah Kajian Sistematis

Cervical cancer is caused by HPV infection type 16 and 18. The risk factors and sociodemographic of HPV transmission is age, parity, number of sexual partners, oral contraceptives, sexual intercourse at young age and education level. The aims is to describe and analyze risk factors and sociodemographic of cervical cancer. This research is a systematic review. There are nine studies that included. The results are the mean age around 31.5-42.8 years old, the number of sexual partners between 0 - ≥ 2, with or without of oral contraceptives, have sexual intercourse at 16-24 years old, have children with 0-8 number of parity, and have an education level between lower - higher education level. This profile of risk factors and sociodemographic can be different between each country depends on culture, government systems and economic status from each country. The conclusion is women aged ≥ 30 years old (mean age around 31,5-42,8 years old) who used or doesn’t used oral contraceptive and have sexual intercourse at young age around 16-20 years old with the number of sexual partner is ≥ 1, also have high number of parity or have ≥ 2 kids and have low education level.
 

Estimation of the Genetic Components of (Co)variance and Preliminary Genome-Wide Association Study for Reproductive Efficiency in Retinta Beef Cattle.

In this study, we analyzed the variation of reproductive efficiency, estimated as the deviation between the optimal and real parity number of females at each stage of the cow's life, in 12,554 cows belonging to the Retinta Spanish cattle breed, using classical repeatability and random regression models. The results of the analyses using repeatability model and the random regression model suggest that reproductive efficiency is not homogeneous throughout the cow's life. The h2 estimate for this model was 0.30, while for the random regression model it increased across the parities, from 0.24 at the first calving to 0.51 at calving number 9. Additionally, we performed a preliminary genome-wide association study for this trait in a population of 252 Retinta cows genotyped using the Axiom Bovine Genotyping v3 Array. The results showed 5 SNPs significantly associated with reproductive efficiency, located in two genomic regions (BTA4 and BTA28). The functional analysis revealed the presence of 5 candidate genes located within these regions, which were previously involved in different aspects related to fertility in cattle and mice models. This new information could give us a better understanding of the genetic architecture of reproductive traits in this species, as well as allow us to accurately select more fertile cows.

Frequency of Postpartum Depression and Investigation of Related Factors

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the rates of postpartum depression by using Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale among mothers who visited our clinics 6-8 weeks after giving birth, and the effects of some sociodemographic and obstetrical factors on postpartum depression. 
 
 Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 318 women who gave birth 6-8 weeks ago and visited obstetrical and gynecology or pediatrics clinics for routine control. Some sociodemographic and obstetrical data which were thought to be a potential risk factor for postpartum depression were recorded and Edinburgh postpartum Depression Scale was conducted for each patient. 
 
 Results: 104 patients (32.7%) were diagnosed with postpartum depression. Postpartum depression rates were significantly higher in patients with low education levels and occupations of both mothers and their partners, depression history, dissatisfaction from marriage, smoking, increased number of parity and abortion, unplanned pregnancy, nausea and emesis during pregnancy, birth before 36 week pregnancy, increase in length of hospitalization, baby care in incubator, insufficient support and lack of breastfeeding. 
 
 Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between some sociodemographic and obstetrical conditions and postpartum depression. Identification of the risk groups and early precautions can reduce the high prevalence of the disease during the pandemic.

Comparison of Serum Albu-min Levels in The Breast Milk of Breastfeeding Infants Aged 1-3 Months and 4-6 Months

Background: Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in the blood, contributing to maintaining colloid osmotic pressure and binding substances that are poorly soluble in plasma so that they can be distributed throughout the body. Serum albumin levels in breast milk can vary, influenced by various factors such as the lactation phase (age of the baby), number of parities, age and body mass index (BMI) of the mother. This study aims to determine the comparison of serum albumin levels in breast milk of mothers who breastfeed infants aged 1-3 months and 4-6 months and to find the relationship with the number of parities, age and BMI of the mother. Method: Cross-sectional design experimental study, breast milk samples as stored biological fluids were obtained from 58 mothers at the Petamburan and Cilincing Health Centers. Serum albumin levels were measured with the Bromocresol Green (BCG) kit. Results: The results showed that breast milk in the earlier lactation period, namely at 1-3 months, had significantly higher serum albumin levels compared to the serum albumin levels in the 4-6 months age group (p=0.002). Serum albumin levels in breast milk for infants aged 1-3 months did not correlate with mother's parity (p=0.428) and mother's age (p=0.881), but had a significant positive correlation with mother's BMI (p=000). Serum albumin levels in breast milk in the 4-6 months age group did not correlate with mother's parity (p=0.823) and mother's age (p=0.581) but had a strong positive correlation with maternal BMI (p=0.000). Conclusion: Breast milk serum albumin levels are affected by the lactation phase (age of the baby), namely at the age of 1-3 months the baby increases significantly compared to the age of 4-6 months. The level of serum albumin in breast milk is related to the mother's BMI, which increases with increasing mother's BMI.

Modelling Lactation Curves for Dairy Sheep in a New Zealand Flock.

Lactation curves were modelled for dairy sheep in a New Zealand flock, providing information on the lactation yields of milk, fat, protein, and lactose, corrected for 130 days of milking. From 169 ewes, a total of 622 test-day records were obtained during the milk production season of 2021-2022 (from October to January). The flock produced an average of 86.1 kg of milk, 5.1 kg of fat, 4.5 kg of protein, and 4.1 kg of lactose, and moderate to large coefficients of variation were observed (27-31%) for these traits. The lactation persistency of milk, fat, protein, and lactose yields ranged from 52.3 to 72.7%. Analyses of variance for total yield and persistency were performed with an animal model that included the fixed effects of age (parity number), litter size, coat colour, and milking frequency (days in twice-a-day milking) and random residuals. Age and milking frequency were the only factors that significantly affected the yields of milk, fat, protein, and lactose. Age significantly affected the lactation persistency of milk and lactose yields, whereas litter size affected the persistency of protein, and milking frequency affected the persistency of fat. This study on this single flock provides valuable experience for a larger-scale animal breeding programme in New Zealand.

PREVALENCE, BACTERIOLOGY AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PROFILE OF SUB- CLINICAL MASTITIS IN GOATS IN DISTRICT JHELUM.


 
 
 In this study the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was determined in milk samples collected from goats of different breeds from district Jhelum. Surf field mastitis test and White side test were used for screening. Out of 500 animals tested, 14.2% animals were found positive for sub-clinical mastitis. Out of the positive samples, 12.2% were having infection in single, while, 2.0% were having infection in both halves of the udder. Beetle breed was infected at the highest rate i.e. 22.54% following desi breed i.e. 10.40% and teddy breed i.e. 8.80%, respectively. Prevalence of mastitis increased with increase in number of parity i.e. 8.5% up to 2nd parity and 19.76% up to 3rd parity. Bacteriological profile showed that Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen i.e. 51.43% isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that most of the isolated bacteria i.e. 93.20% were sensitive to Gentamicin.
 
 

Seroprevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Dromedary Camels

(1) Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most prevalent parasites to affect humans and animals; (2) Methods: From January to December 2020, using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, a cross-sectional study was conducted to establish the seroprevalence of T. gondii in 390 dromedary camels raised in three governorates in Egypt and to identify the potential risk factors associated with infection; (3) Results: Overall, T. gondii seroprevalence in camels was 46.9%. Moreover, locality, sex, age, contact with small ruminants, history of abortion, and number of parities were found as risk factors for T. gondii infection in univariable analysis. The seropositivity to T. gondii increased significantly in camels living in Marsa Matrouh (OR = 2.02), among camels of more than 8 years old (OR = 5.28). Additionally, the likelihood of acquiring T. gondii infection was increased in camels that had contact with small ruminants (OR = 3.85) and a history of abortion (OR = 3.84) with these having parity more than four times (OR = 17.72); (4) Conclusions: The evaluation of seroprevalence and related risk factors for T. gondii infection is crucial for implementing an effective control programme to minimise and control T. gondii infection in camels and, as a result, transmission to humans.

The leptin receptor gene affects piglet behavior and growth.

Piglets with low birth weight present low vitality after farrowing, often leading to impaired weight gain during lactation. A recessive missense variant (C > T) for increased appetite and fatness in the porcine leptin receptor gene (rs709596309) causes a negative maternal effect on the weight of piglets at weaning. However, it is not known whether this variant already exerts an effect on the birth weight and vitality of newborn piglets and on their growing capacity during lactation. An experiment was conducted using 668 purebred Duroc piglets (131 CC, 311 CT, and 226 TT) from 74 multiparous sows (9 CC, 43 CT, and 22 TT) and 14 boars (1 CC, 10 CT, and 3 TT). All piglets were individually weighed at birth and tested for vitality, which was assessed on a scale from 1 (low vitality) to 3 (high vitality) based on behavioral observations, including the status of the piglet immediately before the test. Only non-adopted piglets were considered for piglet performance at weaning. Inferences on the effect of the genotype on birth and weaning traits were done on a Bayesian setting based on 2-trait bivariate models including the effects of the piglet and the litter, as well as the genotype of the sow and the piglet, the sex of the piglet, and the parity number. Vitality and the status of the piglet before the test were analyzed using a liability threshold (probit) model. As compared to other genotypes, TT newborn piglets were 28 g heavier, were more vital (the probability of being scored as highly vital was 6.5% higher) and were more often found suckling before the test (the probability of being suckling at test was 6.5% higher). As a result, they grew more during lactation (153 g) and were heavier at weaning (169 g) than littermates of the two other genotypes, thus partly compensating for the limited maternal capacity of TT sows. Our findings provide evidence that appetite-influencing genes, such as the leptin receptor gene, have developmental implications from very early life stages.

Efficiency evaluation of two estrus synchronization protocols in estrus response and conception rate of dairy cows in the Dalocha district, Ethiopia

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of single and double-shot estrus synchronization protocols on conception and estrus response rates in dairy cows. Among 195 sampled female animals, only 174 cows and heifers met a standard of the protocols. Animals were prepared for hormone injections based on their breed, parity number, and body condition score (BCS). Among 174 sampled animals, 120 were indigenous and the rest 54 were crossbreds, and 143 cows and 31 heifers were selected for single alfagladin C (Cloprostenol) injections. Whereas, 16 of them were given double alfagladin C (Cloprostenol) injections when they did not showed estrus prior to single injection. All data was collected and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. Through observation, inspection and rectal palpation, 90.8% of 174 synchronized animals showed estrus response with a single dose, whereas 16 of them (100%) showed estrus response with double injections. Overall, 48.3% of cows and heifers became pregnant. The conception rate of cows/heifers varied significantly through each protocol, with 50% of animals conceived by double injection treatment and 48.1% of cows conceived through single shot treatment. Additionally, there was a substantial difference in estrus response across breeds, BCS, and parity number. Furthermore, the rates of conception in local and crossbred cows were 40.8 and 64.8%, respectively. In terms of body condition, a high conception rate (58.6%) was observed in the good body condition score. The conception rate and estrus response were significantly different in parity number. In general, the double protocol outperform than the single protocol in terms of estrus and conception rate. Accordingly, stakeholders or artificial insemination technicians might apply double protocols after a single injection to obtain remarkable results. Nevertheless, strict follow-up is required, and more resources at the farmer's management level are required.

Characteristics of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease at Indonesian National Referral Hospitals: A Literature Review

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a pregnancy disorder due to an abnormality of the placenta, such as enlargement of the chorionic villi. The spectrum of GTD may range from benign to malignant. Characteristics of the gestational trophoblastic disease have been discussed in the literature. This study discussed the characteristics that resulted from previous studies and the relationship of those characteristics and gestational trophoblastic disease. The results of this study revealed that there were five national referral hospitals in Indonesia which discussed the clinical characteristics in their report on gestational trophoblastic disease, namely age, marital age, gestational age, number of parity, patients educational level, patients and husband job, haemoglobin levels, region of origin, ethnicity, referral cases, complaints, pregnancy intervals, β-hCG levels, pregnancy history, length of stay, treatment duration, histopathology finding, staging/scoring, metastases, treatment, complications, and contraceptives. Out of the 25 characteristics that has been analyzed, 16 were studied to determine their relationships to gestational trophoblastic disease, while the other 9 were only analyzed descriptively.

Economic losses associated with mastitis due to bovine leukemia virus infection.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which causes enzootic bovine leukosis and immunosuppression, is widely prevalent on Japanese dairy farms. However, in the absence of a national eradication scheme with compensation programs, it is important to estimate BLV-associated economic losses to raise farmers' awareness. Mastitis (includes both clinical and subclinical) is a common disease in the dairy industry and the most common reason for culling. We hypothesized that immunosuppression due to BLV predisposes subclinical mastitis. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to trace Holstein cows at 9 commercial dairy farms in the Nemuro and Kushiro regions of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, where monitoring of BLV proviral load is routine. Information regarding Dairy Herd Improvement data, parity number, and delivery day was collected at each farm. Cows with no confirmed infection with BLV during lactation were defined as non-infected. Low-proviral-load and high-proviral-load (H-PVL) cows were defined as those in which proviral load was below and over 2,465 copies/50 ng of DNA, respectively, or 56,765 copies/105 cells, respectively, throughout the lactation period. Survival analysis was performed using the frailty model to estimate the hazard ratio of subclinical mastitis for BLV infection status using data from 1,034 dairy cows after adjusting for parity number and delivery season as confounding factors. Kaplan-Meier survivor curves demonstrated that half of the H-PVL cows developed subclinical mastitis within 52 d after calving. The hazard ratio of subclinical mastitis for H-PVL cows was 2.61 times higher than that of non-infected cows. In 2017, there were 264,443 clinical mastitis cases in Hokkaido. Using field and published data, annual economic losses were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The economic loss due to mastitis associated with BLV infection per H-PVL cow was $418.59 (¥43,952), with the annual economic loss in Hokkaido Prefecture due to mastitis caused by BLV infection estimated at $6,097,225 (¥640,208,633). In summary, H-PVL cows were more susceptible to subclinical mastitis than non-infected and low-proviral-load cows, and mastitis due to BLV infection was projected to cause significant economic losses.

Determinants of pelvic organ prolapse among gynecologic patients, Northeastern Ethiopia, 2020: A case-control study.

The majority of women in developing countries, including Ethiopia, do not seek medical help; as a result, they face substantial impacts on their health. There is a lack of attention to screening women at high risk for pelvic organ prolapse. Identifying the determinants of pelvic organ prolapse is essential for the early screening and prevention of adverse health outcomes in women. To identify the determinants of pelvic organ prolapse among gynecologic patients at Akesta Hospital, 2020. An unmatched case-control study was conducted among 70 cases and 140 controls. The study participants were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected by reviewing patient charts. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Text, tables, and figures were used for data presentation. P values less than 0.2 in binary logistic regression were entered in multivariable logistic regression. Finally, P values less than 0.05 were considered significant factors for the determinants of pelvic organ prolapse. A total of 189 respondents participated in the study. Of the total respondents, 63 were cases and 126 were controls. Patients whose parity was four or above developed pelvic organ prolapse three times more likely than those whose parity number was less than four (adjusted odds ratio = 3.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.35-6.90; P = 0.007). Patients who are overweight are 8.5 times more likely to develop pelvic organ prolapse than patients with normal weight (adjusted odds ratio = 8.5, 95% confidence interval: 2.75-26.51; P = 0.001). Patients with a history of intestinal obstruction were five times more likely to develop pelvic organ prolapse than their counterparts (adjusted odds ratio = 4.87, 95% confidence interval: 1.61-14.75, P = 0.005). Educational level, being overweight, having four parities and above, minimum duration of labor, history of urinary retention, and intestinal obstruction were determinants of pelvic organ prolapse. Screening should target women with illiteracy, overweight, and whose parity is four and above. Early diagnosis and treatment of urinary retention and intestinal obstruction should be provided to women with pelvic organ prolapse.

Could maternal serum MFG-E8 level predict adverse first trimester pregnancy outcome? A preliminary study.

Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is expressed in the endometrial epithelium and its expression increases during the implantation process. Due to this knowledge, we aimed to investigate the maternal serum MFG-E8 levels on both healthy pregnant women in the first trimester and pregnant women complicated with missed abortion and threatened abortion in the first trimester. This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital, department of obstetrics between July 2020 and February 2021 after ethical committee approval. The study population was consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women (HP) in the first trimester, 30 pregnant women suffering from threatened abortion (TA) in the first trimester and 30 pregnant women suffering from missed abortion (MA) in the first trimester. Maternal serum MFG-E8 levels were analyzed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Delivery and neonatal outcomes of the study population was evaluated. The continuous variables were compared among three groups with variance analysis with post hoc tests. The categorical variables were compared with chi-square and Fisher's exact tests where applicable. The mean age of the study population was 29.36 ± 5.31 years. There was no significant difference among three groups for parameters of age, body mass index, parity number, and gestational week. Despite being within normal ranges, the mean neutrophil and international normalized ratio values of the three groups showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The mean maternal serum MFG-E8 levels of MA, TA, and HP groups were 270 ± 152.3, 414.7 ± 236.7, and 474 ± 222.5 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.001). It was found that mean of MFG-E8 of the MA group was statistically significantly lower than those of the other two groups (p < 0.05). Although maternal serum MFG-E8 level seems to be a parameter that differ between live and nonlive pregnancies, studies with large number of cases are needed to discuss our results and to determine a cut-off value for prediction.

Association of BMI with Breast Cancer: An Experience at a Tertiary Healthcare in a Developing Country

Objective: Breast carcinoma is the most common invasive cancer in females, and second leading cause of global cancer mortality.1 The incidence of this disease remains high in our population. It is therefore essential to identify and control common risk factors. This case-control study was conducted to determine the relationship between BMI and breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A prospective case control study was performed between the time duration of September 2021 till February 2022. A total no of 158 patients, out of which 79 of them were part of the control group, while the remaining 79 had breast cancer were included in this study. Patient’s BMI and other risk factors were contrasted with these groups using stata 14.2. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that of the preoperative factors; age greater than 40 years(95%CI, 1.01 4.87), and postmenopausal status (95%CI, 1.10 9.70) were all independently associated with higher incidence of breast cancer in our women. BMI association with breast cancer was also considered significant with 95% confidence interval around 1 (95%CI, 0.20 1.14). Family history and breast cancer had no independent associated with each other. When only the tumor stage were compared, higher stage of disease was associated with delayed presentation. Conclusions: higher BMI, low parity and higher number of miscarriages cumulatively predispose the postmenopausal women of this region to higher risk of breast cancer.

A retrospective study of pregnancy outcomes when intravenous immunoglobulin is used for the treatment of recurrent spontaneous miscarriages with subchorionic hematoma

Objective: To investigate the incidence of subchorionic hematoma (SCH), pregnancy outcomes and health status of offspring in patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSA) treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Methods: The records of 775 patients with RSA were retrospectively reviewed. RSA with SCH were all treated with IVIg. Pregnancy outcomes examined were the rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term birth, and live birth. The pregnancy complications and comorbidities examined included oligohydramnios, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, premature membrane rupture, placental adhesions, placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, placental abruption, and low birth weight. The health status of offspring of RSA patients with SCH was followed up by telephone, record physical and neurodevelopmental performance, and diseases under 5 years old, then compare with common children. Based on the ratio of SCH volume to that of the gestational sac, SCH was divided into small (ratio &lt; 20%), moderate (ratio = 20%–50%), and large (ratio &gt; 50%). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Comparison of continuous variables was analyzed using t-test. Categorical variables were compared by using χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic regression was used for adjusting certain confounders. Results: Of the 775 patients with RSA, 110 RSA had a SCH (incidence = 14.2%). SCH was firstly found at 8.29 (5.00–11.58) weeks pregnant. There was no statistical difference in age, number of pregnancies, parity and miscarriages between patients with and without an SCH. The incidence of SCH in in-vitro fertilization embryo transfer (IVF-ET) patients was higher than in natural pregnancy patients (27.9% vs. 13.1%, P &lt; 0.05). RSA with SCH patients with pregnancy outcome data called Group A (n = 94), RSA without SCH patients with pregnancy outcome data called Group B (n = 556), the rates of miscarriage (17.0% vs.12.4%), stillbirth (0 vs. 0.4%), pre-term delivery (9.6% vs. 10.8%), live birth (84.7% vs. 80.9%), and pregnancy complications were not different between Group A and B. The rate of vaginal bleeding in the Group A was higher than in the Group B (P &lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in the birth weight, the rate of low birth weight infants, neonatal asphyxia, or neonatal pneumonia between the groups. 43 puerpera in the experimental group were willing to receive telephone follow-up, who gave birth from December 2015 to November 2016. A total of 43 live births were delivered. By March 2022, the children were 5 years and 4 months old to 6 years and 3 months old. There is no difference in the physical development compared with common children. A child was diagnosed with neuropsychological delay. The incidence rate of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) was 27.9 per 1000 person-years for children under 5 years. In patients with a SCH and vaginal bleeding, the rate of preterm birth was 16.7%. The rate of preterm birth was highest (36.4%) in RSA patients with a large SCH, and only 5.7% in patients with a small SCH (P &lt; 0.05). Patients treated with IVIg had mild adverse reactions such as hypothermia, dizziness, and rash with rates of 1.8%, 1.8%, and 0.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of SCH was 14.2% in RSA. Pregnancy outcomes were similar between the RSA patients with a SCH treated with IVIg treatment and RSA patients without a SCH. There is no difference in the physical development between offspring of RSA with SCH and common children, and effect of SCH on neurodevelopment of offspring needs to be further verified by expanding the sample size. RSA patient with a SCH are prone to have vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. For RSA patients with a SCH and vaginal bleeding, or SCH volume ratio &gt; 50%, even after IVIg, still leads to a significantly higher preterm birth rate.

Production performance of Holstein crossbred cows under the existing farming system in a certain area of Bangladesh

This study aimed to assess the effect of existing feeding system on milk yield and nutritional status and profitability of 75.0% and 87.5% Holstein crossbreed cows under existing farming system in an area of Bangladesh. In a milk pocket area (Keraniganj, Dhaka), three dairy farms termed F1, F2 and F3 were randomly selected having 34, 55 and 19 lactating cows, which 75% and 87.5% Holstein blood were 48 and 60, respectively. Using pretest questionnaire information like body weight, daily milk production, parity number, days in milking, blood percentage and feeding system of each animal were noted throughout a year. All data of three farms were subjected to analyze in one-way ANOVA in terms of 75% and 87.5% Holstein cows, separately. The body weight (kg) of 75% Holstein were F1 (296), F2 (497) and F3 (496) cows (p&lt;0.05), while daily milk yield (kg) did not differ markedly among F1 (9.1), F2 (10.5) and F3 (13.9) (p&gt;0.05), respectively. 75% Holstein of F1 offered almost, metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein (DCP), while cows of F2 and F3 fed daily insufficient DCP (-0.14kg) and over DCP (+0.47kg), respectively thus resulting in 37.2% less milk yield in F3 compared to F2 (p&lt;0.05). Besides, 87.5% cows of F1, F2 and F3 had 365, 528 and 566kg body weight (p&lt;0.05) and daily produced 10.5, 10.8 and 19.4kg milk (p&gt;0.05), respectively. However, 87.5% cows of F1 daily offered almost balance ME and DCP, while the cows of F2 fed lower DCP (-0.2kg). Then, cows of F3 daily fed excessive DCP (+0.14kg) thus resulting in produced 8.6kg higher milk than cows of F2. Net return except depreciation cost from 75% cows of F1, F2 and F3 were 118, 170 and 145BDT, while 87.5% cows of F1, F2 and F3 were 189, 196, and 413BDT (p&gt;0.05), respectively. It may be concluded that under existing feeding system and farming practices, cows from the F1, F2, and F3 of 75% and 87.5% Holstein blood daily produced 9.8, 10.7 and 16.7kg of milk per day with 330, 512, and 531kg body weight on average, generating 154, 183, and 279BDT in profit, respectively. Feeding lower nutrient to dairy cows resulted better milk yield and return at the sacrifice of cow fitness, while excessive feeding lead to higher milk yield but lower return, whereas optimum nutrition resulted in better milk yield and return.

Herd and animal factors affect the variability of total and differential somatic cell count in bovine milk.

The aim of this study was to quantify some environmental (individual herds, herd productivity, milking system, and season) and animal factors [individual animals, breed, days in milk (DIM) and parity] on the variability of the log-10 transformation of somatic cell count (LSCC) and differential somatic cell count (DSCC) on individual bovine milk. A total of 159,360 test-day records related to milk production and composition were extracted from 12,849 Holstein-Friesian and 9,275 Simmental cows distributed across 223 herds. Herds were classified into high and low productivity, defined according to the average daily milk net energy output (DMEO) yielded by the cows. Data included daily milk yield (DYM; kg/d), milk fat, protein, lactose, SCC, and DSCC, and information on herds (i.e., productivity, milking system). The daily production of total and differential somatic cells in milk was calculated and then log-10 transformed, obtaining DLSCC and DLDSCC, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the effects of individual herd, animal, repeated measurements intra animal as random, and herd productivity, milking system, season, breed, DIM, parity, DIM × parity, breed × season, DIM × milking system and parity × milking system as fixed factors. Herds with a high DMEO were characterized by a lower content of LSCC and DSCC, and higher DLSCC and DLDSCC, compared to the low DMEO herds. The association between milking system and somatic cell traits suggested that the use of the automatic milking systems would not allow for a rapid intervention on the cow, as evidenced by the higher content of all somatic cell traits compared to the other milking systems. Season was an important source of variation, as evidenced by high LSCC and DSCC content in milk during summer. Breed of cow had a large influence, with Holstein-Friesian having greater LSCC, DSCC, DLSCC, and DLDSCC compared to Simmental. With regard to DIM, the variability of LSCC was mostly related to that of DSCC, showing an increase from calving to the end of lactation, and suggesting the higher occurrence of chronic mastitis in cows toward the end of lactation. All the somatic cell traits increased across number of parities, possibly because older cows may have increased susceptibility to intramammary infections.

Bacterial Etiologies of Subclinical Mastitis in Cows Jos Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and its contagious and environmental bacterial causes in dairy cows in Jos Metro polis of Plateau State. A total of 208 milk samples were collected aseptically from 52 lactating cows and subjected to the California Mastitis Tests (CMT). Milk samples were transferred into peptone water broth for enrichment, followed with bacteriological assays and biochemical identification of bacteria. Using R Commander version 3.6.2, data such as: breed, age, parity, lactation, and management system of cows were collected, and analysed to determine their relationship with bovine subclinical mastitis. Out of 208 quarter milk samples collected from 52 cows, 35.09 % showed subclinical mastitis. While the Cross-breed cows had 15 % subclinical mastitis recorded, the White Fulani had 78.13 %. Cows of the age 3 to 5 years had the highest prevalence of mastitis, while cows with 4 to 6 calves showed the highest prevalence in the parity category. The early lactation stage of these cows showed the highest prevalence. The environmental bacteria isolated where E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, K. aerogenes, and Proteus sp. with E. coli having the highest frequency of 40.86 %, followed by K. Pneumoniae with 17.79 %. The contagious bacteria isolated were S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and Corynebacterium sp. with S. aureus occurring most with 69.71 %. This study concluded that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis is high in cows in the study area. It was also discovered that the breed of cow, age of cow, parity number, stage of lactation and husbandry systems have an impact on subclinical mastitis. S. aureus with the highest frequency, indicated that contagious microbes have more effect on subclinical mastitis than environmental microbes.

Estimating the association between parity and mid‐ to later‐life cognitive function in rural South Africa: Evidence from “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI)

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of cognitive decline is projected to rise over the next decades, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries, contributing to economic hardship, morbidity, and mortality. Reproductive life‐history, including parity, may be associated with later‐life cognitive ability. Using data from the population‐representative “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI) cohort, we estimated the association between parity and mid‐ to later‐life global cognitive function.MethodData were from in‐person interviews with 2242 men and 2604 women aged ≥40 in the rural Agincourt sub‐district, Mpumalanga province, South Africa in 2014/15. Cognitive function was assessed as time orientation and immediate and delayed recall of a 10‐word list. Number of living children was self‐reported. We used multivariable linear regression with parity (number of children: 0, 1‐2, 3‐4, 5‐9, 10+) as the categorical predictor and z‐standardized cognitive function as the outcome. Analyses were stratified by sex/gender, controlling for age, education, and literacy.ResultAmong men, there was a U‐shaped relationship between parity and cognitive function (p&lt;0.001), whereby men with 3‐4 children had the highest mean z‐standardized cognitive scores (mean: 0.244, SD: 0.984, Table 1, Figure 1). Women also had a U‐shaped relationship between parity and cognitive function (p = 0.0254), whereby women with 5‐9 children had the highest mean z‐standardized cognitive scores (mean: ‐0.017, SD: 0.935, Table 2, Figure 1). Among men, adjusted regression models showed that parity was associated with higher cognitive function, across all categories compared to no children (Estimates [95% CI]: 1‐2: 0.32 [0.17‐0.48], 3‐4: 0.50 [0.35‐0.65], 5‐9: 0.50 [0.36‐0.74], 10+: 0.55 [0.36‐0.74]; Table 3). Among women, only the 5‐9 children group (Estimate [95% CI]: 0.16 [0.00‐0.31]) had cognitive scores that were significantly different from having no children (Table 3).ConclusionData from this representative sample in rural South Africa indicate that the relationship between parity and later life cognition varies by sex/gender, with having children being associated with greater cognitive performance in men, compared to women. This sex/gender difference may be due to sex and gender differences in biological and social roles involved in childbearing and rearing.

Comparison of Clinico-Pathological Features Between Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients With and Without Endometriosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: Women with endometriosis have a high risk of developing ovarian carcinoma that may occur due to endometriosis lesions. There is few research have so far focused on the clinical factors in patients with endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Accordingly, this study aimed at comparing the demographic and obstetric characteristics between ovarian cancer with and without endometriosis Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 20 EAOC patients and 140 non-EAOC individuals who had gone under surgery from 2011-17 at Al-Zahra hospital. Clinico-pathological characteristics of the two groups including first group only had malignant epithelial ovarian tumor (non-EAOC) and second group had both malignant epithelial ovarian tumor and endometriosis (EAOC). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: EAOC cases were significantly younger (P=0.002) and had lower number of pregnancy (P=0.002), parity (P=0.004), and term pregnancy (P=0.005) than non-EAOC patients. A large proportion of EAOC cases had clear cell and endometrioid histopathology in comparison to non-EAOC individuals (P&lt;0.001) and most of the tumors in these cases were unilateral (P=0.01). Conclusions: We found that age, parity, gravidity, and term pregnancy as well as laterality and histopathologic type of epithelial ovarian cancers vary in EAOC and non-EAOC individuals. Further research is required to identify these differences.