Number Of Globules Research Articles

Shape and Size Distribution of Sulfide Globules in the Raglan Magmatic Sulfide Deposit: Implications for Deposition and Exploration of Massive Sulfide Orebodies

Abstract Globular sulfide is the best-preserved textural representation of immiscible sulfide liquids in silicate magmas, containing valuable information about the mechanisms of their transport and deposition and the formation of magmatic sulfide deposits. Previous studies have indicated that sulfide globule textures may convey useful information about their proximity to massive sulfide accumulations. This study quantitatively evaluates the genetic and spatial relationships between globular sulfides and massive orebodies in Zones 8 and 14 of the Raglan Horizon of northern Quebec by investigating their geochemical characteristics and systematically measuring globule size distributions (GSDs) across this portion of the Raglan deposit group. Their compositions suggest that sulfide globules, disseminated sulfides, net-textured sulfides, and massive sulfides in Zones 8 and 14 are genetically related and geochemically indistinguishable. The sulfide GSDs show that most samples taken from locations distal to massive lenses exhibit a simple log-linear relationship resembling the result of a single homogeneous nucleation event with linear growth and relatively constant nucleation density, or disaggregation of sulfide droplets by ligament stretching. In contrast, most samples of the proximal population show kinked GSD shapes. The kinked profiles can be attributed to processes possibly including mechanical sorting, Ostwald ripening, coalescence of sulfide globules, or the mixing of two globule populations with different size distributions. Whereas mechanical sorting, Ostwald ripening, and coalescence between sulfide globules are considered as, at most, minor contributors to the GSD shapes observed in this region, the kinked GSDs are best explained as representations of a mixed population of large, transported globules deposited in an early stage and finer-grained sulfide droplets deposited in a latter stage. Based on these interpretations, an ore-forming mechanism is proposed which starts with (1) deposition of large sulfide globules in a footwall embayment during turbulent magma flow in which the finer globules remain in suspension, followed by (2) the deposition and entrapment of fine-grained sulfide microdroplets due to a transition from turbulent to a transitional or laminar flow regime, and eventually (3) the rapid downward percolation of sulfide microdroplets through the pore network of the cumulate pile to form massive sulfide pools on the hard substrate of the footwall embayment. Furthermore, we find a close spatial relationship between samples with kinked GSDs and high globule number densities and massive sulfide ores. We demonstrate the robustness of using globule number density as a pointer to massive sulfide accumulations by successfully predicting the actual locations of orebodies 8M, 14K, and 14J in a 3-D space. Overall, we suggest that the texture of large globules immersed in finely dispersed clouds of abundant disseminated small sulfide globules is a strong indicator for proximity to massive sulfide accumulations, and the recognition of this texture may provide a critical tool for future exploration for massive magmatic sulfide ore lenses. We present schematic illustrations of favorable and unfavorable GSDs to aid in the qualitative application of these concepts during logging of exploration drill core.

Application of emulsion liquid membrane for removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution: Extraction and stability studies

Malachite green (MG) dye has various applications as a dyeing material, medical disinfectant and biocide but is also recognized as a teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and respiratory toxic material which creates dire effects on human beings, aquatic flora and fauna. Hence, the main objective lies in the removal of MG dye from an aqueous stream. In the current investigation, emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique was used and the effect of different factors like concentration of carrier, surfactant, stripping phase and its type and volume ratio of membrane to stripping solution on the removal of MG dye were studied. MG extraction efficiency of 94.99% was achieved using emulsion consisting of 2% w/v Span 80, 2% w/v D2EHPA, 0.1 N HCl and membrane phase to stripping phase volume ratio 1. Microscopic studies of the emulsion revealed the formation of well-defined and large number of globules with very less coalescence which resulted in high removal of MG dye. The physical stability of the emulsion was analysed and the phase separation was comparatively less at various time intervals suggesting that the conditions used for preparing the emulsions are suitable. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy established the bonding and presence of various functional groups. The current study intends to fulfill the gap by exploring the removal of MG dye by ELM technique.

THE PECULIARITIES OF MILK QUALITATIVE CONTENT OF UKRAINIAN WHITEHEADED COWS

THE PECULIARITIES OF MILK QUALITATIVE CONTENT OF UKRAINIAN WHITEHEADED COWS

Theophylline-Based KMUP-1 Improves Steatohepatitis via MMP-9/IL-10 and Lipolysis via HSL/p-HSL in Obese Mice.

KMUP-1 (7-[2-[4-(2-chlorobenzene)piperazinyl]ethyl]-1,3-dimethylxanthine) has been reported to cause hepatic fat loss. However, the action mechanisms of KMUP-1 in obesity-induced steatohepatitis remains unclear. This study elucidated the steatohepatitis via matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and related lipolysis via hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by KMUP-1. KMUP-1 on steatohepatitis-associated HSL/p-HSL/ATGL/MMP-9/TNFα/interleukin-10 (IL-10) and infiltration of M1/M2 macrophages in obese mice were examined. KMUP-1 was administered by oral gavage from weeks 1–14 in high-fat diet (HFD)-supplemented C57BL/6J male mice (protection group) and from weeks 8–14, for 6 weeks, in HFD-induced obese mice (treatment group). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of tissues, oil globules number and size, infiltration and switching of M1/M2 macrophages were measured to determine the effects on livers. IL-10 and MMP-9 proteins were explored to determine the effects of KMUP-1 on M1/M2 macrophage polarization in HFD-induced steatohepatitis. Long-term administration of KMUP-1 reversed HFD-fed mice increased in body weight, sGOT/sGPT, triglyceride (TG) and glucose. Additionally, KMUP-1 decreased MMP-9 and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased HSL/p-HSL and IL-10 in HFD mice livers. In conclusion, KMUP-1, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI), was shown to reduce lipid accumulation in liver tissues, suggesting that it could be able to prevent or treat steatohepatitis induced by HFD.

The Macrostructure of Milk Lipids: The Fat Globules

The aim of this review article is to summarize the information available related to milk fat globules (MFGs) in order to highlight their contribution to the nutritional and technological characteristics of milk and dairy products. The macrostructure of milk lipids is composed of globules made up of triglycerides with different melting points, enveloped by a biological membrane from the mammary epithelial cell. In milks of different animal species, there are different-sized MFGs, ranging from diameters of less than 0.2 μm to a maximum of 15 μm. The average diameter and the number of globules are affected by endogenous, physiological, and exogenous factors. The size of the globules in turn affects the qualitative characteristics of milk and cheese. In addition, the average diameter of the globules and their surface that is exposed to the digestive system affect fat digestibility in different ways. Finally, the components of the MFG membranes have been shown to take part in the secretion process of globules and to have a beneficial effect on human health. In conclusion, by acting on factors influencing the dimensions of the fat globules and by increasing the content of the milk membrane could help adapt milk production to specific consumer targets and improve milk nutritional properties.

Protein Globule Formation in the Liver Graft during Cold Preservation for Liver Transplantation: Its Clinical and Pathological Significance

In liver transplantation, liver graft ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs mainly due to cold preservation and warm reperfusion. In this research, we study the affection of plasma protein of the donor on liver graft during cold preservation and warm reperfusion. In this study, 34 liver transplantations were performed from 2007 to 2010, and the clinical data were collected retrospectively from the Dongfang Hospital database. 34 specimens were harvested from 34 liver grafts when graft trimming as Group A and 34 specimens harvested from the same 34 liver grafts during liver transplantation surgery but before abdominal closure as B group. All liver tissue specimens were fixed with 40 g/L neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin. Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain and immunohistochemical stain of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3d, C4d, Fib, C1q, and CD61 were used. In this study, we found that eosinophilic bodies emerged in liver lobes during liver transplantation which had not been reported previously in the literature. 1) Protein globules were found exclusively in liver graft specimens. The globules were round or oval with sharp edges, measured approximately 1.59 to 9.41 μm in diameter, and were scattered in the liver sinusoids or space of Disse or hepatocyte cytoplasm, were stained with IgG, IgM, IgA, Fib, C3d by immunohistochemical staining; 2) There was no statistical significant difference of protein globules number between A group and B group (P > 0.05); 3) IRI score of B group was not correlated with protein globules number (P > 0.05). Protein globules contain plasma composition, and may form during cold preservation.

Emulsion stabilizing property of Grewia gum in Arachis oil emulsionARACHIS OIL EMULSION

The emulsifying property of grewia gum in arachis oil emulsion was evaluated. The gum was extracted by maceration, filtration, precipitation and drying techniques. The gum was used at 0.1 to 0.4% w/v to stabilize arachis oil emulsion containing 7.5% w/v acacia. The globule size, globule number and viscosity of the emulsion were the parameters used to evaluate the stability of the emulsion. There was a significant difference (P Keywords : grewia gum, acacia emulsion, evaluation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences , Vol. 7 No. 2 (2010)

The Garfagnina goat: A zootechnical overview of a local dairy population

Domestic livestock with a limited distribution are increasingly recognized in the action plans of the European Union as a reason for protecting rural land. The preservation and enhancement of the native germplasm and traits selected through the ages in different areas of farming is the first step in increasing typical products at a time when high quality products are increasingly in demand. This is the first time that a zootechnical overview has been performed on the Italian native goat population named “Garfagnina,” which is registered on the Tuscan regional repertory of genetic resources at risk of extinction. The aim of the study was to give added value to this population by focusing on particular traits that could be used for promoting typical products. Data on the size of the local goats, zoometric measures, breeding system, milk quality, and genetic polymorphisms were collected to get insight into the current state of the population of this type of goat. The native goat population is reared in Tuscany in central Italy, mostly for its milk. The local goat farms considered in our study are located in the hills and mountains of the northwestern Tuscan Apennine area. For every farm we measured at least 10% of the reproductive females (273), randomly chosen, and all reproductive males (47) for a total of 320 subjects. Regarding the management of the animals and the feeding system, semi-extensive farming is practiced in all the flocks. From a morphological point of view the animals are relatively homogeneous, especially in terms of zoometric data, whereas they show a wider variability regarding coat. Milk gross and fatty acid composition were similar to that reported in the literature for bulk goat milk. Moreover, the average of somatic cell count and standard plate count found in Garfagnina goat milk indicated good hygienic farm management and correct milking practices, although milking is mainly manual. The average number of globules per milliliter found in Garfagnina goat milk was almost double compared with the literature, whereas the average diameter was lower. Milk coagulation properties were scarce, thus indicating poor cheesemaking aptitude of Garfagnina milk. Selecting haplotypes carrying alleles associated with a higher expression of the specific casein could help improve milk cheesemaking aptitude. Moreover, the rather high frequency of the faint CSN1S1*F allele and the occurrence of CSN2*0 might suggest that Garfagnina goat milk could be used, after an appropriate selection, for direct consumption of milk at low casein content for intolerant human subjects.

Establishing a stability window for medium- and long-chain-triglyceride lipid-based total nutrient admixtures using USP standards

The stability window of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long-chain-triglyceride (LCT) lipid-based total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) was studied. Sixteen different admixtures were selected for study. Of these, eight base macronutrient concentrations representing low and high concentrations were selected, along with low and high concentrations of electrolytes. All TNAs studied contained 2 mg of elemental iron as part of the trace-element formulation, an amount previously shown to produce unstable TNAs with pure LCT-based lipid injectable emulsions. All admixtures were prepared in triplicate and analyzed over five time intervals: time 1 (immediately after preparation), time 2 (after four days of storage at 6 +/- 2 degrees C), and times 3, 4, and 5, corresponding to 6, 24, and 30 hours of storage at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, respectively, after time 2. Stability was measured by comparing results with USP standards for fat globule size in lipid injectable emulsions. A total of 48 admixtures were studied. Samples at each time interval showed an inconsistent but general increase in the number of globules with a diameter of >1.8 microm over time. All admixtures met both the proposed pharmacopoeial criteria for stability with respect to mean droplet size and volume-weighted proportion of fat globules with a diameter of >5 microm. A wide range of macronutrients and micronutrients were tested in a series of MCT-LCT-based TNAs and found to be stable. The use of MCTs and LCTs in lipid injectable emulsions confers greater stability to TNAs than has been achieved with pure LCT-based formulations.

Morphological comparison between Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton (Diptera: Calliphoridae) puparia, forensically important blow flies

In Thailand, the hairy maggots of the blow flies, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton, are of forensic importance. Both flies are closely related species, not only in the morphological appearance of their larvae and puparia, but also on the aggressive feeding habit of the former. In our continuing studies of forensically important flies, identification of immature ones needs particular attention. In this study, we reported the morphological comparison between the puparia of these two blow fly species using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Observation revealed that the cuticular sculpture of tubercles along the dorsal and lateral segments had markedly different features: with C. rufifacies having many sharp spines assembling only at the tip, while of C. villeneuvi bore stout spines throughout the tubercle. A larger number of globules at the bubble membrane on the dorsolateral border of the fifth segment was found in C. villeneuvi (average 225) than in C. rufifacies (average 35), and more papillae was observed on the anterior spiracle in C. villeneuvi (13–15) than in C. rufifacies (9–12). However, the morphology of distinct net-like patches of the integument and structure of the posterior spiracle of both species were almost identical. Morphological comparison in this study permitted identification of the puparia of both fly species, particularly in areas where they co-exist.

Myelin thickenings in val 102/fs null mutation of MPZ gene

Myelin thickenings, abnormal myelin foldings and tomacula have been rarely described in CMT1B. In two unrelated patients of different age (patient 1: 29 years old; patient 2: 65 years old) with CMT1B and Val 102/fs null mutation of MPZ gene we performed morphometric analysis, teased fibers and ultrastructural examination of sural nerve. We found: 1) markedly decreased fiber density with prevalent loss of large diameter fibers (patient 1: 4419 fibers/mm2; patient 2: 1326 fibers/mm2); 2) evidence of de‐remyelination; and 3) paranodal and internodal myelin thickenings in virtually all fibers. Patient 1 has myelin thickenings measuring more than 50% of the fiber diameter in 14% of fibers and thickenings greater than 30% in 33% of fibers. Patients 2 presents myelin thickenings measuring more than 50% of fiber diameter in 23% of fibers and thickening greater than 30% in 49% of fibers. When considering the absolute measure of myelin thickenings and their number over 100 internodes, patient 1 presents 150 small myelin thickenings (<8 mm of diameter) whereas patient 2 has 57. The number of globules (8–12 mm of diameter) is 56 in patient 1 and 45 in patient 2. The number of myelin thickenings greater than 12 mm is 33 in patient 1 and 45 in patient 2. Ultrathin sections showed myelin infoldings, outfoldings and uncompacted myelin. CMT1B with a heterozygous null mutation of MPZ gene is characterized by abundant focal myelin thickenings. Similar findings have been described in the P0 deficient heterozygous mice.

Calcium phosphate formation on the phosphorylated dental bonding agent in electrolyte solution.

The aim of the present study was to study the mineral formation on a phosphorylated dental bonding agent using a mineralization inductive solution. Clearfil Photobond, which contained phosphate monomer, was cured by photo-irradiation and heat treated, and was then immersed in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) with pH = 7.4 for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days at 37 degrees C. The white substances were deposited on the phosphorylated polymer, i.e. cured Photobond disk, after the immersion in HBSS. The white substances become visible after 3 days immersion. After 7 days immersion, surface of the phosphorylated polymer disk was almost covered with white substance layers. The measurement of white substances by means of X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared and electron probe microanalysis revealed that their main component was carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showed that a large number of globules of hydroxyapatite were fused together, and that each globule was composed of a group of numerous thin-film form flakes uniting and/or clustering together. The results obtained in this study concluded that the presence of phosphonic acid and phosphate group of phosphorylated dental bonding agent enhanced the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals on its surface.

Microstructural evolution and semisolid forming of SiC particulate reinforced AZ91HP magnesium composites

The aim of this paper is to report the experimental results concerning the microstructural evolution and formability of semisolid forming SiC particulate reinforced AZ91HP Mg composites. The composite materials were produced in the form of cylindrical billets by a rotating cylinder method. The microstructural evolution was characterised by conventional parameters (liquid fraction, average size of globules, and number of globules per unit area) as functions of temperature and isothermal holding time in the semisolid state. In addition, special attention was paid to the shapes of the globules and the liquid droplets entrained within the globules and to the variation of hardness with regard to microstructural evolution. Finally, the formability of the composites was evaluated through thixocasting trials, and then correlated with the effective liquid fraction of the composites.

An automatic and interactive large-deformation measurement system based on image processing

This paper describes an image-processing-based measurement system by which an automatic large deformation characterization and interactive force control can be realized. The system is provided by a servo-controlled CCD camera and a PC-based frame grabber. A tracking procedure based on the location of a target point is employed for guiding the camera movement. It is intended to monitor the local deformation in a relatively small moving area containing small globules. The globule positions are then used to determine the surface deformation characteristics. In this system, the momentary principal strains being computed online are immediately used to control the applied force. As an illustration, the present system is applied for observing a long-term homogeneous large deformation in SI-rubber specimens being subjected to a constant uniaxial true stress. Four solid, minuscule, relatively undeformable polystyrene globules are used as markers. A true stress control algorithm is developed based on the isotropy assumption in which the transverse area normal to the loading direction becomes determinable from the surface deformation data. It can be stated that the maximum speed of the true stress control is mainly related to the speed of image processing and analysis, which in turn is related to the chosen number of globules and the performance of the PC used. By using four globules, the true stress readjustment could be accomplished for roughly every 4 s. For a large-strain deformation of SI-rubber, it appears that the isotropy assumption is acceptable, since the resulting mean difference between out-of-plane contraction and in-plane contraction is restricted to about±8 percent.

The bone-bonding polymer Polyactive 80/20 induces hydroxycarbonate apatite formation in vitro.

The bone-bonding polymer known as Polyactive is a block copolymer composed of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) soft segment and a polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) hard segment. This study focuses on the in vitro induction of hydroxyapatite by Polyactive. Our results show that Polyactive is capable of inducing hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCAp) formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution analogous to a physiological solution. In a 4-day incubation, the HCAp formation extended approximately 100 microm deep from the surface. A great number of globules about 1 microm large were found in the calcified Polyactive. These globules were composed of HCAp crystals embedded in the polymer matrix. There were so many globules in the surface that they connected with each other and formed a calcified layer. Next to the calcified layer was a zone where the globules were scattered. The calcified surface may have acted to promote HCAp growth from the solution, bringing about the formation of a HCAp layer on top of the calcified layer. The transition of solid Polyactive into a Polyactive hydrogel in calcium phosphate solution permitted HCAp formation within the polymer. It is proposed that the COOH groups produced during hydrolysis of Polyactive play an important role in nucleating hydroxyapatite. A remarkable affinity of the PEO segment of the polymer for calcium ions may facilitate moving calcium and phosphate from the solution into the polymer for the growth of HCAp.

Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of M16: Photoevaporation and Emerging Young Stellar Objects

view Abstract Citations (317) References (48) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of M16: Photoevaporation and Emerging Young Stellar Objects Hester, J. J. ; Scowen, P. A. ; Sankrit, R. ; Lauer, T. R. ; Ajhar, E. A. ; Baum, W. A. ; Code, A. ; Currie, D. G. ; Danielson, G. E. ; Ewald, S. P. ; Faber, S. M. ; Grillmair, C. J. ; Groth, E. J. ; Holtzman, J. A. ; Hunter, D. A. ; Kristian, J. ; Light, R. M. ; Lynds, C. R. ; Monet, D. G. ; O'Neil, E. J., Jr. ; Shaya, E. J. ; Seidelmann, P. K. ; Westphal, J. A. Abstract We present Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images of elephant trunks in the H II region M16. There are three principle results of this study. First, the morphology and stratified ionization structure of the interface between the dense molecular material and the interior of the H II region is well understood in terms of photoionization of a photoevaporative flow. Photoionization models of an empirical density profile capture the essential features of the observations, including the extremely localized region of [S II] emission at the interface and the observed offset between emission peaks in lower and higher ionization lines. The details of this structure are found to be a sensitive function both of the density profile of the interface and of the shape of the ionizing continuum. Interpretation of the interaction of the photoevaporative flow with gas in the interior of the nebula supports the view that much of the emission from H II regions may arise in such flows. Photoionization of photoevaporative flows may provide a useful paradigm for interpreting a wide range of observations of H II regions. Second, we report the discovery of a population of small cometary globules that are being uncovered as the main bodies of the elephant trunks are dispersed. Several lines of evidence connect these globules to ongoing star formation, including the association of a number of globules with stellar objects seen in IR images of M16 or in the continuum HST images themselves. We refer to these structures as evaporating gaseous globules, or "EGGs." These appear to be the same type of object as the nebular condensations seen previously in M42. The primary difference between the two cases is that in M16 we are seeing the objects from the side, while in M42 the objects are seen more nearly face-on against the backdrop of the ionized face of the molecular cloud. We find that the "evaporating globule" interpretation naturally accounts for the properties of objects in both nebulae, while avoiding serious difficulties with the competing "evaporating disk" model previously applied to the objects in M42. More generally, we find that disk-like structures are relatively rare in either nebula. Third, the data indicate that photoevaporation may have uncovered many EGGs while the stellar objects in them were still accreting mass, thereby freezing the mass distribution of the protostars at an early stage in their evolution. We conclude that the masses of stars in the cluster environment in M16 are generally determined not by the onset of stellar winds, as in more isolated regions of star formation, but rather by disruption of the star forming environment by the nearby 0 stars. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: June 1996 DOI: 10.1086/117968 Bibcode: 1996AJ....111.2349H Keywords: ISM: INDIVIDUAL: M16; HII REGIONS; STARS: FORMATION full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (10) MAST (1) ESA (1)

A comparison of two quality assessment methods for emulsions

A common method of assessing the quality of emulsions is to evaluate the size distribution of the globules of the internal phase. The primary aim of this work is to compare the sensitivity of this test to an alternative method. The sizes of the globules of two emulsions, an oral emulsion and a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) emulsion, were determined using a light microscope. Globule size analyses were performed upon preparation and during storage of the emulsions. Using a computer program specially developed for this study, the recorded diameters were placed into size groups and the volumes of each of the measured globules was determined. For each size group, the total volume of all the globules within the group and the volume percentage of the oil phase represented by the group were calculated. The volume distribution of the internal phase across the size groups was found to predict emulsion instability better than the globule number distribution and thus is a better determinant of emulsion quality. This technique may have general application in the evaluation of TPN emulsions and other spheres, such as liposomes.

Kinetics of morphological change during annealing of amorphous yttria

We report a time-at-temperature study of air annealing at 700 °C of amorphous yttria films sputter deposited on fused silica. The results show that crystallization was limited (7%). A striking morphological change involved the formation of 2.5 μm-maximum diameter globules. By comparing changes in globule number with maximum diameter, the time-at-temperature ranges for which nucleation+growth and growth+coarsening processes occurred was determined. The globule formation rate initially followed an Arrhenius curve: dNV/dt = (4 × 105/cc s)exp[ − 0.28 × 10−3/s)t]. The activation energy estimated for globule formation was close to that for Y diffusion in yttria.

Emulsified Milkfat Effects on Rheology of Acid‐Induced Milk Gels

ABSTRACTReconstituted skim milk formed by a gel by acidification to < pH 5.2 and heating to 60°C. The gel compressive stress (σc) was influenced by the heating process, increased with milk‐nonfat‐solids (MNFS) and reached a maximum at pH 4.0. The addition of emulsified fat facilitated gelation, increase gel σc and shear modulus, and decreased gel deformability. At an equal fat concentration, emulsions containing small‐sized fat globules (i.e., more globules) reinforced the gels more markedly than emulsions comprised of large globules reflecting the importance of number of globules in the gels. Electron micrographs revealed crosslinkages between fat globules and casein particles in the gel network, which may have caused reinforcement of milk gels by milkfat.

Immiscibility synthesis as an indication of cooling rates of basalts

Silicate liquid immiscibility of iron-rich and silica-rich compositions have been experimentally reproduced at various cooling rates to evaluate the possible effect of cooling rate on the size of the globules. The experiments were performed at constant cooling rates from 1 to 32°C/hr under atmospheric pressure and controlled oxygen fugacity. A tholeiitic basalt which occurs as a 36 cm thick dike in the Izu Peninsula (Japan) was used as starting material. The sample was melted at the liquidus temperature (1190 ± 5°C) and cooled to 1000°C. Two immiscible liquids occur in the charges, as do in the dike. In the experiments, the size of the globules is strongly related to the cooling rate; the diameter of the globules decreases exponentially with increasing cooling rate and the number of globules decreases with decreasing cooling rate. These facts together with the typical coalescence shape suggests a growth of globules by coalescence rather than a decrease of the nucleation rate. Compositional variations of the liquid just prior to splitting within each charge do not affect those of the two immiscible liquids. However, the compositional differences between the two liquids slightly increase with decreasing cooling rate. Using the cooling rate vs size relationships, the size of globules in basalts allows a cooling rate estimate. In the Izu dike, the 10 largest silica-rich globules range from 2.3 μm to 0.8 μm in the center and the margin, suggesting cooling rates of about 15°C/hr and greater than 32°C/hr respectively, at temperatures near 1000°C. Other estimates from natural samples show a good agreement between deduced cooling rates and observed textures.