Since the term Open Innovation (OI) was coined by Henry Chesbrough in 2003, OI studies have been frequently conducted. Surprisingly, OI insights, in the context of Indonesian firms, are scarce. Furthermore, there are no existing OI studies that use data derived from innovation surveys. Hence, this study attempts to close the gap in the literature, by providing insights into Indonesian firms’ openness toward external knowledge, and its impact on innovation performance. The main aim of this study is to investigate the impact of OI practices on Indonesian manufacturing firms’ propensity to innovate (i.e. their product, process, organization, and marketing) and innovation performance. Product and process innovations are grouped under the term technological innovation, while organization and marketing innovations are classified as non-technological innovation. Data used in this study were derived from the Indonesia Innovation Survey (IIS) 2011 that covered the period from 2009-2010. Following Laursen and Salter’s (2006) study, OI indicators consist of external search breadth (i.e. the number of external sources or search channels that firms rely upon in their innovative activities) and depth (the extent to which firms draw deeply from the different external sources or search channels) in innovation process. Undertaking logistic and tobit regressions, this study shows that in general, both breadth and depth significantly and positively affect technological and non-technological innovation, as well as innovation performance. However, the over-search on external knowledge, measured by breadth squared and depth squared, negatively and significantly influence innovation and innovation performance. This indicates that too much external knowledge, sourced during the innovation process will diminish the return of innovation. This study also finds an indication of a complementary relationship existing between internal R&D and external knowledge; meaning that the implementation of one knowledge-sourcing strategy (either sourcing from internal R&D or external knowledge) increases the marginal returns from another. Lastly, important implications related to theoretical and innovation strategies are proposed.

The paper traces various extra–biblical strains of tradition concerning the Magi (MT 2,1–12) in Geʿez literature. The Magi (mäsäggǝlan, säbʾa sägäl) are present in various Ethiopic compositions, both translated from other languages and original. The compositions discussed include inter alia apocryphal literature (The life of Adam and Eve, The Miracles of Jesus, The Book of the Birth of Mary, The Miracles of Mary), homiliaries (that for the feasts of Mary, and that for the feasts of the Archangel Raguel), and two commentaries on the Gospel.The tradition, as seen in the texts reviewed, is not consistent, and various stories, sometimes contradicting each other, are told about the Magi. Those strains of tradition which are not of local origin (as are the names of the Magi), come from a number of external sources with roots in early Christian literature. Some elements of this tradition (the Virgin with the Child visible in the star, the origin of the gifts from the Cave of Treasures, Zärädäšt as the ancestor of the Magi, and many thousand men forming their retinue) can be traced back to Syriac apocryphal and exegetical literature.

After a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (NO) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. Nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. By considering the recent advances in plant NO biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention. The following questions will be considered. While cytosolic nitrate reductase is an important source of NO, the contributions of other mechanisms, including a poorly defined arginine oxidizing activity, need to be characterized at the molecular level. Other oxidative pathways utilizing polyamine and hydroxylamine also need further attention. Nitric oxide action is dependent on its concentration and spatial generation patterns. However, no single technology currently available is able to provide accurate in planta measurements of spatio-temporal patterns of NO production. It is also the case that pharmaceutical NO donors are used in studies, sometimes with little consideration of the kinetics of NO production. We here include in planta assessments of NO production from diethylamine nitric oxide, S-nitrosoglutathione and sodium nitroprusside following infiltration of tobacco leaves, which could aid workers in their experiments. Further, based on current data it is difficult to define a bespoke plant NO signalling pathway, but rather NO appears to act as a modifier of other signalling pathways. Thus, early reports that NO signalling involves cGMP-as in animal systems-require revisiting. Finally, as plants are exposed to NO from a number of external sources, investigations into the control of NO scavenging by such as non-symbiotic haemoglobins and other sinks for NO should feature more highly. By crystallizing these questions the authors encourage their resolution through the concerted efforts of the plant NO community.

The songs of Hugo Wolf continue to intrigue music theorists, not least because of their characteristic fusion of traditional tonal conventions with sophisticated chromatic processes. This article analyses a particularly intricate example: ‘Muhvoll komm ich und beladen’ from the Spanisches Liederbuch. The song projects a complex pattern of tonal relationships that reinforces an obsessive sense of repetition and circularity – issues that are explicit in the song's poetic text. The present reading engages a number of external sources, including the philosophy of Nietzsche, the operatic figure of Kundry and the myth of Sisyphus. These elements provide a series of cultural co-ordinates that together serve to illuminate primary facets of the song's structure, including its formal design and distinctive harmonic syntax. Each of these topics is considered in the service of a larger, overriding purpose: to reveal the ways in which the composer seeks to characterise sin and spiritual torment using techniques of cyclic organisation.

This article is concerned with how ethnic harmony, national identity and political ideology are delivered, then disrupted by advertising, consumption and a globalizing world. Working with a sample of over 250 television commercials culled from the (then) three commercial networks in Malaysia in 1997, I show how ads are used by government as an intentional tool to manage the multiethnic, stratified social relations that comprise Malaysian society. This, in turn, produces three dilemmas. (1) potentially greater racial segmentation where the government was seeking to eliminate it entirely; (2) in part, because the nation is being united under the traditions and beliefs of only one (the dominant) ethnic group; (3) an attempt to repudiate the very exo-cultural system which is serving to remediate these perceived dysfunctions. In a concluding section the author introduces the concept of `semiotic literacy' to argue that ideological domination by the Malaysian government is possible given the relatively low level of symbolic fluency held by the consumers of television advertising. However, such control will be increasingly difficult to maintain as the audience becomes more symbolically fluent, in part because of the increasing number of signs entering the context from an increasing number of external sources.