Number Of Different Authors Research Articles

The War Against Ukraine and the EU: Facing New Realities, edited by Claudia Wiesner and Michèle Knodt. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. XIII, 230 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5.

This book discusses the multiple implications of the war against Ukraine for the EU political system. It draws on a number of different authors to analyse the main dimensions of the Russian attack on Ukraine and the subsequent large-scale war, which impact the global order and EU foreign policy. In the context of war and Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine, the EU needs to position itself in a changing world order, internal and external challenges to liberal democracy and the development of its strategic autonomy. In various chapters of the book, the development and strengthening of strategic partnership and friendship with Ukraine is considered by the EU as one of the central foreign policy priorities. Without the support of the Ukrainian partner, it is difficult for the EU to achieve positive results in European politics and play the role of an influential power in the international arena. In this context, various authors note that only the formation of political and economic ties between the EU and Ukraine will be the optimal way out of the full-scale war and crisis that Ukraine has found itself in. Only the combination of opportunities and efforts will allow the Ukrainian political elite and society to eventually stand on par with leading European countries.

An Autoregulatory Model of Forest Insect Population Dynamics and Forest Stand Damage Dynamics in Different Habitats: An Example of Lymantria dispar L.

This paper addresses the problem of constructing a mathematical model of population density dynamics and the dynamics of forest areas damaged by spongy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) outbreaks in the United States, Europe, Russia, and Japan. The key variable of the model is either the pest population density or the area of forests damaged by spongy moths during a season. This variable can be considered proportional to the total current pest abundance in the study area. For the purposes of modeling, data from a number of different authors was used (see bibliography), as well as data from surveys conducted at the egg or caterpillar stage. The complexity of modeling the dynamics of L. dispar abundance is largely due to the fact that, when studying the dynamics of spongy moth population density, the values of external factors such as parasites, predators, and the amount of available food are often unknown. A simple model was proposed using only two types of data: population density and monthly weather characteristics. Our analysis demonstrated that, even in the absence of knowledge regarding the characteristics of ecosystem components interacting with the spongy moth population (parasites, predators, and the state of forage trees), it is possible to introduce models that characterize the regulatory processes in the population in terms of (i) the presence of negative and positive feedbacks in the system and (ii) the influence of external weather factors. The system under investigation was described as an autoregressive system, whereby the current state of the population is dependent on its state in previous years. The order of autoregression in the system was estimated using the order of the maximum significant partial autocorrelation function. It was found that the regulation of spongy moth population density was characterized by the presence of two feedback loops: positive feedback between the current population density and the population density in the previous season and negative feedback between the current population density and the population density two years ago. To evaluate the model, its stability margin was calculated and found to be directly proportional to the positive feedback coefficient and inversely proportional to the negative feedback coefficient. The model was demonstrated to explain up to 90% of the observed variance of real data. Although the model coefficients for different local populations (North America, Europe, and Asia) differ, the general form of the equation describing both direct data on population densities and indirect data on pest dynamics characterized by areas of stand damage is consistent. Consequently, the form of the ADL model is general, irrespective of the location of the local population.

Moving Away from Coercion: Social Justice and Behavior Change in Disability Services

The use of coercion to alter behavior in persons with intellectual and other developmental disabilities has a long history. Despite the work of leaders in the development of Positive Behaviour Support (PBS), the use of chemical, mechanical, physical or personal, and environmental restraints continues, resulting in traumatization, physical and emotional harm, and in some instances, death. When coercion is used, the trust between people breaks down, and the lack of trust is reinforced by the power differentials present when coercion occurs. Social justice provides an avenue for rebalancing power and regaining trust, but people affected by disabilities have historically been excluded from theories of social justice and, in some cases, do not fall within the definition of what it means to be a person in the paradigms put forth by a number of different authors. The term non-coercive has been used in an attempt to reframe behavior change theories and practices, but this term describes the absence of negative circumstances and interventions, rather than the presence of positive and affirming interactions which improve the quality of life of all stakeholders.

Becoming a Consultant

Abstract A number of different authors have highlighted the need for postgraduate students to be work ready for a career in consulting. This paper examines a cohort of 21 MSc students from a UK-based University and how they addressed this issue through an assignment geared up towards this aim. The completed assessments ranged in terms of the strategies the students used to assess their development needs for a career in consultancy. Strategies used consisted of: competency analysis, SWOT analysis, psychometric tests, use of the British Psychological Society consultancy cycle (from the Qualification in Occupational Psychology) and use of consultancy cycles from other sources. Interestingly there was a lack of consistency between students in terms of what strategies they chose to be future consultants. This research is useful because it systematically demonstrates which strategies may be used by postgraduates to identify the skills and behaviours they need for a consultancy career.

Fator de difusão: uma medida da difusão do conhecimento através das citações

Este artigo aborda a análise das citações recebidas pelas publicações do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ibge) no período de 2001-2010 sob a ótica da teoria de fatores de difusão do conhecimento. Considerando-se que as citações representam uma maneira de medir o quanto as ideias científicas são difundidas, entende-se que quanto maior o número de diferentes autores, instituições e países citantes maior será o grau de difusão. Identifica 3.158 documentos citantes à produção científica do ibge. Das 1,272 instituições de filiações dos autores citantes, 748 (58.80%) são brasileiras ou estão sediadas no Brasil, enquanto 518 (40.72%) são estrangeiras. As instituições voltadas para atividades educacionais lideram (47.96%), seguidas pelas instituições de P&D (22.88%) e as demais ocupam os setores públicos. Em relação aos países, das 7.587 ocorrências de países presentes no vínculo institucional dos autores, 6,168 (81.3%) destas se referem ao Brasil e as demais ocorrências estão distribuídas entre 49 países diferentes situados na América do Sul (82.35%), América do Norte (9.71%), Europa (6.93%), e América Central, Ásia, Oceania, África e Oriente Médio (aproximadamente 1% dos autores citantes). Ao aplicar o fator de difusão com base no estudo proposto Rousseau, Liu e Ye (2012) obteve-se o índice de Gini de 0.62 em 2009 e 0.72 em 2001 e 2003 respectivamente. Conclui que o fator de difusão é satisfatório, ou seja, há um grande número de autores, instituições e países diferentes que citam as publicações do ibge.AbstractThis paper discusses the analysis of the citations received by the publications of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (ibge) in the period of 2001-2010 under perspective of the theory of diffusion factors. Considering that citations represent a way to measure the spreading of scientific ideas, it is presumable that the larger the number of different authors, institutions and countries citing one idea, the larger its diffusion is. Identifies 3,158 documents citing ibge’s scientific output. Out of 1,272 institutions which citing authors are affiliated with, 748 (58.80%) are Brazilian institutions or based in Brazil, while 518 (40.72%) are from other countries. Institutions focused on education lead (47.96%) the amount, followed by R&D (22.88%), and the rest (29.16%) is lying on public sectors. A number of 6,168 (81.3%) from 7,587 citation occurrences happens to be of authors with affiliations with Brazilian institutions, with the rest being distributed between the other South American countries (82.35%), North America (9.71%), Europe (6.93%), and Central America, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Middle East (sum is about 1%). Applying the diffusion factors proposed by Rousseau, Liu & Ye (2012), the Gini Index obtained varies from 0.62 in 2009 and 0.72 in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Concludes that the diffusion factor is satisfactory because there is a large number of authors, institutions and different countries that cite ibge’s publications.ResumenEste artículo aborda el análisis de las citas recibidas por las publicaciones del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ibge) en el período de 2001 a 2010 desde la perspectiva de la teoría de los factores de la difusión del conocimiento. Teniendo en cuenta que las citas son una manera de medir cómo se difunden las ideas científicas, entiéndese que, cuanto mayor es el número de diferentes autores, instituciones y países citantess, mayor será el grado de difusión. Identifica 3,158 documentos citantes a la producción científica del ibge. De las 1,272 instituciones de afiliación de los autores citantes, 748 (58.80 %) son de Brasil o tienen su sede en Brasil, mientras que 518 (40.72%) son extranjeros. Las instituciones direccionadas para las actividades educativas lideran (47.96%), seguidas por las instituciones de I&D (22.88 %) y las demás ocupan los sectores públicos. En relación con los países, de las 7,587 ocurrencias de países presentes en el vínculo institucional de los autores, 6,168 (81.3%) de éstas se refieren a Brasil y otras se distribuyen entre 49 países ubicados en América del Sur (82.35%), América del Norte (9.71%), Europa (6.93%), América Central, Asia, Oceanía, África y Medio Oriente (aproximadamente 1% de los autores citados). Al aplicar el factor de difusión, con base en el estudio propuesto por Rousseau, Liu y Ye (2012), se obtuvo el coeficiente de Gini de 0.62 en 2009 y de 0.72 en 2001 y 2003, respectivamente. Concluye que el factor de difusión es satisfactorio, es decir, hay un gran número de autores, instituciones y países diferentes que citan las publicaciones del ibge.

Estimation of coffee rust infection and growth through two-level classifier ensembles based on expert knowledge

Rust is a disease that leads to considerable losses in the worldwide coffee industry. There are many contributing factors to the onset of coffee rust, e.g., crop management decisions and the prevailing weather. In Colombia the coffee production has been considerably reduced by 31% on average during the epidemic years compared with 2007. Recent research efforts focus on detection of disease incidence using computer science techniques such as supervised learning algorithms. However, a number of different authors demonstrate that results are not sufficiently accurate using a single classifier. Authors in the computer field propose alternatives for this problem, making use of techniques that combine classifier results. Nevertheless, the traditional approaches have a limited performance due to dataset absence. Therefore, we proposed two-level classifier ensembles for coffee rust infection and growth estimation in Colombian crops, based on expert knowledge.

Real-Time Monitoring of Non-linear Suicidal Dynamics: Methodology and a Demonstrative Case Report.

In recent years, a number of different authors have stressed the usefulness of non-linear dynamic systems approach in suicide research and suicide prevention. This approach applies specific methods of time series analysis and, consequently, it requires a continuous and fine-meshed assessment of the processes under consideration. The technical means for this kind of process assessment and process analysis are now available. This paper outlines how suicidal dynamics can be monitored in high-risk patients by an Internet-based application for continuous self-assessment with integrated tools of non-linear time series analysis: the Synergetic Navigation System. This procedure is illustrated by data from a patient who attempted suicide at the end of a 90-day monitoring period. Additionally, future research topics and clinical applications of a non-linear dynamic systems approach in suicidology are discussed.

The Social Construction of Dysfunction and Disorders: What Role Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Play?

There has been widespread controversy regarding the pharmaceutical industry’s motive to promote and sell new drugs pertaining to sexual health. In this paper I will bring up a number of different authors who feel that the definition of ‘sexual health’ has been purposely redefined in order to create a market for a drug whose need is questionable. This paper investigates and raises questions about the veracity of diseases heavily promoted and marketed by the pharmaceutical industry, such as female sexual dysfunction disorder. Is it truly the female equivalent to male erectile dysfunction? Or is it the avaricious creation of pharmaceutical companies in a sly endeavor to increase sales of products like Viagra? Next, I look at the enormous impact pharmaceutical companies have had on shaping our everyday definitions of what is ‘normal’ in terms of sexual functioning. Also, the effects of standardizing diagnosis are considered, and finally, I investigate the costs of reducing sexual dysfunction to a physiological cause and how pharmaceutical industries strive to create a universalized, function-focused sexuality in which physiology dictates sexual conduct.

Possible Triggering Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, immune-mediated inflammatory disease and it can be provoked or exacerbated by a variety of different environmental factors, particularly infections and drugs. In addition, a possible association between vaccination and the new onset and/or exacerbation of psoriasis has been reported by a number of different authors. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of influenza vaccination on patients with psoriasis. Here, we report the findings from 43 patients suffering from psoriasis (clinical phenotypes as mixed guttate/plaque lesions, palmoplantar or scalp psoriasis) whose diseases had been triggered after influenza vaccination applied in the 2009-2010 season. The short time intervals between vaccination and psoriasis flares in our patients and the lack of other possible triggers suggest that influenza vaccinations may have provocative effects on psoriasis. However, further large and controlled studies need to be carried out to confirm this relationship.

Novel Fastest Retransmission and Rate Control Schemes for Improving TCP Performance in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A number of different authors have considered the problem of performance degradation of transmission control protocol (TCP) in wireless ad hoc networks. We herein show that pauses in packet transmission due to packet losses are the fundamental cause of performance degradation of TCP in wireless ad hoc networks. To minimize the duration of packet transmission pauses, we propose a fast retransmission scheme for improving TCP performance in consideration of the inter-operability of previously deployed TCPs in wireless ad hoc networks. We also propose an additional rate control scheme for TCPs to reduce the probability of packet contention. Using OPNET and NS2 simulations, we show that our proposed schemes can provide a much better performance than conventional TCPs.

'Imagine There's No Canon'

For thirty plus years George Aichele has been articulating and practicing a fantastic hermeneutic that rejects canonical certainties about biblical texts in order to concentrate on the text’s resistance to ideology and on the biblical texts’ recurrence outside the controls of the institution(s) that lays (lay) claim to them. The process has enriched the reading of moribund Mark. To explicate Aichele’s hermeneutic, I read Jorge Luis Borges’s ‘The Gospel According to Mark’ vis-a-vis Mark and Aichele’s work. The result calls attention to Mark’s inevitably new meanings in its translations, to the violence implicit in the canonical ascription of redemptive meaning to Jesus’s death, to the Markan Jesus’s ambiguous, non-unique identity, and to the non-redemptive character of the Markan Jesus’s death. The process makes it possible to read Mark as if it were written by a number of different authors – including Mel Gibson, Denys Arcand, Pier Paolo Pasolini, James Frazer, H. P. Lovecraft, William Peter Blatty, Jorge Borges, and George Aichele.

Transition Points: Notes on the Interplay between Art and Art History in the Time of Visual Culture

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. For an analysis of the complex relationship between The Independent Group and the Institute of Contemporary Art, see Anne Massey, »The Independent Group: Towards a Redefinition«, Burlington Magazine, No. 1009, Vol. 79, April 1987, pp. 232ff. 2. Richard Hamilton, »Man, Machine, Motion« (1955), Collected Words 1953–81, London, 1982, p. 24. 3. Hal Foster, »On the First Pop Age«, New Left Review, No. 19, Vol. 44, January-February 2003, pp. 93–112. 4. For a comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon, see Hans Hayden, Modernismen som institution. Om etableringen av ett estetiskt och historiografiskt paradigm, Stockholm and Steehag, 2006. 5. Quotation in Charles Stuckey, »Minutiae and Rauschenberg's Combine Mode«, Robert Rauschenberg Combines, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, Los Angeles and Göttingen, 2005, p. 199. 6. Robert Rauschenberg, »Statement«, Sixteen Americans, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1959, p. 58. 7. See Charles Baudelaire, »Le peintre de la vie moderne« (1863), Œuvres completes de Charles Baudelaire: L'Art romantique, (Édition critique par F.-F. Gautier), Paris, 1923, pp. 222ff. 8. Ad Reinhardt, »Art as Art« (1962), in Barbara Rose (ed.), Art-as-Art: The Selected Writings of Ad Reinhardt, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1991 (1975), p. 53. 9. Branden W. Joseph, Random Order: Robert Rauschenberg and the Neo-Avantgarde, Cambridge (Mass.) and London, 2003, p. 162. The problems of interpreting the work of Rauschenberg in terms of disguised symbolism and iconographic programs was noticed already by Nicolas Calas in his essay »ContiNuance: On the Possibilities of a New Kind ofSymbolism in Recent American Art«, Art News, No. 10, Vol. 57, February 1957, p. 38ff. 10. John Cage, Silence: Lectures and Writings by John Cage, London and Hanover (NH), 1998 (1961), pp. 99, 101, and 108. 11. Leo Steinberg, »Other Criteria« (1968), Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Century Art, London, Oxford, and New York 1975 (1972), pp. 82ff. 12. Umberto Eco, The Open Work, (transl. Anna Cancogni), Cambridge (Mass.) 1989 (1962), pp. 1–23. 13. This piece and its legendary first performance by David Tudor at the Maverick Concert Hall, Woodstock, 29 August 1952, has been described and analyzed by a great number of different authors, see for instance Torsten Ekbom, Tatlins torn och andra texter, Stockholm, 1986, pp. 33–37; and David Revill, The Roaring Silence: John Cage: A Life, New York 1992, pp. 164–167. 14. See Cage, 1998, pp. 260–273; and Richard Kostelanetz, Conversing with Cage, New York, 1988 (1987), pp. 188ff. 15. Revill, 1992, p. 189. 16. As a lecturer at Black Mountain College in the late forties and early fifties and the New School in New York 1956–1960, Cage was in a position from which to communicate his aesthetics to a broad network of artists, dancers, musicians, actors, and authors. These people also took part in each others’ performances and exchanged ideas across the borders of each specific media, a cross-fertilization that manifested a radical antithesis to the strong and well-established tendency of medium-specificity in the postwar American art world. Cage formally taught »experimental composition« at the New School, but his teaching consisted of a colloquium of information and discussions on contemporary aesthetic forms and »alternative« historical sources (i.e., Dadaism and Surrealism), in which students from different art forms participated on equal terms. Among the more prominent of his students, from an art historical perspective, were Allan Kaprow, George Brecht, Dick Higgins, George Maciunas, and Alison Knowles (see Bruce Altshuler, »The Cage Class«, in FluxAttitudes, Hallwalls Contemporary Art Center, Buffalo 1991, pp. 17–23). On the exchange between different art forms and media in this context, see Barbara Haskell, Blam! The Explosion of Pop, Minimalism, and Performance 1958–1964, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 1984, pp. 22ff.) 17. Rosalind Krauss, »Rauschenberg and the Materialized Image« (1974), in Branden W. Joseph (ed.), Robert Rauschenberg, October Files 4, Cambridge (Mass.) and London, pp. 40ff. 18. Craig Owens, »From Work to Frame, or is there Life after >the Death of the Author < ?«, in Lars Nittve (ed.), Implosion: A Postmodern Perspective, Moderna Museet, Stockholm 1987, p. 208. 19. James Elkins gave a speech on this fascinating topic entitled »What is Visual Literacy?« at the Department of Art History, Stockholm University, 6 November 2006. Currently he is preparing the publication of an anthology with texts from a conference entitled »First International Conference on Visual Literacy«, organized at University College Cork, 14–16 April 2005. 20. Keith Moxey, »Nostalgia for the Real: The Troubled Relation of Art history to Visual Culture«, The Practice of Persuasion: Paradox and Power in Art history, Ithaca and London 2001, pp. 103–123.

The Authorship of the Poems of Laurence Minot:

800x600 This article examines the authorship of various fourteenth-century historical poems generally attributed to Laurence Minot. It suggests, on a variety of grounds, particularly metrical and codicological, that these poems may have been composed by a number of different authors and brought together by a subsequent compiler. Normal 0 false false false EN-CA X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;}

Mortality in Traditional Hunter-Gatherer, Pastoralist and Agriculturalist Communities: The Validity of Longevity Studies Based on Mobility and Subsistence Strategies

This paper will address the observable discrepancies in the mortality of populations who use differing subsistence strategies, and determine if subsistence patterns and/or mobility are reliable variables to consider in longevity and morality studies. Through an analysis of the data presented by a number of different authors on average life expectancy of highly mobile hunter-gatherer groups, semi-nomadic pastoralists and horticulturalists, and sedentary agriculturalists, a comparison of life spans across subsistence and mobility patterns should be possible. The soundness of studies based on these variables will be assessed, as will comparability or such studies.

Is the Astronomical Literature Still Expanding Exponentially?

ABSTRACTHave the recent reductions in funding for astronomy resulted in a significant decrease in the exponential growth of our astronomical publications? I studied the growth of five American and European journals (A&A, AJ, ApJ, MNRAS, and PASP) that publish papers on a broad range of astronomical topics. For each, I counted the numbers of normalized pages and papers published at 10 intervals in 1960–1996. The average numbers of pages showed an exponential increase of 11% per year before the mid‐1970s and 6% per year thereafter. The average number of papers increased exponentially by 9% before the mid‐1970s and by 4% per year thereafter. The difference between these two sets of numbers is caused by an increase in average paper lengths from six normalized pages in 1960 to a constant 12 pages per paper during the last decade. Thus, the average paper lengths have asymptotically reached a constant value. However, there is no sign of a leveling off in the growth of our literature. The number of different authors also increased steadily. Over the past 36 years there have been few systematic shifts from one journal to another, implying that few authors have changed their habitual choices of journals. The numbers of papers in the three American journals has been directly proportional to the numbers of AAS members at 0.41 papers per year per member during the past 36 years. Therefore, the growth in our numbers of papers is entirely due to the growth in the numbers of astronomers, and the additional growth in pages is due to the growth in paper lengths.

Global Offering of Securities edited by Meredith M. Brown and Alan Paley

The above work contains a preface by the editors and seven chapters, to which a number of different authors who have practised extensively in the field of cross-border security offerings have contributed. For a number of reasons, a very significant development in the world's capital markets in recent years has consisted of cross-border offerings of securities. This phenomenon has already had an impact on EC legislation, and there have been important recent developments in the latter field. As the editors say, there are four different approaches which may be adopted in trying to accomplish multinational offerings of securities. These consist of full compliance with requirements of different legal system; the avoidance of the most burdensome requirements; the reconciliation of differing requirements; or the deferral to one country's rules. All these approaches are considered in the present work, which also examines the laws and practices of the USA, UK, Continental Europe,...

Measures of success in American sociology

number of books written, graduate institutions, and year of doctoral degree. The productivity of authors is found to be consistent with the pattern first suggested by Lotka. Publication in top journals is a relatively open process with a large number of different authors publishing over a 20-year period and considerable circulation of top publishing authors in adjacent decades. Top publishers and ASA presidents appear to follow different career paths. ASA presidents tend to receive their doctorates from more elite institutions, publish substantially more books, and place fewer articles in the major journals than do cohorts of top publishing authors.

The solubility of [4H]Si defects in ?-quartz and their role in the formation of molecular water and related weakening on heating

The nature of the solubility of water as [4H]Si defects in quartz, and their role in providing a source of molecular water on heating, is investigated. Existing ab inito energy calculations on the incorporation of water in quartz are used to show that energetically 4H for Si substitution is likely to constitute the most prevalent mode of water uptake on the atomic scale in quartz under equilibrium conditions, and that the planar defects previously observed by a number of different authors by electron microscopy in wet quartz are likely to be planar rafts of aggregated [4H]Si defects which are formed on supersaturation. These new conclusions call into question the previous identification of the planar defects as high pressure water clusters and require that their role in the production of molecular water in the context of recent theories of hydrolytic weakening be re-assessed. Accordingly the existing ab initio results have been used to establish the characteristics of the phase diagram for the system quartz-water in the temperature and pressure range of interest in hydrolytic weakening. Additional electron-optical experiments on wet quartz show that, on annealing at temperature in the electron microscope, similar planar defects develop in wet quartz by a diffusion process. In the context of existing theories of hydrolytic weakening it is now proposed that the conversion of [4H]Si defects to molecular water, where this is dictated by the equilibrium phase diagram, leads to a relatively large increase in volume and to the appearance of the bubbles of free water and the nucleation of associated prismatic dislocation loops of Burgers vector b=1/3 a\(\langle 11\bar 20\rangle \) as previously observed. Ultimately the development of these loops leads to dislocation-induced plasticity.

Monocyte mediated cytotoxic activity against melanoma.

The appearance of macrophages in human tumours, the so called tumour-infiltrating or tumour-associated macrophages (TIM or TAM) has suggested a role for these cells in host defence mechanisms against cancer. In this review we discuss monocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity against melanoma, as reported by a number of different authors. Although most studies described in this review have used melanoma cell lines as targets for monocyte/macrophage cytotoxicity, it would be incomplete if cytotoxicity against other target cells such as K562 or WEHI-164 is not discussed. At least two distinct mechanisms of killing by monocytes/macrophages can be distinguished; direct recognition and cytotoxicity by the effector cells and antibody-mediated lysis of the tumour cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, ADCC). Both types of cytotoxicity will be discussed.

Four pairwise balanced designs

We construct pairwise balanced designs on 49, 57, 93, and 129 points of index unity, with block sizes 5, 9, 13, and 29. This completes the determination of the unique minimal finite basis for the PBD-closed set which consists of the integers congruent to 1 modulo 4. The design on 129 points has been used several times by a number of different authors but no correct version has previously appeared in print.