Number Of Claimants Research Articles

Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases.

Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and mortality reduction. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this article is to review the existing vaccine injury compensation programs in different countries. The review also highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods : Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We have identified 27 countries operating vaccine injury compensation programs. In Canada, Quebec is the only province with a scheme; however, discussions are ongoing in Canada for nationwide implementation in light of COVID 19. Study limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.

'An “authentic„ performance?: the cultural politics of “folk„ in Bengal and Bangladesh'

ABSTRACTKabigāna is a verse-duelling/song-theatre genre practiced in West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh. Often deemed as obsolete and extinct – following from urban perceptions and the canons of literary history – the genre is found to grapple with the questions of ‘authenticity’ across its multiple spaces of performances- rural rituals, urban fairs/festivals, cinematic representations as well as packages for television and the new media. This article introduces the performance genre of Kabigāna by trying to understand its format and content as an entity that is separate from the umbrella term of ‘folk performances’. It contains two case studies of contemporary Kabigāna performances in rural West Bengal and Bangladesh to understand how performers themselves negotiate the complex idea of ‘authenticity’. Finally, it tries to address some key issues of the cultural politics of performances by bringing in a number of claimants for the genre and exploring if any of these claimants ‘own’ it ultimately. Following an ethnographic method of enquiry and analyses of documented performances, this article tries to bring out the nuances of the performance genre that has mostly been lost in literary canons and official archives. In this sense, the findings of the fieldwork presented in this article is an approach towards re-reading the archival texts, performances and institutional practices and politics in relation to each other.

On the Convergence of the Generalized Ibn Ezra Value

Ibn Ezra (Sefar ha-Mispar (The Book of the Number, in Hebrew), Verona (German trans: Silberberg M. (1895)). Kauffmann, Frankfurt am Main, 1146), Rabinovitch (Probability and statistical inference in medieval Jewish literature. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1973) and O’Neill (Math Soc Sci 2(4):345–371, 1982) proposed a method for solving the “rights arbitration problem” (one of the historical problems of “bankruptcy”) for n claimants when the estate E is equal to the largest claim. However, when the greatest claim is for less than the estate, the question of what to do with the difference between E and the largest claim is posed. Alcalde et al.’s (Econ Theory 26(1):103–114, 2005) Generalized Ibn Ezra Value (GiEV), solves the problem in T iterations, of n steps. By using Monte-Carlo experiments, we show that: (i) T grows linearly with the number of claimants, which makes GiEV rapidly impracticable for real applications. (ii) The more E is close to the total claim d, the more T grows: T linearly grows when E exponentially approaches d by a factor 10. Moreover, we proved through theory that GiEV fails to provide a solution in a finite number of iterations for the trivial case E = d, whereas it should obviously find a solution in one iteration. So, even if GiEV is convergent, the sum of claims d appears as an asymptote: the number of iterations tends to infinite when the estate E approaches the claims total d. We conclude that GiEV is inefficient and usable only when: (1) the number of claimants is low, and (2) the estate E is largely lower than the total claims d.

HasAbaclat v Argentinaleft the ICSID with a ‘mass’ive problem?

This article seeks to analyse the impact of the award on jurisdiction in Abaclat v Argentine Republic . Specifically, the article discusses whether the tribunal’s decision to allow ‘mass arbitrations’ within the ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) framework withstands scrutiny. An attempt is made to define mass arbitrations as a form of multiparty arbitrations with two key features—the presence of a high number of claimants and issues that are ‘sufficiently similar’. On this foundation, the article first highlights that ‘mass arbitrations’, as understood in Abaclat , do not require claimants to obtain additional consent from a respondent state. This is because multiparty proceedings (of which ‘mass arbitrations’ are a form) are permitted under Article 25 of the ICSID Convention. The article then presents three possible challenges to admissibility—bifurcation of proceedings, appointment of experts, and collection of evidence—and argues that these are permitted in ICSID jurisprudence since they are procedural devices which a tribunal is qualified to adopt under Article 44 of the ICSID Convention. Finally, the article dismisses possible due process concerns that Abaclat -type ‘mass arbitrations’ could raise. The article concludes with a suggestion to adopt specific rules on ‘mass arbitrations’ in the form of Additional Facility Rules, given the growing examples of multiparty investment disputes. Abaclat and ors v Argentine Republic , ICSID Case No ARB/07/5, Decision on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, IIC 504 (2011) Ambiente Ufficio S.p.A. and ors v Argentine Republic , ICSID Case No ARB/08/9, Decision on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, IIC 576 (2013) Guaracachi America, Inc & Rurelec plc v Plurinational State of Bolivia , PCA Case No 2011–17, Award, IIC 628 (2014)(ICSID) Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States (1965), arts 25, 43, 44ICSID Rules of Procedure for Arbitration Proceedings (2006), Rules 19, 34UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) Arbitration Rules (2010), art 17

Cooperation to settle conflicts in the East Sea - some suggestions from Vietnam’s perspective

Sovereignty disputes in the East Sea keep the record of time, complexity, distance, number of islands and number of claimants in the history of maritime disputes. The innovative models of bilateral and multilateral cooperation have had a certain effect on reducing tensions, enhancing cooperation and encouraging dialogues among the parties involved. However, these efforts have not been considered effective to settle the issues. Concerning that reality, countries around the East Sea, especially the claimants have continued to find, develop and implement collaborative activities. From such awareness, this paper aims at studying the collaborative models which have been applied in the East Sea. Then, we would continue to study the advantages and disadvantages of these models. Finally, we would like to propose new suitable models to enhance effective cooperation and avoid conflicts and painful consequences that may occur in the East Sea. All models are built up from the perspective of Vietnam, basing on the fundamental interests of Vietnam, along with the investigation and reconciliation of the claimants’ interests in the region.

Fit for Purpose? Welfare Reform and Challenges for Health and Labour Market Policy in the UK

In the UK, as in some other EU states, the focus of recent welfare reforms has switched from those on unemployment benefits to those receiving sickness/incapacity benefits (IBs), reflecting concerns around the large numbers falling into the this last group. The Labour government elected in 1997 introduced a range of measures to activate those on IBs, setting a target of a one million reduction in the number of claimants by the end of 2015. The Conservative Party similarly came to acknowledge that high levels of IB claiming represented a problem of ‘unemployment hidden as sickness’, and in coalition now proposes even more aggressive supply-side strategies. This paper provides an extensive review of the most recent evidence to identify factors driving the rise in the number of people claiming IBs and, in light of this analysis, assesses whether current policy is fit for purpose. An important conclusion is that any national ‘one-size fits all’ supply-side policy response is blind to the distinctive geography of receipt of IBs and the complex combination of factors that leave some people trapped on these benefits.

Falling Incapacity Benefit claims in a former industrial city: policy impacts or labour market improvement?

This article provides an in-depth study of Incapacity Benefit (IB) claims in a major city and of the factors behind their changing level. It relates to the regime prior to the introduction of the Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) in 2008. Glasgow has had one of the highest levels of IB in Britain with a peak of almost one fifth of the working age population on IB or Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA). However, over the past decade the number of IB claimants in Glasgow, as in other high claiming areas, has fallen at a faster rate than elsewhere, and Glasgow now has twice the national proportion of working-age people on IB/SDA rather than its peak of three times. The rise in IB in Glasgow can be attributed primarily to deindustrialisation; between 1971 and 1991, over 100,000 manufacturing jobs were lost in the city. Policy response was belated. Lack of local statistics on IB led to a lengthy delay in official recognition of the scale of the issue, and targeted programmes to divert or return IB claimants to work did not begin on any scale until around 2004. Evidence presented in the article suggests that the reduction in claims, which has mainly occurred since about 2003, has been due more to a strengthening labour market than to national policy changes or local programmes. This gives strong support to the view that excess IB claims are a form of disguised unemployment. Further detailed evaluation of ongoing programmes is required to develop the evidence base for this complex area. However, the study casts some doubt on the need for the post-2006 round of IB reforms in high-claim areas, since rapid decline in the number of claimants was already occurring in these areas. The article also indicates the importance of close joint working between national and local agencies, and further development of local level statistics on IB claimants.

China

China has three important types of opt-in representative procedures, depending on whether the number of claimants is fixed or not. In addition, a special procedure covers securities fraud claims. Mediation is emphasized in all types.

On the Talmud Division: Equity and Robustness

The Talmud Division is a very old method of sharin g developed by the rabbis in the Talmud and brought to the fore in the modern area s ome authors, among them are Aumann and Maschler. One compares the Talmud Division to other methods, mainly here the most popular, Aristotle's Proportional Division, but also to the equal division. The Talmud Division is more egalitarian than the Proportional Division for smal l levels of estate and conversely and it protects the weakest -those who cannot place a non-zero clai m-. This suggests that claimants may choose among the claiming methods depending on their interest, what implies a metagame. Unlike other methods as the Proportional Division, the Talmud Division is not robust because the solution depends on the order in which groups of cl aimants are formed, while it could be impossible to form coalitions without following the increasing order of claimants or to find a general agreement about what precise coalition must be chosen. For a larger number of claimants, fulfilling the order-preserving conditio n may oblige to backtrack for a very large number of steps what implies an unreasonable volume of computations. The paper discusses also of three generalizations of the Contested Garm ent method to three or more claimants.

A new solution to the problem of adjudicating conflicting claims

For the problem of adjudicating conflicting claims, we consider the requirement that each agent should receive at least 1/n his claim truncated at the amount to divide, where n is the number of claimants (Moreno-Ternero and Villar, 2004a). We identify two families of rules satisfying this bound. We then formulate the requirement that for each problem, the awards vector should be obtainable in two equivalent ways, (i) directly or (ii) in two steps, first assigning to each claimant his lower bound and then applying the rule to the appropriately revised problem. We show that there is only one rule satisfying this requirement. We name it the “ rule”, as it is obtained by a recursion. We then undertake a systematic investigation of the properties of the rule.

Globalized Virus Infections

The world is once again suffering from infectious diseases just as it was 200 years ago, when the medical and biological sciences were in their infancy. Today, however, these diseases present themselves with unusual strength. AIDS cases have increased from hundreds or thousands in the 1980s to more than 36 million, and foot-and-mouth disease, which affects hoofed animals, has spread practically throughout the globe, afflicting even developed countries such as Britain and the majority of the Western European countries. Given current levels of scientific and technological development, how can all this have taken place? Environmental dangers and catastrophes can never be separated from their economic and political contexts. For example, the explosion of a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, in December 1984 killed between 2,000 and 5,000 persons and left more than 86,000 with permanent lung damage (the number of claimants reached 600,000). The Bhopal plant was operating under security measures inferior to those at its sister plant in West Virginia in the United States. Its vapor detection devices were of poor quality, its emergency systems were inadequate, and none of these were automatic (Sem, 1995; Karliner, 1997). Furthermore, the presence of this plant in India cannot be understood without reference to the Green Revolution, a project designed to revolutionize Indian agriculture with hybrid seeds that required a high input of chemicals, among them the pesticides produced by the Union Carbide plant (Wisner, 2000). Again, between April 24 and 27, 2001, a meeting was held in Nigeria to address the AIDS epidemic. Ninety-five percent of the victims of AIDS live in developing countries, and of these 25 million live in Africa. The HIV virus

How much are atypical antipsychotic agents being used, and do they reach the populations who need them? A Canadian experience

Background: The introduction of new antipsychotic agents in the past decade has helped alter the treatments available to 2 vulnerable populations—those with schizophrenia and related psychotic conditions and elderly individuals with dementia. Objective: After examining overall trends in antipsychotic use, this analysis reviews patterns of atypical antipsychotic use in the elderly and financially disadvantaged populations of Ontario. It identifies affected subpopulations and offers several interpretations of how observed patterns of use reflect outpatient prescribing practices. Methods: This study used drug claims data from the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) program for the years 1992 to 1998. The use of antipsychotic agents was followed for 2 years in a subpopulation of ODB participants identified as consistent users of these agents (ie, those with evidence of >1-time use). Results: During the study period, the total number of ODB claimants grew by 1%, the number of claimants using antipsychotic agents increased by ∼25%, and the expenditure per claimant in this group increased by nearly 250%. Much of this growth in expenditures was associated with use of the newer atypical antipsychotic agents olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Compared with patients aged ≥65 years, those aged <65 years were more likely to receive an initial prescription for an atypical antipsychotic or be switched to an atypical antipsychotic. However, the proportion of patients aged >85 years consistently using antipsychotic agents was greater than predicted based on the proportion of the ODB population they represent. These patients were more likely to use conventional antipsychotic agents exclusively. Conclusions: The introduction of the atypical antipsychotic agents was paralleled by a striking increase in ODB expenditures for antipsychotic drugs, although use of these agents was not consistent across age groups. There was more switching to atypical antipsychotics, as well as greater use in general, among younger compared with older patients, despite evidence that the atypical antipsychotics may be safer in the elderly than conventional antipsychotics. Guideline dissemination may be an important way of familiarizing clinicians with the atypical agents. Health care systems should be aware of the potential for a substantial increase in health care costs with more widespread adoption of these medications.

Rent Seeking and Fixed-Share Pools in Government

A fixed-share pool is a given amount of resources to be divided among a given number of claimants in which a claimant’s share of the pool is fixed exogenously. Consequently, rent seeking to increase one’s share of the pool is effectively eliminated. However, if claimants have sharing rights to more than one pool, rent seeking in the form of transferring resources from a pool where one has a small share to a pool where one has a large share will generally occur. A game-theoretic analysis of this type of rent seeking is discussed and then applied to a number of governmental settings.

Integration and social cohesion: The case of the Netherlands

The unemployment rate for most ethnic minorities in the Netherlands is higher than that of the host population. It is feared that ethnic minorities' low labour market participation will constrain the overall social cohesion of Dutch society. Increased labour market participation of ethnic minorities is therefore considered as the most effective way to reduce the number of claimants and increase their social integration. The two questions to be addressed in this paper are to what extent the labour market is accessible for ethnic minorities in the Netherlands and whether their increased participation in work increases the level of general socio-economic welfare. The available data suggest that social exclusion on the job market continues to be a widespread practice. In most cases increased labour participation has succeeded only due to the creation of low-paid jobs in the public sector. However, in these echelons increased participation hardly leads to an increase in individual welfare. The labour market intervention has thus resulted in the emergence of a social stratum of working poor. It is questionable whether this outcome strengthens intended social cohesion.

Collective actions following major disaster

Abstract Compensation following major catastrophes has become a challenge for legal and psychiatric services. Both objectivity in assessment of patients and the burden of proof of causation pose special problems. The complexities of each case may not be fully addressed by assessment at a distance. Spurious objectivity needs to be recognized and minimized Collective actions limit the number of claimants appearing personally in court A case study emphasizes the diagnostic problems, and the rehabilitation pitfalls for an individual when repeated clinical and legal testing is carried out. Clinical staff with first-hand experience of the trauma and its aftermath working jointly with legal services to promote mutual education of the professions may promote both more pertinent and quicker resolution of compensation

The use of the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid as a criterion for lead absorption in industrial medicine and insurance medicine.

In Belgium the determination of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) in lead exposed workers has been generalised in industrial medicine. The insurance against occupational diseases also uses this criterion, amongst others, for evaluation of compensation claims. Although the insured population is very heterogeneous, the results gained on a large number of claimants for compensation are in accordance with the scientific literature on this matter. Regression comparison shows a semi-logaritmic relation with PbB. Furthermore, the expression of ALA-U in mg/g creatinine yields more valid results, mainly due to a smaller dispersion. On the basis of these regression equations, permissible limits of ALA-U of 6 mg/g creatinine and of 10 mg/g creatinine are proposed respectively for prevention and for compensation of work-incapacity in insurance medicine.

Over Reliance on Nautical Charts

As a result of the loss of the French passenger liner Antilles after grounding on an uncharted rock in the Grenadine Islands in the West Indies, on 8 January 1971, the owners of the ship filed a petition for limitation of or exoneration from liability in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. A number of claimants against the owners, chiefly passengers in the ship at the time of loss, entered the limitation proceedings and moved the New York Court to transfer the case to the District of Puerto Rico. After the case had been so transferred, several claimants filed direct action suits against the owners and their insurers; these suits were stayed pending the outcome of the limitation proceedings.

An Important Task for the ICRC: Indemnification of Former Allied Prisoners of War in Japanese Hands II

The bases for division had thus been clearly defined even before the amount of funds available for distribution was known. However, the number of claimants in each of the beneficiary countries had also to be determined so that the amount of the share for each individual and, consequently, the sum which the ICRC would have to pay to each of the national agencies, could be calculated.

Procedural Rights of Aliens before Tribunals in Poland

With increased travel, greater internationalization of commerce, easier access to employment abroad, emigration, international aid, and fast, easy transportation and communications, there are now more occasions for conflicts between states, their nationals and aliens. Therefore, the question of access to local courts and the efficacy of remedies available in these courts is increasingly relevant. Conflicts are now complicated by the increase in the number of claimants from different legal systems (civil law, common law, the law of socialist states, or others) and by the differing claims on judicial jurisdiction brought about by the recent growth of multinational or regional entities and courts and permanent arbitration bodies of an international type. This study describes the legal regime concerning civil and commercial relations of aliens in Poland.