Number Of Children In Household Research Articles

Comparison of body composition and nutrient intake of low‐income Hispanic/Latina women receiving foods from a food pantry versus receiving food from a food pantry and other food programs

Studies indicate that low‐income women may be at risk for nutritional inadequacies, and it is feasible that multiple food sources may be associated with obesity and over‐consumption of nutrients. Low‐income female subjects were recruited from a food pantry located in a low‐income area in Pomona, CA. Twenty‐five low‐income Hispanic/Latina women were measured for height and weight, and body composition was measured with a body impedance analyzer (Tanita 310‐GS). The Latina women also filled out a validated food frequency questionnaire (Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire) in either English or Spanish (n=13). Latinas obtaining food from one source (a local food pantry) were compared with Latinas obtaining food from the food pantry as well as receiving food from government or private sources. Results indicate that there are no statistical differences in age, BMI, body composition; number of people in household, number of children in household, and percent DRI of energy nutrients, vitamins and minerals in both Latina groups. Further analyses revealed that there are no statistical differences in age, BMI, body composition; the number of people in household, number of children in household, and percent DRI of energy nutrients, vitamins and minerals in all races of low‐income females (n= 50) obtaining food from the food pantry as well as receiving food from government or private sources. Our findings suggest that multiple food sources do not necessarily contribute to body composition or BMI differences in low‐income women.

Desemprego e inatividade nas metrópoles brasileiras: as diferenças entre homens e mulheres

Analisar a evolução recente da estrutura do desemprego e da inatividade nas metrópoles brasileiras é o objetivo deste trabalho. Além de um panorama geral, foram realizadas análises separadas por gênero. A resposta da inatividade para a variável "número de crianças no domicílio" é a que mais se destaca: há uma relação negativa para os homens, e positiva para as mulheres. Além disso, os padrões observados entre mulheres pobres e não pobres são muito diferenciados - a inatividade para as mulheres de renda baixa é significativamente maior -, refletindo diferenças de escolaridade e, provavelmente, dificuldades de acesso à creche.

An Empirical Analysis of Consumers' Attitudes Toward Physicians' Advertising

ABSTRACT Advertising by physicians is a relatively recent phenomenon. Historically, most professions prohibited licensed members from engaging in speech activities that proposed a commercial transaction—advertising. However the history of a physician's legal right to advertise is not the main focus of this article. A brief review of the past, present, and possible future of such rights might assist readers in understanding the revolutionary constitutional and commercial speech changes that have occurred over the past three decades. A physician's legal right to advertise has developed as part of the evolutionary interpretation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The purposes of this study were to determine (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by physicians and (b) whether city of residence, occupation, age, sex, race, marital status, number of children in household, total family household income, and education of the consumer accounted for any significant difference in attitude toward physicians who advertise. The intent was to discover information that would be useful to physicians in planning marketing strategies and improving the quality of their advertising. The study seems to confirm the belief of many marketing professionals that advertising and marketing clearly have a place in the future of health care services.

Consumers’ fluid milk consumption behaviors in TURKEY: an application of multinomial logit model

Although consumers’ fluid milk consumption behavior related to skim milk, low fat milk and whole milk have attracted a lot of attention in the last decade, relatively a few studies have examined the consumers’ unprocessed and processed fluid milk consumption. The objective of this study was to analyze consumers’ fluid milk consumption and preference in Turkey by using cross-sectional national survey data. The Chi-square test of independence and multinomial logit procedure were used to investigate the selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of consumers that determine households’ fluid milk consumption choices between unprocessed fluid milk, processed fluid milk and non-consumption choices. Empirical results indicate that unprocessed fluid milk preference is related positively to household size, number of children in family, household income, and age of housewife; and negatively to education level and employment status of housewife. On the other hand, processed fluid milk preferences are related positively to household income, number of children in households and education level of housewife and negatively to household size and age of housewife.

Understanding the Impact of a Recent Hurricane on Mobilization Time during a Subsequent Hurricane

It is not uncommon for a region to be affected by multiple hurricanes in a span of a few weeks. The behavior of the evacuees during a subsequent hurricane in the same season is affected by the damage to the infrastructure and to the vehicles and assets belonging to evacuees, as well as by the psychological impact of the preceding hurricane. One such behavioral aspect that affects traffic-loading rates during a hurricane is the evacuation delay or mobilization time. In this study, “mobilization time for an evacuee” is defined as the difference between the time at which the decision to leave is made and the actual time of departure. This paper proposes a methodology that can be used to understand the factors associated with the mobilization time during a subsequent hurricane while accounting for the effects of the preceding hurricane. The effects of the preceding hurricane were accounted for by modeling mobilization times simultaneously with an ordinal variable representing evacuation participation levels during Hurricane Charley. The data from a survey conducted with the evacuees of Hurricane Frances, which made landfall 3 weeks after Hurricane Charley, were used in this study. The errors for the two simultaneously estimated models were significantly correlated. The results showed that home ownership, the number of individuals in the household, income levels, and the level or the risk of a surge were significant in the model and explained the mobilization times for households. Pet ownership and the number of children in households, known to increase mobilization times during isolated hurricanes, were not found to be significant in the model. The implications of these findings for the demand S-curve are briefly discussed.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Greenlanders

In contrast to most populations worldwide, the incidence of gastric cancer increases among Inuit in Greenland. Contributing factors to this increase are unknown, but Helicobacter pylori may be involved. However, little is known regarding the epidemiology of H. pylori in Arctic communities. With the aim of determining age-specific prevalence, risk factors, and association with clinical conditions of H. pylori infection, we carried out a population-based study of H. pylori in Sisimiut, the second biggest town of Greenland. A population-based sample of 685 persons had serum drawn that was analyzed for H. pylori IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Risk factors analyses were carried out using multivariate logistic regression models. The seroprevalence was lowest among children aged 0-4 years (6%), but increased rapidly thereafter. In persons aged 15-87 years the seroprevalence had stabilized around 58%. Total number of children in household, number of older, but not younger, siblings and narrow age gap to closest older sibling were associated with H. pylori seropositivity. In contrast, number of adults in household and socioeconomic status did not influence serostatus. The age-specific prevalence pattern in Greenland is intermediate between that of developing and developed countries. The risk factor pattern indicates crowding and older siblings in particular to be key elements in risk of infection.

Personal space smoking restrictions among African Americans

This paper investigates the association between implementing a personal space smoking restriction for the home or automobile, and various sociodemographic, social, behavioral, and attitudinal variables. Approximately 1000 African-American adults (aged >18 years) residing in non-institutionalized settings were randomly selected using a cross-sectional stratified cluster sample of ten U.S. congressional districts represented by African Americans. A 62.0% and 70.4% ban was found, respectively, on smoking in homes and cars. Multivariate analysis revealed that region, marital status, number of friends who smoked, beliefs about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and smoking status predicted home smoking bans, while age, number of children in household, number of friends who smoked, and beliefs about ETS and smoking status predicted car smoking bans. Results suggest that a substantial segment of African Americans have accepted and translated public policy concerns about ETS into practice and reveal other variables that could be targeted in future interventions to increase implementation of personal space smoking restrictions.

Transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in families of preschool-aged children from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

We evaluated the role of the family in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in preschool-aged children from a rural district in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sixty-six families (66 index children, 63 mothers, 60 fathers and 134 siblings), defined as at least one parent living in the same household with at least one offspring up to 8 years old, were studied. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression controlling for age, gender, number of children in household and H. pylori status of the father, mother and siblings. The prevalence of the infection was 69.7% (469 of 673) and it increased with age (P < 0.001). Positive mothers were a strong and independent risk factor for infection (OR 22.70; 95% CI 2.31-223.21). Positive siblings were also positively associated with infection (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.01-3.30).

Analysis of pedestrians’ behavior at pedestrian crossings

This paper presents a methodology for studying pedestrians’ behavior at pedestrian crossings. To help understand the behavior of pedestrians, separate models were developed and estimated for divided and undivided streets. Estimated models include waiting time at the curbside and the number of crossing attempts needed by the pedestrian to make a successful crossing. From a broad range of road user and roadway factors, the strongest and most significant predictors which influenced the pedestrian’s waiting time and the frequency of attempts to cross the streets were gender, age, number of children in household, crossing frequency, number of people in the group attempting to cross, access to private vehicle, destination, home location in relation to pedestrian crossing, and pedestrian past involvement in traffic accidents. In addition to these predictors, maximum likelihood estimates revealed that the pedestrian expected waiting time seems to profoundly influence the number of attempts needed to successfully cross the street (divided or undivided). Furthermore, results relating to pedestrian crossings on divided streets indicate that the pedestrian’s expected waiting time when crossing from one side of the street to the central refuge island seem to increase the risk to end the waiting time when crossing from the refuge island to the other side of the street. Finally, results seem to suggest that pedestrians behave differently or have different waiting times as they cross from one side of the street to the refuge and from the refuge to the other side of the street.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany).

To examine the prevalence and changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany) in the last twenty years and to identify factors associated with childhood overweight. Cross-sectional surveys in 1975, 1985, 1995 and a household questionnaire in 1995. Children from schools in Jena, aged 7-14 y, participated (1975 : 1002 boys and 1000 girls; 1985 : 781 boys and 753 girls; 1995 : 989 boys and 912 girls). Prevalence of overweight or obesity based on the 90th or 97th age- and sex-specific percentile of the body mass index (BMI) developed for French children. In 1995 factors examined in relation to overweight included birth weight, birth length, age-class, number of children in household, occupation of the father, education of the mother and size of flat (apartment). In boys the prevalence of overweight increased from 10.0 to 16.3% and in girls from 11.7 to 20.7% between 1975 and 1995. The prevalence of obesity increased from 5.3 to 8.2% in boys and from 4.7 to 9.9% in girls between 1975 and 1995. However, the peak in the increase of overweight as well as of obesity lie for both sexes between 1985 and 1995. Using logistic regression, statistically significant associations with overweight were found for occupation of the father, birth weight in both sexes and additionally, for size of flat in girls. Overweight and obesity are increasing health problems among Jena children. Further investigations are needed to explore the influence of factors such as feeding pattern, food habits and physical activity on overweight. Special attention should be paid to the further social development in the society and to the link between low social class and overweight. Through such investigations effective preventive strategies could be developed.

A Cousin Study of Associations Between Family Demographic Characteristics and Children's Intellectual Ability

A sample of 1349 cousin pairs from 344 families was used to examine whether correlations between family characteristics and children's IQs represented causal effects. The family characteristics were: Age of the mother at the birth of first child, maternal self-esteem, highest grade completed by mother and father, family poverty status, mother-only household, and number of children in household. Causal effects imply that correlations between family characteristics in one family and IQs of children in the other family (Family–IQ cross correlations) are the product of the correlation between family characteristics and IQ times the correlation between family characteristics of cousins. Significance tests consistently showed that observed Family–IQ cross correlations were substantially larger than these predicted Family–IQ cross correlations assuming causal effects. This suggested that correlations between family characteristics and children's IQs did not represent pure causal effects and were for an important part confounded by genetic and environmental “third variables” shared by extended families.

An Empirical Analysis of Consumers' Attitudes Toward Optometrist Advertising

The purposes of this study were to determine: (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by optometrists and (b) whether city of residence, occupation, age, sex, race, marital status, number of children in household, total family household income and education accounted for any significant differences in consumer attitudes toward optometrists that advertise. Information obtained from this study could be used by optometrists to plan and improve the quality of their advertising.

Health and Nutritional Status Related To Socioeconomic Conditions and Environmental Health In Honduras, Central America

LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify conditions associated with poor health and nutritional status in children living in Honduras in order to plan future outreach and intervention programs in similar underdeveloped communities. The interwoven nature of poverty, illness, malnutrition, and unsanitary environmental conditions common in underdeveloped communities of the world contribute to inadequate health and nutritional status of children. The purpose of this research was to analyze data from a comprehensive demographic study conducted in rural Honduras as a joint project of the Honduran Ministry of Health and a United States university. A total of 611 households were surveyed to examine the relationship of health and nutrition to socioeconomic, environmental and behavioral conditions. Each survey provided a profile of household members six years of age and older (n=2759), children under six years of age (n=591), household conditions, and family patterns of behavior. Data collected for each child included current illness and observed nutritional status. Forty-six percent of children surveyed (n=269) were reported as currently ill, or ill during the two weeks prior to survey. Fifty-five percent of children (n=325) were observed to have been in good nutritional status. Chi-square tests were used to investigate relationships between household conditions and behavior patterns related to children's current illness and observed nutritional status. Current illness was significantly related to water source (p=.024), family excrement habits (p= 001), total number of children in household (p=.002), and construction materials of the house walls (p=.002), roof (p=.050), and floor (p<.001). Observed nutritional status was significantly related to water source (p=.041), water treatment method (p=.006), number of children in household (p<.001) and breast feeding history (p=.049). Consistent with the network of conditions in underdeveloped communities, the implications of this study are applicable to program development efforts worldwide. The results of this study may be directly applied by dietitians as they plan future education, outreach, intervention, and surveillance programs for similar populations in the United States and abroad.

Household Change and Racial Inequality in Economic Well-Being, 1960 to 1980

The 1960s and 1970s in the United States were marked by major demographic changes. Marriage was delayed, divorce increased, fertility decreased, and there was a relative increase in nonmarital fertility. These changes led to an increase in female household headship which acted to decrease economic well-being in the population. The changes also led to a decrease in the number of children in households which acted to increase economic well-being. These two household composition changes varied by race. As a result, increased female headship and decreased number of children affected more than levels of economic well-being, the changes affected racial inequality in economic well-being as well.

A study of regional trends in the labour force participation of married women in the UK, 1968–1977

This paper presents a quarterly time-series analysis of regional trends in the labour force participation rate of married women in the UK for the period 1968–1977, using sample estimates of participation rates from the Family Expenditure Survey (FES). The use of FES data provides access to incorporated into UK regional time-series analysis. Labour force participation rates of married women are found to be related to the rate of unemployment amongst their husbands, the rise in real earnings of married women and the decline in the number of young children in households during 1968–1977. It is suggested that the reduction in earnings differentials between the regions has been a major factor contributing to the observed convergence of regional labour force participation rates of married women towards the national average.

Change of Address

A sample of 1349 cousin pairs from 344 families was used to examine whether correlations between family characteristics and children's IQs represented causal effects. The family characteristics were: Age of the mother at the birth of first child, maternal self-esteem, highest grade completed by mother and father, family poverty status, mother-only household, and number of children in household. Causal effects imply that correlations between family characteristics in one family and IQs of children in the other family (Family–IQ cross correlations) are the product of the correlation between family characteristics and IQ times the correlation between family characteristics of cousins. Significance tests consistently showed that observed Family–IQ cross correlations were substantially larger than these predicted Family–IQ cross correlations assuming causal effects. This suggested that correlations between family characteristics and children's IQs did not represent pure causal effects and were for an important part confounded by genetic and environmental “third variables” shared by extended families.

Why do women consult doctors? Social factors and the use of the general practitioner.

This study was designed to investigate personal and social factors associated with demand for care by women aged between 20 and 44 years, a group unlikely to suffer from chronic illness. A random sample of women was drawn from the age-sex register of a south London group practice, and information was obtained concerning their daily symptom perception, anxiety level, social and health characteristics, and their consultations for one year. Social class, family involvement, number of children in household, satisfaction with the housing, and use of other health and social services were not associated with demand for general practitioner care. Absence of basic housing amenities, difficulties in running the household, brevity of stay in the house or neighbourhood, and lack of attachment of the neighbourhood were related to a high patient-initiated consultation rate. Some of the possible interpretations of these results are discussed together with their implications for social policy planning.