Number Of Actors Research Articles

Mad Dogs and Other New Yorkers: Rabies, Medicine, and Society in an American Metropolis, 1840–1920 by Jessica Wang

Reviewed by: Mad Dogs and Other New Yorkers: Rabies, Medicine, and Society in an American Metropolis, 1840–1920 by Jessica Wang Eric A. Deutsch (bio) Mad Dogs and Other New Yorkers: Rabies, Medicine, and Society in an American Metropolis, 1840–1920 By Jessica Wang. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019. 344 pages, 10 halftones, 6" x 9". $54.95 cloth, $54.95 ebook. Mad Dogs and Other New Yorkers: Rabies, Medicine, and Society in an American Metropolis, 1840–1920 By Jessica Wang. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019. 344 pages, 10 halftones, 6" x 9". $54.95 cloth, $54.95 ebook. Between 1840 and 1920, New York City's human population grew from three hundred thousand to over five million, a significant growth accompanied and catalyzed by expanding transportation and communications networks. This period was also one in which the city became a space within which animals—dogs, in particular—roamed city streets alongside humans. The relationship was not always symbiotic, and when "wild" dogs were identified as sources of an untreatable fatal disease, certain networks of people within the city—ranging from medical professionals to animal rights advocates—took disparate actions with the same objective: to prevent the transmission of rabies from dogs to humans. Such is the subject of Jessica Wang's Mad Dogs and Other New Yorkers: Rabies, Medicine, and Society in an American Metropolis, 1840–1920. Wang captures an era in New York's history within which concerns raised by an "anthrozootic city" were exemplified by rabid animals and the discourse surrounding the threat to humans posed by such animals (11). Wang analyzes how rabies shaped New York public's imagination of the disease, how efforts to regulate dogs were debated and practiced to stop the spread of a most feared disease, and how these considerations were all shaped and informed by altering notions [End Page 230] of medicine. Analyzing the medical history of rabies and the social discourse surrounding rabies in late nineteenth-century New York, Wang argues, enhances historical understandings of a vast array of historical fields, including the history of rabies, of dogs in urban spaces, of transformations in medical practice, and of politicization of threats to public health. Wang's work may be fairly categorized as a sociocultural history of medicine, urban space, New York City, animals, science and technology, and politics, and though the author capably traces the discourse surrounding rabies within the historiographical context of the aforementioned fields, the monograph as a singular project is not a historiographically significant work within one of these fields. But (and stay with me), the work is a feat for just this reason: that Wang capably navigates within, and connects, many distinct fields of history through a single lens is an achievement that should not be dismissed or minimized by virtue of the work's not wholly contextualizing every question (historiographical or other) it raises. If this book disappoints a historian of medicine for not being singularly a history of medicine, then, in this reviewer's opinion, it succeeded in illustrating the remarkable array of issues that rabies affected and the number of actors that rabies inspired to act in distinct ways. Wang primarily uses newspaper accounts to trace reactions to the spread of rabies, which she notes outweighed by an astounding scale the threat rabies actually posed to the American public. Wang presents these stories as short anecdotes. Her style does not drastically vary throughout her work, but the elements of—and characters in—the book underscore Wang's argument that rabies captured the attention and imagination of a nation. Wang's expert utilization of short narratives drawn from contemporary newspaper accounts serve to make Mad Dogs an approachable, engaging, and readable monograph. Wang's work reads alternatingly as a book that sees itself as a popular text for those interested in New York history and an academic work that seeks to move forward the fields of medical history, social history, cultural history, and anthrozoology. Regrettably, Mad Dogs fails to identify how it operates to impact these fields. Wang captures New Yorkers' voices primarily from periodicals written by and quoting city residents. Due to limitations of her methodology, dogs remain the acted-upon...

How a Big Strategy Led to the Emergence of a Small State: the Example оf Estonia

Strategies for moving towards independence are always of scientific interest, which naturally increases in cases where we are talking about a whole sequence of gains and losses of independence. In relation to Estonia, the relevance is due to the fact that the Republic of Estonia is our neighbor, the quality of relations with which is far from ideal. From the beginning of the 20th century until the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty in 1920, the most complex political processes took place on the territory of the future Estonia, with the participation of a significant number of actors, not one of whom was not interested in Estonian independence. Why, in the first two twenties, Estonia became independent quite unexpectedly, not only for Berlin and Petrograd, but also for Tallinn itself.

Ausencia de escenarios deportivos: cambio en las dinámicas socioeconómicas de la población ibaguereña

Los encuentros nacionales deportivos generan importantes dinámicas socioeconómicas en las ciudades organizadoras, debido a que se vinculan un número significativo de actores de diversos ámbitos: económico, empresarial, capital humano, y el más importante, deportivo. No es un secreto que en Colombia han sucedido un sinfín de inconvenientes jurídicos y de contratación en el desarrollo de estas justas deportivas; sin embargo, lo sucedido en Ibagué marcó un antes y un después desde diversos panoramas. Por consiguiente, esta investigación se centró en la identificación y medición del impacto socioeconómico que generaron los XX Juegos Deportivos Nacionales y los IV Paranacionales 2015 que pasaron de ser una gran oportunidad a dejar sin escenarios deportivos a una ciudad completa.

The City as a License. Implications of Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers for Urban Governance

Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) such as blockchain have in recent years been presented as a new general-purpose technology that could underlie many aspects of social and economic life, including civics and urban governance. In an urban context, over the past few years, a number of actors have started to explore the application of distributed ledgers in amongst others smart city services as well as in blockchain for good and urban commons-projects. DLTs could become the administrative backbones of such projects, as the technology can be set-up as an administration, management and allocation tool for urban resources. With the addition of smart contracts, DLTs can further automate the processing of data and execution of decisions in urban resource management through algorithmic governance. This means that the technological set-up and design of such DLT based systems could have large implications for the ways urban resources are governed. Positive contributions are expected to be made toward (local) democracy, transparent governance, decentralization, and citizen empowerment. We argue that to fully scrutinize the implications for urban governance, a critical analysis of distributed ledger technologies is necessary. In this contribution, we explore the lens of “the city as a license” for such a critical analysis. Through this lens, the city is framed as a “rights-management-system,” operated through DLT technology. Building upon Lefebvrian a right to the city-discourses, such an approach allows to ask important questions about the implications of DLTs for the democratic governance of cities in an open, inclusive urban culture. Through a technological exploration combined with a speculative approach, and guided by our interest in the rights management and agency that blockchains have been claimed to provide to their users, we trace six important issues: quantification; blockchain as a normative apparatus; the complicated relationship between transparency and accountability; the centralizing forces that act on blockchains; the degrees to which algorithmic rules can embed democratic law-making and enforcing; and finally, the limits of blockchain's trustlessness.

PERKEMBANGAN TARI PIRIANG DI KANAGARIAN PANDAI SIKEK KECAMATAN X KOTOKABUPATEN TANAH DATAR

This study belongs to a qualitative research using a descriptive analysis method. The object of this research was the Piriang dance in PandaiSikek village, X Koto district, TanahDatar regency. The research instrument was the researcher itself and was assisted by stationeries, a photo camera, a handy cam, and aflash drive. The data were collected through literature study, observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis was done by collecting the data, grouping the data, analyzing the data, interpreting the data, and reporting the results of the research. The results of this study show that the Piriang dance in PandaiSikek village, X Koto district, Tanah Datarregency, has two aspects of development: quantitative and qualitative aspects. Quantitative development is found in the number of actors who have increased from generation to generation. Judging from the area of its use, apart from PandaiSikek, it is also performed inKacang village. Meanwhile, its functions and uses have developed. In thebeginning, it was only danced in the harvest time. Today,it is performed in various events such as wedding ceremonies, circumcisions, Khatam Qur’an (sealing the Koran), and other events. Meanwhile, qualitatively there is a development in movement and costume.Keywords: Development, Piriang Dance, Kanagarian Pandai Sikek

THE APEC INTEGRATED COMPETITIVE FORCE INDEX

The number of actors that affect the distribution of the competitive force in the global economy is growing, and the spheres of economic competition or cooperation are expanding to build up the competitive force. The article emphasizes the significant impact of international economic integration on the sustainable economic development of the world economy. It also shows that the study of the competitive force of interstate integration groupings is highly relevant today, as international economic integration plays a fundamental role in the development of trade and competitive relations between countries. The paper offers the methodology for competitiveness grouping of Member States of the international integration groupings in order to assess the global competitive force of trade and economic groupings in the world economy. The purpose is to investigate the Integrated Competitive Force Index of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 2019 in order to analyze the attractiveness of APEC in terms of the global competitive force. It is also important to determine the attractiveness of APEC competitive environment according to 12 criteria on the basis of the research, which, in turn, allows for a better understanding and ranking of interstate integration groupings according to their competitive forces. Result. Based on the data of the Global Competitiveness Report 2019 on the competitiveness of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Member States (APEC), the Integrated Competitive Force Index of APEC as an interstate integration grouping has been calculated. The Index will help to assess economic integration or disintegration processes in the global economy. The article proves the necessity of the annual integrated competitive force ranking of international integration groupings. Practical implications. The introduction of the new Integrated Competitive Force Index of interstate integration groupings will help competition policymakers to decide which processes of economic integration or disintegration should be preferred in order to build up their competitive force in the global economy.

Model-Based Edge Clustering

Relational data can be studied using network analytic techniques which define the network as a set of actors and a set of edges connecting these actors. One important facet of network analysis that receives significant attention is community detection. However, while most community detection algorithms focus on clustering the actors of the network, it is very intuitive to cluster the edges. Connections exist because they were formed within some latent environment such as, in the case of a social network, a workplace or religious group, and hence by clustering the edges of a network we may gain some insight into these latent environments. We propose a model-based approach to clustering the edges of a network using a latent space model describing the features of both actors and latent environments. We derive a generalized EM algorithm for estimation and gradient-based Monte Carlo algorithms, and we demonstrate that the computational cost grows linearly in the number of actors for sparse networks rather than quadratically. We demonstrate the potential impact of our proposed approach on a patient transfer network, verifying these results by running simple epidemic simulations, and on a real friendship network among faculty members at a university in the United Kingdom.

OPEN DATA PLATFORMS FOR A DATA COMMONS, HOW TO SUPPORT THE LIFE OF DATA BEYOND RELEASE

In this paper we will discuss the challenges and opportunities of infusing in open data a life beyond its original public release. Indeed, it is often unclear whether open data has a life beyond the one it was initially collected for, to the extent that some authors have even described the public reuse of government data as no more than a “myth”. We will present the results of the project Data Commons Scotland launched with the idea of creating an Internet based prototype platform for creating a trustworthy common of open data, thus facilitating a life for data beyond the one of the original producer. We will discuss the results of our empirical research for the project based on 31 qualitative interviews with a number of actors, such as data producers or citizens. Moreover, we will present the results of the co-design conducted for the design of the Data Commons Scotland platform. With the results of our analysis we will reflect on the challenges of building Internet based platforms for open data supporting the generation of a common.

Supply Chain Uncertainties of Small-Scale Coffee Husk-Biochar Production for Activated Carbon in Vietnam

Between 2014 and 2019, an innovative small-pyrolysis system (the PPV300) using agrowaste as feedstock was transferred and adapted from Switzerland to Vietnam by a United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) project. The coffee husk resulting from the processing of coffee beans is usually disposed of in Vietnam or burned inefficiently to dry coffee beans. Small-scale pyrolysis of coffee husk using the PPV300 avoids smoke emissions and local air pollution while providing an energy source for coffee drying and biochar as a by-product. This paper investigates the uncertainties in the “coffee husk to activated carbon” supply chain in Vietnam and discusses the pros and cons of different supply chain setups using a framework derived by Chopra and Meindl (2013). According to the analysis, a number of actors (an intermediary without previous direct involvement in the coffee supply chain, a coffee processor, or a hybrid between farm and processor), each with advantages and disadvantages, would be suitable from a supply chain perspective to attain an efficient strategy that would keep the price of the biochar low. However, in order to be attractive for one activated carbon producer, several PPV300 systems are needed to reach a significant economy of scale. Sufficient husk sourcing and storage capacity is also needed. If the purpose is simply to produce biochar for activated carbon, processors and intermediaries could consider a simpler and cheaper design than the PPV300. In conclusion, supply chain uncertainties and economic viability can be optimized when the PPV300 is used by coffee processors or intermediaries, who are able to make use of the co-products generated (biochar, heat, and wood vinegar). In addition to its financial viability, all of the other co-benefits of this technology should be taken into consideration (reduced smoke and environmental pollution, avoided health costs, greenhouse gas savings, etc.) for a proper assessment of its economic attractiveness.

Application of additive manufacturing in challenges posed by COVID-19

COVID-19 has brought a lot of turbulence and instability among manufacturing organizations. This pandemic has affected all three types of manufacturing operations- subtractive, additive and forming manufacturing processes. In this paper we have discussed how additive manufacturing has played a role in this time of crisis. There has been an increased adoption of additive manufacturing to overcome the demand created by this pandemic. The number of actors in additive supply chain have reduced and thus in the time of epidemics that has been a boom and has helped manufacturers relying on additive manufacturing to be agile and react in nearly no time to the requirements. The same has been found its use primarily in manufacturing healthcare facilities in short notices along with producing parts of medical equipment like ventilators.

The Specifics and Importance of Cultural Dimension of the Modern East-West International Business Management and Its Changing Content in Post Virus Pandemic Phase (Some Trends and Observations)

The author of the article underlines the increasing importance of knowledge of the cultural dimension in modern international business relations, considering wider and narrower (practical) approaches to this topic. The openness of newly emerging markets in developing countries, primarily in Asia, and the development of informational technologies and trade, have brought better opportunities for the global economic East-West partnership, in parallel, according to the author’s opinion, to an underestimation of the specifics of the cultural component of business relations, especially when the number of actors, geography of countries, regions and range of business cultural experiences is steadily expanding. 2019 Virus Pandemic Crises followed by advancing of Digital Economy ,, and reduction of direct face to face business negotiations, limited time for cultural experiences exchanges, alongside with substantial amendments in business etiquette and in other fields of business management will bring new challenges forinternational business community. The furtherstudy of the mentioned topic will certainly contribute to an improvement in the modern business culture and reduce the risk of failed business activity both at the governmental and corporate levels.

Policy Role in Innovation Network: Case of Indonesian food processing firms

<p>The objective of the study is to reveal factors that are internal and external to firms that affect the use of network relations for innovation, with a focus on mapping the policy role in innovation networks. The study was undertaken through case analysis in four different firms. The study found that the number of actors in network relations affects upgrading of value of a good or service. The upgrading is activated by learning events, which are related to organizational changes, namely, refocusing on the core business, restructuring the internal organization, undertaking management change, and applying responsive management practices. The specific policy role in stimulating the network effect for innovation are: (i) government facilities for the ease of doing business by continuing to reduce bureaucratic processes to regulate standard requirements, (ii) strengthening government agencies–industry relations by establishing promotion of representatives of Indonesian food products overseas, (iii) government brokerage and matching services for global trading by arranging trade fairs, business seminars, or supporting modern information technologies, and (iv) government relaxation on import restriction to maintain a stable supply of raw materials for food processing. The substantive contribution of this scientific study is the provision of the concept of policy role in innovation networks viewed from the sectoral system of innovation.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>innovation network, policy role, organizational change, upgrading, sectoral system of innovation</em></p>

Taking handicap into account: Systemic features

Because of many features of handicap, such as the number of actors and interactions, the complexity of the field, handicap must be considered from a system point of view, and dealt with as any system. That makes it possible to build a comprehensive response to the question of the inclusion and full citizenship of people with disabilities, better than some fragmentary solutions often proposed. The paper emphasizes relationships inside the disability field and external relationships with the environment, namely valid people in everyday life and workfield; the consideration of those external relationships leads to the compensation of handicap for a better accessibility to buildings, transports, care, communication, and soon; unexpected spin-offs of that compensation on the whole of population can be observed.

Opera for children-performers in the work of contemporary choir conductors

Opera for children-performers in the work of contemporary choir conductors

ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПОРЯДКУ ДЕННОГО ОСВІТНЬОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ (1998 - 2014):

В даному дослідженні з’ясовується наявність та сила впливу одного актора на іншого під час формування порядку денного освітньої політики в Україні. Вивчення названого явища допомагає виявити характер відносин між акторами в підсистемі державної політики у сфері освіти. Окрім цього, також забезпечує емпіричну основу для формування теорій та нормативних оцінок дій влади. Зібрані за допомогою контент-аналізу емпіричні дані містять інформацію про розподіл уваги акторів між 67 проблемами освіти впродовж 1998 – 2014 років. Для виявлення та оцінки ефектів встановлення порядку денного як свідчення впливу акторів використано кореляційний та негативний біноміальний регресійний аналіз. В результаті дослідження виявлено, що у відносинах між інституціональними акторами переважає самостійність над залежністю під час формування порядку денного та є відсутньою монополія на його встановлення. Окрім цього, легіслатура здійснює більший вплив на інших акторів, ніж зазнає з їхньої сторони. Також проведений аналіз засвідчив, що в більшості випадків інституціональні актори є залежними від мас-медіа, політичних партій та лідерів.

Professional advice for primary healthcare workers in Ethiopia: a social network analysis

BackgroundIn an era of increasingly competitive funding, governments and donors will be looking for creative ways to extend and maximise resources. One such means can include building upon professional advice networks to more efficiently introduce, scale up, or change programmes and healthcare provider practices. This cross-sectional, mixed-methods, observational study compared professional advice networks of healthcare workers in eight primary healthcare units across four regions of Ethiopia. Primary healthcare units include a health centre and typically five satellite health posts.MethodsOne hundred sixty staff at eight primary healthcare units were interviewed using a structured tool. Quantitative data captured the frequency of healthcare worker advice seeking and giving on providing antenatal, childbirth, postnatal and newborn care. Network and actor-level metrics were calculated including density (ratio of ties between actors to all possible ties), centrality (number of ties incident to an actor), distance (average number of steps between actors) and size (number of actors within the network). Following quantitative network analyses, 20 qualitative interviews were conducted with network study participants from four primary healthcare units. Qualitative interviews aimed to interpret and explain network properties observed. Data were entered, analysed or visualised using Excel 6.0, UCINET 6.0, Netdraw, Adobe InDesign and MaxQDA10 software packages.ResultsThe following average network level metrics were observed: density .26 (SD.11), degree centrality .45 (SD.08), distance 1.94 (SD.26), number of ties 95.63 (SD 35.46), size of network 20.25 (SD 3.65). Advice networks for antenatal or maternity care were more utilised than advice networks for post-natal or newborn care. Advice networks were typically limited to primary healthcare unit staff, but not necessarily to supervisors. In seeking advice, a colleague’s level of training and knowledge were valued over experience. Advice exchange primarily took place in person or over the phone rather than over email or online fora. There were few barriers to seeking advice.ConclusionInformal, inter-and intra-cadre advice networks existed. Fellow primary healthcare unit staff were preferred, particularly midwives, but networks were not limited to the primary healthcare unit. Additional research is needed to associate network properties with outcomes and pilot network interventions with central actors.

Looking for cheap and abundant power: Business, government and nuclear energy in Finland

Nuclear energy is a particularly regulated and politicised part of energy production. In this article, we analyse how private companies have promoted their interests in this challenging sector. We focus on the case of Finland, where manufacturing industries have regarded cheap and abundant power as a key component of their business strategies. From the 1950s onwards, nuclear energy seemed a particularly attractive option, as Finland had few alternative power sources. However, private companies faced opposition from a number of actors. They included the Soviets, who were eager to sell their reactors, while the Finns wanted to buy Western ones; centrist and left-wing politicians, who favoured state-controlled options; and finally, the environmental movement, which from the 1980s onwards opposed the construction of all new reactors. Politicians rejected proposals for a fifth nuclear reactor until the industrialists learned to present the reactor as a ‘green’ project, which would reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Cross-movement alliances against authoritarian rule: insights from term amendment struggles in West Africa

ABSTRACT When former president Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal tried to bypass constitutional limitations on renewing his candidature, tens of thousands took to the streets. The success of this mobilisation has been largely attributed to the newly created youth movement, Y’en a marre. Burkina Faso witnessed similar events, when the country saw hundreds of thousands protest against the potential continuation of former president Blaise Compaoré – the action being led by the social movement Balai Citoyen, whose public image also heavily featured music artists. Examining these large-scale mobilisations against term extensions by heads of state from a contentious politics perspective, however, reveals that a large number of actors from civil society and politics were involved in the protests. In both cases, we find cross-movement mobilisations, with none of them forming stable or enduring alliances. I will argue that the reasons for this go back to competitive relations among Senegalese actors, and ideological polarisation in the case of Burkina Faso. My concluding remarks outline the role and relative importance of these social movements within their broader societal contexts, and point at future pathways for research.

Privacy‐aware cloud ecosystems: Architecture and performance

SummaryWith an increasing number of cloud providers offering services made use of by both individual users and other providers, there is a realization that service provision now involves an “ecosystem” of providers. Some providers may be directly visible to a user, while others may be contributors to composite services and not directly known to the user—as only the provider offering the composite service is visible. Such services may include: domain specific services (eg, simulation), advertising services, or profiling/analytics services. Understanding the impact on data privacy of a user for such a composite service remains a challenge, and providing transparency (and obtaining user consent for data use) remains a key requirement of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). An architecture that makes use of blockchains and smart contracts is proposed that addresses this requirement. An implementation of the architecture is used to demonstrate how access control can be managed and audited. The scalability and cost of undertaking access control, as the number of actors (both service providers and “voters”) increases, is also described. The proposed approach can be used to support service aggregation across both private and public clouds.

12. Comment composer avec la concurrence ? Le cas de l’imprimerie vénitienne, 1469-début XVI e siècle

L’imprimerie vénitienne à la fin du XV e et au début du XVI e siècle permet d’observer une situation de mise en concurrence de divers acteurs, sans régulation de l’activité. Ces acteurs doivent pourtant collaborer dans le cadre d’une activité très demandeuse en capitaux. Cela aboutit à la création de niches économiques et sociales permettant la confiance nécessaire aux collaborations, mais aussi à des phénomènes oligopolistiques.