Nuclear Family Research Articles

Study of Attitude Toward Homosexuality Among the Health Professionals

Background: Despite the level of awareness of homosexuality is in the increasing trend, health professionals lack a positive attitude toward homosexuality. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of attitudes toward homosexuality among health professionals. Subject and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 600 health professionals. The attitude toward homosexuality questionnaire was used to assess the attitude of health professionals toward homosexuality. A descriptive analysis, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test were used to analyze the data. Observations: The mean score for attitude toward homosexuality questionnaire was 73.04 + 23.39 among the participants. The males had lesser degree of positive attitude compared to higher degree of positive attitude of females toward homosexuality. Participants from rural areas had neutral attitudes, and participants from the urban areas had positive attitudes toward homosexuality. Participants living in nuclear families had positive attitudes toward homosexuality, and participants living in joint families had negative attitudes toward homosexuality. Participants with heterosexual orientation had negative attitudes toward homosexuality. Conclusion: Overall, health professionals had a lesser degree of positive attitude toward homosexuality; they require sensitization to upgrade their positive attitude toward homosexuality for better doctor–patient relationship.

Decline in and recovery of fertility rates after COVID-19-related state of emergency in Japan

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic led to a decline in fertility rates worldwide. Although many regions have experienced a temporary drop in fertility rates with the spread of the infection, subsequent recovery...

‘Ever growing fascism’: the Jean Field custody case and weaponizing family law in the United States during the Cold War

ABSTRACT In 1940, Jean Field’s husband Vernon left her with two children, three-cents, and no groceries. Jean raised her children with progressive values and taught them to reject racism. After a ten-year absence, Vernon contested Jean’s parental fitness based on her opposition to the Korean War and antiracism. Jean defied the highly valued gender proscriptions that positioned the nuclear family as a bulwark against communist invasion and a father’s authority as paramount. The Jean Field case demonstrates that family law was used to suppress radical organizing, punish radicals, and remake families for the best interest of the anticommunist state.

Identification of potential auxin response candidate genes for soybean rapid canopy coverage through comparative evolution and expression analysis

IntroductionThroughout domestication, crop plants have gone through strong genetic bottlenecks, dramatically reducing the genetic diversity in today’s available germplasm. This has also reduced the diversity in traits necessary for breeders to develop improved varieties. Many strategies have been developed to improve both genetic and trait diversity in crops, from backcrossing with wild relatives, to chemical/radiation mutagenesis, to genetic engineering. However, even with recent advances in genetic engineering we still face the rate limiting step of identifying which genes and mutations we should target to generate diversity in specific traits.MethodsHere, we apply a comparative evolutionary approach, pairing phylogenetic and expression analyses to identify potential candidate genes for diversifying soybean (Glycine max) canopy cover development via the nuclear auxin signaling gene families, while minimizing pleiotropic effects in other tissues. In soybean, rapid canopy cover development is correlated with yield and also suppresses weeds in organic cultivation.Results and discussionWe identified genes most specifically expressed during early canopy development from the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor, Aux/IAA auxin co-receptor, and ARF auxin response factor gene families in soybean, using principal component analysis. We defined Arabidopsis thaliana and model legume species orthologs for each soybean gene in these families allowing us to speculate potential soybean phenotypes based on well-characterized mutants in these model species. In future work, we aim to connect genetic and functional diversity in these candidate genes with phenotypic diversity in planta allowing for improvements in soybean rapid canopy cover, yield, and weed suppression. Further development of this and similar algorithms for defining and quantifying tissue- and phenotype-specificity in gene expression may allow expansion of diversity in valuable phenotypes in important crops.

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls of Selected Schools in Lucknow UP

“A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls of selected schools in Lucknow UP.” Objectives: To describe the socio demographic variables of adolescent girls, To assess the knowledge and practice levels of adolescent girls regarding menstrual hygiene among girls in selected schools ,To co-relate the knowledge and practice regarding menstrua; hygiene, To find out the association between knowledge and practice levels with their selected socio demographic variables of adolescent girls regarding menstrual hygiene among girls in selected school, To develop and distribute an information booklet regarding menstrual hygiene among girls. Design: Descriptive research design Setting: The study was conducted in St. Xavier’s inter college, Lucknow Sample size: The total sample size was 100 adolescent girls. Sampling technique: Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Methods: Assessment was done by using self-structured questionnaires Findings: From the findings of the study it can be concluded that were under age group of 15-18 years( 64%), with regards to religion , the majority of samples belong to Hindu (82%).education majority of samples belong to 10th class (43%), majority of family income status per month is above 20,000 (36%), most of the sample belongs from nuclear family (50%), mothers education majority of sample belongs to 10th class (25%), most of the sample got menarche after 13 year (44%), majority of samples are staying at home (83%), the main source of information was family member (61%), most of the samples are bleeding during menstruation up to 4-5 day(60%), majority of samples are menstruating in 28-30 days (47%). The knowledge level of mean was assessed among adolescent students, mean was 18.26 standard deviation was 3.34 that shows that majority are having good knowledge. The Practice level of mean was assessed among adolescent students, mean was 12.53 standard deviation was 2.88 that shows that majority are having good Practice. Correlation shows that between knowledge and practice there is a weak positive correlation between knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene but it is not significant at p< 0.05 indicating that both tools do not correlate. Conclusion- Based on the findings mean knowledge scores was higher than the practice regarding menstrual hygiene. As a result, health education program should be carried out for all adolescent girl and community member regarding importance of menstrual hygiene at all level of disseminated

Prevalence of depression among Geriatric Population in a Rural Municipality of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Depression is a major public health concern among the elderly, affecting their quality of life and overall well-being. Despite the increasing elderly population in Nepal, data on the prevalence of depression in rural areas is limited. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence of depression among the geriatric population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals aged 60 years and above in three randomly selected wards of Shivapuri Rural Municipality. Respondents were selected using consecutive sampling. The Nepali version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was administered through face-to-face interviews. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number 080/81-437). Descriptive analysis was conducted for categorical variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).Results: The overall prevalence of geriatric depression was 115 (28.75%; 95% CI: 24.36%-33.46%), with a mean depression score of 3.54 ± 3.17. Among those with depression, majority reported mild depression 79 (68.70%) reported mild depression, 79 (31.22%) were male, 88 (30.66%) were under 75 years of age, 46 (35.66%) self-rated their health as not good, 16 (32.66%) had COPD and 33 (30%) were hypertensive elderly.Conclusions: About one third of the elderly reported of having depression and more than 50% had mild depression. The depresson was more in age group less than 75 years, male, married and in nuclear family.

A descriptive study on quality of life among menopausal women residing in selected rural areas of Udupi district, Karnataka

Background: Menopause is defined as the period of time when ovarian function stops, resulting in permanent amenorrhea, or as the cessation of periods for a period of time equal to three prior cycles. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study conducted among 100 menopausal women, by using The Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) Questionnaire, The data is collected by administering a semi structured socio-demographic proforma, residing at rural area in cherkady village of udupi district. Results: The data in Table 1 depicts the majority of the menopausal women 30 (30%) were in the age group of (46 to 50) years. The maximum percentage of the menopausal women 100(100%) were married. The maximum percentage of the menopausal women 62(62%) belong to the Hindu religion. The majority of the menopausal women with educational status 66(66%) were primary (1st std-7th std). Regarding the menopausal women occupation status 100 (100%) were unskilled workers. The majority of the menopausal women with educational status of husband 70(70%) were primary (1st std-7th std). Regarding the menopausal women occupation status of husband 55(55%) were semi-skilled worker. The majority of the primigravida women with place of residence 100(100%) were from rural area. Regarding the menopausal women type of family 53(53%) belonged to nuclear family. The highest percentage of menopausal women 100 (100%) had a monthly income ranging from Rs.2391-7101.A maximum of 34 (34%) attained menarche at the age of 12 years and 49(49%) of them were of61-70 kg weight. A maximum of menopausal women 100(100%) were doing exercise twice a week. About the majority of 99(99%) menopausal women were anemic. About the majority of 88(88%) menopausal women perceived adequate social support. None of them had habit of smoking and alcoholism.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A comparative study of clinico-socio-demographic characteristics among two diverse Indian population

Objectives. The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing not only in India but also globally. The aim of this observational study was to determine the clinico-pathological findings of NAFLD patients in two different geographic populations in India. Material and methods. This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved 140 consecutive patients with NAFLD from four centers, primarily diagnosed by ultrasound in Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi) and Odisha (Khordha). Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected from each patient of both the states and were compared. Outcomes. The study findings revealed that most of NAFLD patients were males (71.4%), aged around 39.6±10.86 years, with BMI indicating overweight (27.68 ± 4.25 Kg/m2). Patients from Uttar Pradesh (UP) had non-significantly higher rates of elevated transaminase levels [SGOT/SGPT- 40.2 (41.53)/47.35(60.93) IU/L], compared to those from Odisha [SGOT/SGPT-26(23.15)/29(45.40) IU/L]. Too cases of Odisha had non-significantly higher mean triglyceride levels compared to patients of UP. There was a significant difference in family type in-between the 2 regions (p=0.000), with Odisha having more number of nuclear families compared to UP. Cases from Odisha had non-significantly higher per capita monthly income (41.891 ± 43.23 INR) compared to UP (34.276 ± 27.66 INR). Statistically significant dietary preferences, were noticed in-between the 2 states with majority from Odisha favoring non-vegetarian diets (90.6%) compared to Uttar Pradesh (75.06%). Conclusions. Patients from Odisha had higher per capita monthly income, history of higher non-vegetarian diet consumption, higher hypertriglyceridemia and lesser transaminases compared to cases from Uttar Pradesh.

Doubly strongly first-order dependencies

Abstract Team Semantics is a generalization of Tarskian Semantics in which formulas are satisfied with respect to sets of assignments, called teams. In this semantics, it is possible to add new atoms and connectives expressing dependencies between possible values of variables. Some of the resulting logics are more expressive than first-order logic while others are not. I study the (relativizable) atoms and families of atoms that do not increase the expressive power of first-order logic when they and their complements are added to it, separately or jointly, calling them doubly strongly first-order dependencies and finding a characterization for them.

Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities among adult out-patients living with HIV/AIDS in a tertiary care center, North-Central Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders had been reported with higher prevalence among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [PLWHA] than the general population and its presence could confer poorer prognosis on infected individuals. However, there is limited research on the above subject matter in the North-Central part of Nigeria. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders (CPD) among adult out-patients PLWHA at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria.MethodsIt was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 363 respondents attending the UITH Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) clinic between March and May 2019. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the prevalence of CPD among respondents. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and p value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of depression was 24.5%, anxiety disorder (AD) was 16.8% and alcohol use disorder (AUD) was 0.6%. Respondents from the extended family type were more depressed 70.4% and about half 43.3% of the nuclear family had AD while a 1.6% prevalence of AUD was found among the nuclear family. The association was statistically significant with a p value of 0.001.ConclusionCPD exist among PLWHA with increasing prevalence therefore screening for these disorders should be encouraged during routine management of PLWHA to improve their psychological well-being.

Abstract C078: Optimizing exposure science to understand disparities: the Bayview Hunters Point residential history study

Abstract Background: Understanding environmental impacts on local cancer burden requires accurate documentation of residential histories. Collection of residential history data is challenging because individuals may have difficulty recalling addresses over decades, or the detailed dates living at each location. In addition, some communities may have different concepts of where they live versus their home address. Recently, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data was linked to LexisNexis longitudinal residential history database, which could address some of these challenges. As part of a larger effort to understand the impact of environmental exposures in Bayview Hunters Point (BVHP), we compared the oral residential histories against commercially available data found in LN. We hypothesized that for communities with limited financial mobility, who live in multi-generational households or have diverse definitions of “home,” commercially available data sets may fail to capture accurate residential histories and has implications for studying environmental exposures and cancer. Methods: After institutional IRB approval, community advocates helped identify long term (&amp;gt;20 years) BVHP residents. Group interviews, including a friend/family member to support detailed recall of residential history, were conducted. Interviews elicited residential histories (RH) with addresses and concepts of ‘home.’ Participant-reported RH were compared against records in LexisNexis (LN). We used three levels of identifiers to locate participant records: 1. Name and Date of Birth (DOB); 2. Name, DOB, and middle initial and aliases; 3. Name, DOB, augmented name, and alternate family members’ addresses. Participants were categorized by the amount of data required to find the LN record; and those who could not be located at all. Qualitative data was analyzed using Dedoose Version 7.0.23 (2016), Los Angeles, California. Results: The study included 20 participants who lived on average 40 years in BVHP. Of those, 90% were African American. The majority (65%) were female with an average age of 61. LN records for 4 participants (20%) were identified using minimal identifiers; five (25%) required inclusion of aliases. Nearly half (n=8 (40%)) required search terms that included aliases and an alternative address, highlighting the difference between where people “live” versus where they “stay;” and suggesting the importance of differences in definitions of ‘home.’ Three (15%) participants’ records could not be found in LN. Conclusion: In a historically redlined community situated at one of the country’s most contaminated superfund sites, LN data was limited in capturing complete RH. The NCI’s recent linkage of SEER with LN residential history data relies on assumptions about financial mobility and multigenerational households. The dataset may fail to capture exposures when locations where people “stay” differ from their permanent address. Our results suggest that SEER-LN data to evaluate environmental exposures should be used with caution. Citation Format: Chinomnso Okorie, Dalila Adofo, Michael Bennett, Debora Oh, Galen Joseph, Scarlett Gomez, Kim F. Rhoads. Optimizing exposure science to understand disparities: the Bayview Hunters Point residential history study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C078.

Beatriz Nascimento and the Erotics of the Quilombo in Times of Peril

In October 2018, the election of an extreme right-wing politician as president of Brazil laid bare the histories of antidemocratic practices that guided the policies and rhetoric of the newly elected government. Black, poor, Indigenous, Northeastern, and LGBTQIA+ people were positioned as threats to the stability of the nuclear family and public safety that the government claimed it would protect. The subsequent COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 also put into stark view the antidemocratic practices and the blatant disregard for life in Brazil, which was particularly acute for people who had been marked as a threat. “Beatriz Nascimento and the Erotics of the Quilombo in Times of Peril” revisits the work of Beatriz Nascimento, a Black Brazilian thinker and scholar who lived through the repressive and antidemocratic period of the military dictatorship (1964–1985). Nascimento’s work offers perspective to the current extreme right-wing project and underscores the significance of Black scholars’ interventions when the lives of marginalized people are at stake. Specifically, her concept of the quilombo (maroon communities) uncovers the histories, relations of power, and the possibilities of social relations for Brazilians living in precarity that antidemocratic governments have attempted to diminish and erase.

Tahiti Population (Re)Estimates and Ideologies

The question of Tahiti population at contact was first addressed by assessing the reliability of early and later estimates, and then by a retrodiction based on the first reliable censuses and data on trends. Cook’s famous estimate of 204,000 Tahitians, affected by a wrong number of districts, has been reworked based on his own and the Forsters’ observations, using coast length and the age and sex structure of Tahiti population at contact in relation to infanticide, resulting in a range of 156,000-188,000 persons in 1774, before Boenechea’s flu in 1772 and the 1774 flu epidemics. The discrepancies between Wilson’s 16,050 and other missionaries’ estimate of 50,000 as of 1797 are puzzling, but the 1829-1830 missionary estimates were strongly affected by Tahitians’ resistance to Christianization. The twentieth century estimates are affected by a political context related to colonization - decolonisation, leading to the fact that researchers favour low estimates. McArthur uses missionary data, assuming that baptisms are births, although before the conversion was completed, baptisms included adults and children of all ages. She bases her estimate of 30,000 Tahitians at contact in 1767 on Wilson’s number of 16,050, who applied the size of nuclear households, 6 persons, to clans. Oliver followed her, however not excluding numbers twice as high or more. Our retrodiction on the 1848 and 1881 censuses, based on qualitative missionary reports on sanitary situation and data of Rarotonga that experienced similar events as Tahiti, yield, with conservative assumptions, 180,000 persons at contact, showing consistent results with early navigators’ estimates. My own PhD experience in the late 1980s shows that scholars’ re-estimates were constrained, directly or indirectly, by political considerations related to the guilt syndrome and colonialist ideology. This appears in the frequent contradictions found in their works to support low estimates in order to reduce the decline, despite evidence of dramatic epidemics and a steady decline extending almost throughout the 19th century. The same attitude of denial is found in some missionary, administrative and medical reports, particularly on the Marquesas in the late 19th century. Colonisation was associated with various ideologies, related to anthropology’s early attempts based on theories of evolutionism, functionalism and structuralism, occasionally resulting in fictions such as “primitive thinking”, “ahistorical societies” and “collective unconscious”, that were part of the justification of colonisation and its mistakes.

Depression, Anxiety and Stress with Problematic Internet use Among Youth Attending; A Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Excessive and uncontrolled internet use can significantly impair daily functioning in various life domains. Despite the numerous benefits of the internet, its addictive use is a growing concern, particularly among youth, who are prone to anxiety, depression, and stress-related disorders. Understanding the current scenario is essential for devising effective interventions, yet no scientific data is available in Bangladesh. Objective: To assess between depression, anxiety, and stress among youth with problematic internet use (PIU) attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, from October 2020 to September 2022. Participants were interviewed using a structured socio-demographic questionnaire, the Bangla versions of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21-BV). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, with significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: Among the 90 participants (mean age: 21.33 years; 68% male, 32% female), 95% were students, and 87% were from nuclear families. Internet use exceeded one year for 83% of participants. PIU levels were minimal in 15%, moderate in 62%, and excessive in 22%. Severe depression was observed in 15% of participants, severe anxiety in 25%, and severe stress in 25%. Extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were found in 14%, 5%, and 14% of participants, respectively. Significant risk factors for PIU included male gender (χ²=8.217; p=0.02) and over three hours of daily internet use (χ²=35.289; p=0.001). PIU was significantly associated with depression (χ²=20.380; p=0.001), anxiety (χ²=16.159; p=0.019), and stress (χ²=14.734; p=0.019). Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly associated with PIU. Early risk assessment, proper internet use, and initial screening are essential for managing potential mental disorders linked to PIU.

Disentangling genetic and social pathways of the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability – A nuclear twin family study

As cognitive ability accounts for large parts of the intergenerational transmission of advantage, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms driving the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability itself. Social mobility research usually focuses on social mechanisms of intergenerational transmission. For the case of cognitive ability, this means that parental cognitive ability affects offspring ability via the family environment. However, parents do not only provide resources, but also pass their genes to their children. As social and genetic transmission are not mutually exclusive, it is crucial to disentangle the contribution of both to the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability. Using data from the German TwinLife survey, we apply a nuclear twin family design to address this question. Using data from all four twin birth cohorts, covering an age range of 5–25 years, we further explore whether the contribution of both mechanisms varies over the life course. For all four cohorts, in any of the estimated models, social transmission is very small and not significant. Genetic transmission, in turn, seems to be the primary mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability and becomes increasingly important with age. Our findings challenge conventional social mobility perspectives, stressing the need to incorporate genetic transmission into sociological research for a more comprehensive understanding of intergenerational transmission of advantage.

The benefits of intergenerational co-residence: reconsidering the effects of women’s education on their housework hours in urban China

ABSTRACT Previous research on housework has mainly focused on nuclear households. This study proposes a new theoretical framework, power negotiation preference in different family contexts, to understand how women’s resources bring different levels of power when negotiating with different household members. Empirically, this study examines how the effect of married women’s education on their housework hours varies based on whether or not they live with their parents and/or in-laws. Using OLS regression on data from the China Family Panel Studies, a nationally representative survey, this study finds that the direct effect of women’s education lowering their housework hours is stronger when they live with their parents or in-laws. In addition, the effect of women’s education is stronger on weekdays compared to weekends when women do not live with parents or in-laws, but does not differ by weekdays or weekends when they live with their parents or in-laws.

A Study on Socio-economic Status of Fishers in Khammam District of Telangana, India

This study typically aims at analyzing the socio-economic condition of fishers in Khammam district of Telangana. The study was held in Khammam district of Telangana. In Khammam district top 5 mandals with highest fish production was selected for the study. The study lasts from April-May 2024. A multi-stage random sampling technique was selected for the study with sampling population of 120 beneficiaries. A well-structured pretested interview schedule was prepared that includes educational status, fisheries experience, type of family, type of house and sources of income etc. The socio-economic parameters were selected from previous literature. Based on response given by respondents, the data was analyzed and conclusive results were drawn. Most respondents have a high school education (48.33%) and fall within the 35-50 years age group (61.66%). The majority belong to the OBC category (85.83%) and live in nuclear families (95.00%) with pucca houses (84.16%). Fisheries is the primary occupation for 55.83% of respondents, while 44.16% have no secondary occupation. Landholding is predominantly marginal or small, with 55.83% holding no land. The main crops grown are paddy, cotton, and chili, with fisheries being the primary income source, complemented by agriculture and off-farm activities. It can be concluded that the majority of fishers are well-integrated into the fisheries sector, with limited landholdings and minimal secondary occupations. Educational attainment is concentrated at the high school level, and most participants belong to the OBC category. Income was primarily derived from fisheries, with some involvement in agriculture and off-farm activities.

Analysis of Multiple Marketing Strategies and their management in food and beverages brands in India

Over the years, the changing purchasing habits of Indian consumers have seen a tremendous transition. A better state of the economy, exposure to international media, travel abroad, the degree of urbanisation, educational attainment, and the introduction of new employment prospects in the service sector, such as in information technology. Some of the drivers include call centres and shopping that affects consumer habits. Due to economic changes implemented two decades ago, the middle class has grown significantly. In India, altering spending habits are occurring as disposable income rises. For international beverage manufacturers, India's beverage industry is a significant market. The food sector in India is extremely profitable thanks to rising standards of living and population expansion. Indian society's traditional economic environment was different from its current environment. The majority of Indian consumers gave home-cooked cuisine a strong preference. Contrarily, the current practise of eating out is quickly altering Indian society's perspective. Due to the fast-paced modern lifestyle, hectic schedules, competition, rise in the number of working women, nuclear family concept, etc., many fast-food franchises have now established themselves in India.

Moderating effect of family structure on the relationship between early clinical exposure and emotional labor of nursing students: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEmotional labor is an essential component of nursing practice and is important for Generation Z nursing students born from the mid-1990s to early 2010s. They will become the backbone of the nursing workforce but present more emotional regulation problems. Studies on emotional labor are limited to clinical nurses and influencing factors at the individual level. The impacts of external systems on emotional labor of nursing students have not been explored. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between early clinical exposure and emotional labor and test the moderating effect of family structure on the relationship.MethodsThe cross-sectional study recruited 467 nursing students using convenience sampling from seven colleges and universities in mainland China. An e-survey created on WJX.CN was used to collect data in January 2023. Emotional labor (surface acting and deep acting) was measured with the Emotional Labor scale. Early clinical exposure (exposure or not and times of exposure) and family structure (nuclear family, extended family, and single-parent family) were assessed with self-reported questions. Descriptive statistics and the linear mixed-effects modeling were used to do the analyses.ResultsThe mean scores of surface acting and deep acting were 26.66 ± 5.66 and 13.90 ± 2.40, respectively. A significant difference in scores of surface acting was not observed for exposure or not, whereas such a significant difference was found for times of exposure. Nursing students from extended families demonstrated significantly lower scores on surface acting while exposed to clinical practice compared with those from nuclear families. Family structure moderated the relationship between times of exposure and surface acting of nursing students when exposed to clinical practice for one time, but the significance disappeared when the times of exposure increased. No significant findings of early clinical exposure on deep acting were observed.ConclusionsEarly clinical exposure influenced emotional labor, and students from extended families were more likely to get benefits from early clinical exposure. Studies are needed to help students from nuclear families get comparable benefits on emotional labor as those from extended families, and improve deep acting by early clinical exposure.

Linkage equilibrium between rare mutations.

Recombination breaks down genetic linkage by reshuffling existing variants onto new genetic backgrounds. These dynamics are traditionally quantified by examining the correlations between alleles, and how they decay as a function of the recombination rate. However, the magnitudes of these correlations are strongly influenced by other evolutionary forces like natural selection and genetic drift, making it difficult to tease out the effects of recombination. Here we introduce a theoretical framework for analyzing an alternative family of statistics that measure the homoplasy produced by recombination. We derive analytical expressions that predict how these statistics depend on the rates of recombination and recurrent mutation, the strength of negative selection and genetic drift, and the present-day frequencies of the mutant alleles. We find that the degree of homoplasy can strongly depend on this frequency scale, which reflects the underlying timescales over which these mutations occurred. We show how these scaling properties can be used to isolate the effects of recombination, and discuss their implications for the rates of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.