November Uprising Research Articles

Zagadnienie jeniectwa w koncepcjach insurekcyjnych XIX wieku

One of the topics raised in the insurrection projects envisaged after the fall of the November Uprising was the question of prisoners of war. This issue, however, has not yet been the subject of historical research. Some Polish theoreticians, in particular the supporters of the guerrilla war, were against showing mercy to surrendering opponents. Some of them even suggested terminating captured enemy soldiers. The supporters of ruthless handling of the opponent argued, among other things, that it was impossible to keep prisoners under the conditions of guerrilla insurgency and justified their viewpoint on the grounds of bad treatment of captured insurgents by the victorious invaders. At the other extreme, there was the lonely Henryk Kamieński who hoped that the prisoners of war could be turned into Russian troops fighting against Tsarist Russia alongside Poles.

KILKA UWAG NA TEMAT ROLI III STATUTU LITEWSKIEGO W WYKŁADZIE PRAWA KRAJOWEGO NA PRZEŁOMIE XVIII I XIX WIEKU

Some Remarks on the Role of the Third Statute of Lithuania in Courses on National Law at the Turn of the Nineteenth CenturySummary The long-term validity of the Third Lithuanian Statute of 1588 is a factor often highlighted in the scientific literature devoted to the history of the Lithuanian-Russian lands. The two and a half centuries that the codex operated have left a lasting imprint on the legal relations of these vast territories. In Belarusian lands once belonging the Republic and separated from it by the First Partition, the Statute was abolished as a consequence of the repression after the November Uprising in 1831. In the western and south-western guberniyas, the Statute survived somewhat longer; it was repealed in 1840. In academic circles, both Polish and international, the post-Partition fate of the Lithuanian codex has not yet been clarified. It seems that one aspect which is worth paying attention to in studies on the condition of the Statute after the Partitions is its role in the teaching of law in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Surviving sources, in form of the lecture courses, students’ notes, reports intended for educational authorities and examination tables leave no doubt that the Statute of Lithuania was the very basis of national law lecture courses, both at the University of Vilnius, as well as at the High School and then Lyceum in Kremenets and the Academy of Polotsk. In the lectures of Adam Powstański, Ignacy Danilowicz, Aleksander Korowicki, Józef Jaroszewicz, Ignacy Ołdakowski, and Aleksander Mickiewicz, the Statute was always depicted as one of the most important sources of national law, which maintained its currency, and whose provisions were cited most frequently to illustrate the legal institutions under discussion.

Diecezja kamieniecka około 1830 roku – parafie i dekanaty, kościoły i kaplice

Kluczowym i podstawowym problemem w badaniach nad dziejami Kościoła katolickiego obrządku łacińskiego na wschodnich ziemiach Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów, po rozbiorach wcielonych do Imperium Rosyjskiego, jest weryfikacja informacji dotyczących zmian w podziale administracyjnym, ilości parafii, kościołów, kaplic oraz liczby duchowieństwa i wiernych od 1772 do 1939 roku. Istniejące w obiegu naukowym, często wykorzystywane i komentowane dane zostały ustalone na podstawie szczątkowych źródeł, znajdujących się w polskich i zachodnioeuropejskich archiwach, wydawnictw prasowych oraz dawniejszych publikacji historyków. Niniejsza praca ma za zadanie zweryfikowanie podstawowych informacji o diecezji kamienieckiej przed rozpoczęciem represji rosyjskich, po upadku powstania listopadowego.

Funkcje kontrolne parlamentów na ziemiach polskich w początkach XIX w.

One of the aspects of the principle of separation of powers in the state is control of the executive by the legislature. As regards the Polish lands in the early nineteenth century, we can speak about Polish parliamentarism only in the Duchy of Warsaw, the Kingdom of Poland and the Republic of Cracow. Although these states did not recognize the principle of parliamentary accountability, their parliaments voiced criticism of the authorities and there occurred the problem of controlling the executive. Parliament of the Duchy of Warsaw tried to usurp this right itself. Parliament of the Kingdom of Poland claimed the right to charge a civil officer of the government with crimes committed while in office. In that state the ability to control emerged during the November Uprising. In the Republic of Cracow all attempts at obtaining the right of control encountered the objection on the part of three supervising neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria).

Działalność parlamentarna Jana Olrycha Szanieckiego

The article concerns the parliamentary activity of one of the greatest deputies of the Parliament of the Polish Kingdom of the constitutional era – Jan Olrych Szaniecki, who was wellknown, among others, as a spokesman for the interests of peasants (a supporter of universal abolition of serfdom and conferment of land ownership on peasants) during the sessions of Parliament of 1825 and 1830 and in the period of the November Uprising, and prior to that – as an outstanding lawyer. His activity is very little exposed in the contemporary historical-legal doctrine, yet worth paying attention to.

ПРАВОБЕРЕЖНА ШЛЯХТА В ОСВІТНЬОМУ ПРОСТОРІ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ (ПЕРША ТРЕТИНА XIX ст.)

The historical destiny of the Right-bank nobility after the entry of the Prydnieprivshcina into the Russian Empire in the issue of third partition of Rzeczpospolita (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) (1795) was the scholar’s interest since the 19th century. However, the comprehensive special study of noble education in Right-bank provinces at the end of 18th — first third of 19th century in the native historical science is absent, although some aspects of this problem were enlightened in the middle of the 19th century, in particular in the form of diaries, memoirs, print statistical data and analytical articles that accompanied them. Researchers of nobility in modern Ukrainian historiography I. Krivoshey and Ir. Krivoshey defined in their publications the directions of Russian policy towards the Right-bank nobility and illustrated them with examples from the lives of Uman nobles. Directly, the issues of education gentry on the Right-bank Ukraine after the uprising of 1830–1831 were studied by I. Blyzniuk in his publications. Among valuable historiographical fi ndings it should be mentioned the articles by V. Balusko, Yu. Voitenko, Yu. Nikolenko, I. Fizik, I. Yarmorishyk, etc. To study the educational process in Rzecz Pospolita, there was also used a thorough work by L. Zashkilniak and, of course, a number of books by D. Beauvois, a French scholarslavinist. A well-known researcher enlightens the process of gradual reduction of noble education at the Right-bank Ukraine in the first half of 19th century under the pressure of Imperial administration and the state of noble education after the November uprising (1830–1831). However, the educational process in general and the participation of the Right-bank nobility in it and magnates, in particular, require further thorough study with the involvement of a broad resource and historiography base, because there has been practically no works in the Soviet historical science on this problem. Even in the period of Ukrainian independence the native science has got still many issues that require proper study: for example, special attention should be given to the main directions of tsarist policy in the field of education, aimed at the integration of the Right-bank Ukraine into Imperial cultural environment and russification / evolutional depolarization of attached after the third partition of Rzeczpospolita (1795) Ukrainian provinces in the first third of the 19th century, mainly in the reign of Oleksandr I. At the end of 18th — first third of 19th century the noble network of educational communications at the territory of the Right-bank Ukraine was entirely Polish, and was presented by educational institutions of two types: spiritual and secular, which, in their turn, were divided into public and private. Russian policy in the field of education in Right-bank Ukraine in the first third of the 19th century affirms the eff orts of the authorities on integration of the schools system elements of the Rzeczpospolita and absence of interferance in this area until a definite time. Polish was the language of educational institutions, where the sons of local nobility were educated, legal proceedings, official institutions, and various political organizations. Primary and secondary education (monastic schools, private pensions and county gymnasia) were the base for foundation of education, Polish patriotism and Russophobia. Continuation of study at the Kremenets Lyceum, as well as at the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa and Wilno University, but to a less extent, and then at the Kyiv University of St. Volodymyr, indicates about the fact that the ruling class (the nobility) of Right-bank Ukraine successfully took advantage of the hegemony in the field of education. Despite the all activities of the Russian tsarism, closing and reduction of noble Polish educational institutions, the all-encompassing russification of education in the first third of the 19th century was not successful. Main contribution in this regard belongs to A. Czartoryskyi, who was a curator of the "school" in "Polish" provinces of the Russian Empire in 1803–1824 and had a relative discretion in educational administration. As a result, the Polish University in Wilno and the lyceum in Kremenets kept and spread Polish culture among the younger generation. Thereafter, many Polish patriots lived in the region, who became members of various underground organizations and societies, such as the Department of the Society of United Slavs (1823) and the Southern Society (1821). Since 1831 education in all Polish schools was transfered into the Russian language of training, and the base of spiritual depolonization program of South-Western region started the reduction and limitation of Catholic and Uniate churches’ influence.

The Exile’s Song and It is weary – American poems by August Antoni Jakubowski

The subject of this article is the forgotten works of August Antoni Jakubowski, The Exile’s Song and It is weary, discovered on the last pages of a rare 1835 edition of The Remembrances from Auburn. After the November Uprising, Jakubowski, an illegitimate son of Antoni Malczewski, was sent to America, where he became the author of The Remembrances of a Polish Exile – the first publication about Polish history, literature, and education written in English and published in the United States.So far, Jakubowski’s short life (ended by suicide), torn between two continents, is shrouded in more mysteries and secrets than confirmed facts. Much has been verified through the research of Przemysław Bloch, a New York-based lawyer, together with the author of this article in the United States. The Exile’s Song and It is weary complete the picture of the last American stage of Jakubowski’s work. They are a concentrated expression of all his characteristic moods, and testify to the extreme alienation, hopelessness, and despair that he felt. Despite its intimate tone, the work in large measure constitutes a general testimony of the experience of Polish exiles forced to travel across the ocean.

The Phenomenon of a Polish Kresy Town on the Lithuanian-Belarusian Territory in the 1st Half of the 19th Century

Kresy towns at the turn of the 19th century represented an important element of the Polish history. The Lithuanian-Belarusian territory was covered mainly with small towns and most of them belonged to Polish owners. After 1795, this land was annexed by Russia, which gradually made the area dependent on its political and cultural influences and started a slow russification process. The town of Świsłocz in the Grodzeńska county met the same fate. However, the urban- economical and cultural involvement of count Wincenty Tyszkiewicz, as well as his feeling of responsibility for the inhabitants, allowed him to create the phenomenon of a Kresy town in the first decades of the post-partition period despite difficulties. Perfect architectural foundations, magnificent marketplace and an amazing gymnasium were characteristic of the town. After the fall of the November Uprising, the uniqueness of the town started to wane and, with the loss of its Polishness, it lost its unique character.

Keeping Identity, Freedom, and Independence of Polish Exiles in Siberia in 19th Century (till 1914). Part II. Ideas on Freedom and Independence

First Poles were sent to Siberia in the second half of the 18th century; then, after the fall of the November Uprising (1831), about ten thousand young Poles were deported to Siberia. More than twenty thousand people were exiled after the fall of the January Uprising (1863); whereas, the beginning of 1880s saw large deportation of those who were the members of socialist parties.The majority of deportees thought that the time in exile should be devoted to self-education and self-organization; therefore, the necessity to cultivate patriotic sentiments and Catholic religion was unquestionable. Some deportees were strongly convinced that it is not enough to cultivate Polish traditions to get ready for the economic development of Poland, once the independence is regained; thus, it was necessary to take immediate steps that would bring freedom.One of the best known cases of such thinking is the so called Omsk Conspiracy. In 1833, the deportees from the Omsk region came up with a plan for an uprising, another revolt against stardom was planned in 1866 in Transbaikal; however, both of those attempts failed.

Wzorce wychowania dzieci i młodzieży jako element integrujący kulturę życia rodzinnego polskiego ziemiaństwa w dobie zaborów

One of the most important tasks of a typical Polish gentry family by the end of the XIX-th century and at the beginning of the XX-th century was to hand down to younger generations patriotic values. To assure the continuity of the nation and to have the guarantee of the future freedom became sine qua non condition. It also became one of the main values of the gentry ethos. Gentry accepted the role of depositary of Polish nationality. The defeat of the November Uprising and the reprisals of the partitioning powers led to the radicalisation of attitudes, and of crucial importance became a principle to conflate the national cause with religion, which in tum led to crystallisation of the term „patriotic religion” whose upholder and priest became a woman - „Mother Pole”. Within the whole epoch the education of children was significant. In order to save them from the indoctrination they were taught national history, tradition and literature at home which stood in the opposition to the teaching officially practiced at school.

MARSHAL JOSEPH PILSUDSKI AND REBORN POLAND

May 12 this year, it has been 80 years, since one of the greatest of Poles, our homeland has ever had – Marshal Joseph Pilsudski has departed to the eternal watch. That is he, more than anybody else, undertook efforts to restore to political being Polish Republic, which did not exist politically for 123 years. It was on October 24, 1795 that three neighboring powers: Russia, Prussia and Austria shared the rest of the territory of the Polish Republic in its third partition. Signed two years later the partitions convention in St. Petersburg on January 26 1797 has permanently legitimized this state of affairs. Uprisings such as Kosciusko Insurrection of 1794, November Uprising of 1830, and the January Uprising of 1863 were not able to reverse this state of affairs. Hopes connected with French-Russian war of 1812 proved to be too barren hopes. Poles had to wait for the arrival dreamed by Mickiewicz “war of the nations” and take advantage of this incredible coincidence, that at one time three invaders suffered military defeat. This favorable situation predicted and fully took advantage of it, the future Head of State – Joseph Pilsudski. He was for the whole galaxy of patriots’ inspirer and leader in those very complicated times. He was a man of great capacity, able to answer to challenges of those years.

Życie rodzin wojskowych podczas powstania listopadowego

The article deals with the life of soldiers’ families during the November Uprising. With the beginning of the uprising their lives had changed in many areas. The Capital, which was constantly overcrowded, was not able to provide lodging even for militaries. During the war the amount of payment was decreasing. Despite the bad financial situation of the Polish Kingdom, the authorities tried to pay salaries and pensions regularly. Meanwhile the families tried to communicate. One of the chance were visits in the camps.

Stosunek carskiej cenzury zagranicznej do twórczości Juliusza Słowackiego w latach 1865–1914

The aim of the article is to analyze the attitude of tsarist foreign censorship towards the editions of Juliusz Slowacki’s works which some people tried to import to the Russian Empire in the years 1865–1914. The article consists of three parts. Firstly, the author reconstructs the magnitude, geography, chronology and pace of import. Secondly, she discusses the decisions of tsarist foreign censorship concerning the imported editions. In the third and the most comprehensive part, she characterizes the attitude of control officers towards the poet’s particular works. It is indicated which ones were questioned as a whole and which were undermined only partly. It can be assumed that in the years 1830–1914 there were 282 editions of Slowacki’s works in 401 volumes, including at least 194 in 288 volumes that were published outside the Russian rule. The vast majority of the imported books appeared in Galicia (75 editions in 119 volumes). They came from two central cities: Lviv and Krakow, and four provincial places: Zloczow, Brody, Stanislawowo i Kolomyja. Other books were imported from abroad (7 editions in 5 volumes) – Paris, Leipzig, Saint Petersburg, and from Prussian provinces (2 editions in 5 volumes) – Poznan and Mikolow. The largest part of the imported editions of Slowacki’s writing was represented by separate editions of particular works (45), slightly smaller – collective editions with works representing different literary genres (36, including 24 single- volume and 12 multivolume editions), the smallest – collections of letters written by the poet. Out of 84 editions of the poet’s works (in 134 volumes), which were analysed by Russian foreign censors, 28 were published without changes (39 volumes) – 4 of them (in 9 volumes) the publishers adjusted to the censorial demands in the Russian Empire. In the case of 15 editions (30 volumes) the officials ordered to remove some works – or at least their excerpts – and 40 editions (65 volumes) remained unchanged. In other words, at least half of editions and volumes with Slowacki’s texts imported to the Kingdom of Poland never went on sale. In the territories under Russian rule only some literary works written by Slowacki could be released, e.g. dramas Balladyna , Maria Stuart , Mazepa and poems Hugo , Arab , Mnich , Ojciec zadzumionych , W Szwajcarii , Godzina myśli . Other significant literary works – Beniowski , Anhelli , Horsztynski , Fantazy – were published in a modified form in the Russian Partition after the Revolution of 1905. Moreover, Kordian , Rozmowa z Makryną Mieczyslawską , Glos z wygnania do braci w kraju and revolutionary lyrics from the period of the November Uprising, i.e. Hymn [ Bogarodzico! Dziewico! ], Kulik , Pieśn legionu litewskiego , Oda do wolności , and Śmierc, co trzynaście lat stala kolo mnie… were perpetually removed from the imported editions. Although the works became known to Slowacki’s readers only in the second half of 1914, in a plebiscite announced by “Kurier Warszawski” the writer was ranked as the second most prominent Polish poet. Furthermore, Slowacki won in the category “dramatic literature”, defeating Mickiewicz and Krasinski, and Mazepa was named the most outstanding Polish dramatic work of the nineteenth century.

Keeping Identity, Freedom, and Independence of Polish Exiles in Siberia in 19th Century (till 1914). Part I

First Poles were sent to Siberia to an exile as early as the second half of the 18th century to be followed by the participants of the Napoleonic campaign of 1812. It is estimated that after the fall of the November Uprising (1831), about ten thousand young Poles were taken captive and deported to Siberia. Soon they were joined by those, especially from Lithuania and Belarus, who were engaged in a conspiracy. More than twenty thousand people were exiled to Siberia after the fall of the January Uprising (1863); whereas, the beginning of 1880s saw the deportation in large numbers of those who were members of socialist parties. The majority of deportees had the opinion that the time in exile should be devoted to self-education and self-organization. The necessity to cultivate patriotic sentiments and Catholic religion was unquestionable. They tried to create at least a semblance of homeland to some degree in exile. Among a certain group of deportees there was a strong conviction that it is not enough to cultivate or even strengthen Polish traditions to get ready for the economic development of Poland, once the independence is regained. It was not enough to conspire, it was necessary to take immediate steps such as escape or rebellion that would bring freedom. One of the best known cases of such thinking is the so called Omsk Conspiracy. In 1833, the deportees from the Omsk region, counting on the support of the local Siberian community, came up with a plan for an uprising. Another revolt against stardom was planned in 1866 in Transbaikal. Both of those attempts failed.

Oznaczenia drogowe w Królestwie Polskim pierwszej połowy XIX wieku jako czynnik rozwoju ekonomicznego kraju

The way the authorities of the Polish Kingdom treated local place and road marking as well as verst distances (Pol. wiorsta ) indicates that this was a matter of serious concern already in the so-called constitutional period. An openly anti-state nature of the problem became apparent in 1833, when a decision was made to erase from the public sphere any signs of Polish national colours. When it was ordered that all villages be marked with posts bearing their names, it was decreed that such name plates indicate a given place name both in Polish and in Russian (since 1935). In 1843, the Governor ordered that roadside mile posts installed by local landowners have new bilingual inscriptions added, giving information about the “name of the place and number of houses.” Notably, the order to introduce Russian verst designations of distance had been issued long before the November Uprising, which demonstrates the diligence of the Russian authorities to sort out the system of road signs and place nameplates. This in turn is associated with a strong tendency for Russification visible everywhere, including the changing of road marking

Joseph Conrad. 'Secular principles' in 'Prince Roman'

IN his short story of Poland’s 1831 war against the Czar following the November Uprising (Tales of Hearsay, 29–55),1 Conrad substitutes the quasi-fictional title hero Prince Roman S–’s pseudonymous father Prince John for the historical Roman Sanguszko’s patriot father Eustachy. Masking his indecent prudence as passionless realism by purporting to ‘ “judg(e) all things calmly” ’ (40), the accommodationist father berates his fervently nationalist son: ‘ “There are secular principles of legitimity (sic) and order which have been violated in this enterprise for the sake of the most subversive illusions” ’ (40). The theory of ‘secularium principum’ had long bedevilled both the Roman Church and Europe’s nobility who were content to rule by Papal fiat; indeed, Guilelmus Barret’s seventeenth-century tract, The Rule of Princes, or Of The Absolute and Independent Secular Principles of Power,2 had joined the Vatican’s index of prohibited texts.3 One therefore may reasonably expect a magnatial noble of the szlachta to have professed fidelity to Polish Catholicism; so at first blush Prince John’s phrase ‘secular principles’ may seem puzzling.

Wychowanie patriotyczne w duchu jedności – inspiracje Karola Libelta (1807–1875)

Karol Libelt (1807–1875), katolicki uczony, filozof, publicysta, społecznik, wielki patriota, uczestnik powstania listopadowego odznaczony krzyżem Virtuti Militari, jest autorem unikatowego dzieła O miłości ojczyzny, uznanego za klejnot literatury patriotycznej. W niniejszej rozprawie autor – odwołując się do myśli Karola Libelta – wskazuje na potrzebę miłości ojczyzny w duchu jedności jako główną zasadę w wychowaniu patriotycznym. Wychowanie patriotyczne będzie zatem polegało na umacnianiu więzi (jedności) człowieka ze swoją ojczyzną w wielu wymiarach odpowiadających wyodrębnionym i opisanym składnikom pojęcia „ojczyzna”. Karol Libelt swoimi dziełami i życiem wpisał się do panteonu polskich twórców narodowych, a jego idee pozostają wierne społecznemu nauczaniu Kościoła.

„Ze zwykłą sobie głębokością i oryginalnością zdania”. Dictum Cypriana Norwida w krakowskim „Kraju” z 1872 roku

Ludwik Gocel (1889-1966) was an expert on the November Uprising and the creator of a large historical collection documenting this national liberation uprising. He was also interested in the biography of Cyprian Norwid and the reception of the poet’s work, some of which were part of his collection. Based, inter alia, on the materials from Gocel’s archive and his legacy, and the content of his letter of December 1957, this sketch discusses a fragment of the history of Norwid’s autograph of the poem Italiam!Italiam! The sketch outlines the circumstances in which Gocel obtained the poem for his collection in 1949, which after a few years, in 1957, he handed over to Fawley Court in England, where it supplemented the collection of Father Jozef Jarzebowski, a Marian, expert on Norwid and collector of national memorabilia. The text also takes into account an important aspect of the cooperation between the two bibliophiles Gocel and Jarzebowski, owing to which Norwid’s manuscript has been preserved and today it is exhibited in the Museum in Lichen Stary. In addition, the article presents several other manifestations of Gocel’s interest in Norwid.

Antoni Walewski: historiozofia wyklętego lojalisty

The historiosophy of the cursed loyalist. The case of Antoni Walewski
 The aim of this article is the reconstruction and analysis of the historical and political beliefs of Antoni Walewski, Polish monarchist and conservative historian of the 19th century. In his youth, Walewski participated in the November Uprising and along with other Polish statesmen and soldiers went on exile to France, where he backed up Prince Adam J. Czartoryski and supported the controversial concept of “the kingship de facto”. According to this idea, all Poles should submit to Czartoryski (who himself was the king de facto; despite the lack of any legal arguments) in order to spread the new insurrection (far more powerful and well organized than the previous one) against the Commonwealth’s invaders. Later on, in 1848 Walewski totally changed his political orientation. He resigned from his insurrectionism, became a loyalist and started to support the governments of Austria and Russia. This sudden turn in his political beliefs may be understood on the ground of historiosophy. It appears that Walewski’s political statements had deeper roots in a very interesting perspective on the nature of the history, especially the Polish one.

Cechy i funkcje przekazów literackich na łamach dziewiętnastowiecznej prasy kobiecej

The article attempts to answer the question about the role of the nineteenth- -century periodicals in the dissemination of readership among women. This type of publications from the very beginning acted as a medium for literature and was often classified as a literary magazine due to the lack of distinctive typological profile. Particularly early periodicals for women from the years 1820–1860 (predominantly until the November Uprising) morphologically remained literary magazines because of expanded fictional sections. The article discusses forms of that kind of message, its functions, evolution in the second half of the nineteenth-century, when new genres of women’s press were distinguished, regarding wider thematic spectrum and reading practices aimed for women with particular reference to their social status at that time.