Northwest Sumatra Research Articles

Uncaria Gambir Roxb Business Development in the IM Kita Farmers Group in Boangmanalu Village, Salak District, Pakpak Bharat Regency

Gambier plants thrive in tropical regions with sloping and hilly terrain, such as North Sumatra, West Sumatra, and Papua. The partners in this community service proposal are the Im Kita Farmers Group in Boangmanalu Village, Salak District, Pakpak Bharat Regency, who are gambier farmers. Over the past 7 years of running the business, the partners have faced many challenges, including the lack of digital marketing and the absence of a sharp business strategy management, resulting in weak business competitiveness. Addressing this issue urgently is necessary to improve the welfare of the partners and as a form of empowerment of our own natural resources. This community service activity has been carried out on July 27, 2024, and all stages from preparation to implementation have run smoothly. Through this activity, the partners have been trained in conducting digital marketing and business strategy management training.

Analysis Of The Influence Of Port Export And Import Volume On Economic Growth In North Sumatera And West Sumatera Provinces

Using a quantitative approach, this study investigates the effect of port export and import volumes on economic growth in North Sumatra and West Sumatra Provinces. Time series data from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) from 2006 to 2023 are used as secondary data. The analysis uses the ARDL Panel model, which allows for analysis of data dynamics across time and regions. The results show that the three main indicators that affect economic growth (GRDP) in both provinces, both in the short and long term, are export volume, inflation, and exchange rates. In North Sumatra, export volume has a positive impact on GRDP, while import volume has a negative impact, indicating a risk of dependence on imports. Controlled inflation also has a positive impact, while the exchange rate shows a diversion. Policy recommendations are expected to improve global competitiveness and exchange rate stability through coordination of fiscal and monetary policies, support for the Export Capacity Building Program and MSMEs through the Regional Comprehensive Economic Framework (RCEP), and export diversification to reduce dependence on certain commodities. This study emphasizes that policies that are responsive to changes in trade at the national to international levels are an important foundation for stabilizing sustainable economic growth.

Increasing Red Onion Plant (Allium ascalonicum L) Growth and Production by Providing Cascing and NPK 16.16.16. Fertilizer

Riau Province relies on other regions, such as North Sumatra, West Sumatra, and Java, for its needs. However, when natural disasters occur, or transportation disruptions happen from the sources of onion production, the price of shallots in the market increases. To reduce Riau companies' dependency on this raw material, it is necessary to develop shallot plants using optimal cultivation techniques to maximize growth and production. This research was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Pasir Pengaraian University, Rokan Hulu Regency, for three months from May 2022 to July 2022. The research utilized a completely randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor involved the application of Vermicompost Fertilizer, with four treatment levels: 0. 200. 400. and 600 g/plot. The second factor involved the application of NPK 16.16.16 fertilizer with four treatment levels: 0. 10. 20. and 30 g/plot. The parameters observed included plant height, harvest age, number of tubers per cluster, tuber weight per bulb, wet tuber weight per cluster, dry tuber weight, and percentage of tuber weight loss. The research results indicated that the interaction between vermicompost fertilizer and NPK 16.16.16 fertilizer had a significant impact on plant height, harvest age, number of tubers per cluster, number of tubers per tuber, wet tuber weight per cluster, and dry tuber weight per cluster. The best treatment was a combination of Vermicompost 600 g/plot and NPK 16.16.16 30 g/plot. The main effect of the Vermicompost Fertilizer application was significant for all observation parameters, and the main effect of NPK 16.16.16 also had a significant impact on all observation parameters.

Missing Cases of Bacteriologically Confirmed TB/DR-TB from the National Treatment Registers in West and North Sumatra Provinces, Indonesia

This study aimed to assess the percentage of confirmed drug-sensitive (DS) TB and drug-resistant (DR) TB patients who were missing in the national treatment registration in North Sumatra and West Sumatra, where treatment services for DR-TB in North Sumatra are relatively well established compared with West Sumatra, where the system recently started. Confirmed DS/DR-TB records in the laboratory register at 40 government health facilities in 2017 and 2018 were traced to determine whether they were in the treatment register databases. A Jaro-Winkler soundexed string distance analysis enhanced by socio-demographic information matching had sensitivity and specificity over 98% in identifying the same person in the same or different databases. The laboratory data contained 5885 newly diagnosed records of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases. Of the 5885 cases, 1424 of 5353 (26.6%) DS-TB cases and 133 of 532 (25.0%) DR-TB cases were missing in the treatment notification database. The odds of missing treatment for DS-TB was similar for both provinces (AOR = 1.0 (0.9, 1.2), but for DR-TB, North Sumatra had a significantly lower missing odds ratio (AOR = 0.4 (0.2, 0.7). The system must be improved to reduce this missing rate, especially for DR-TB in West Sumatra.

K-Means Clustering Algorithm Approach in Clustering Data on Cocoa Production Results in the Sumatra Region

Cocoa agricultural production in Indonesia is currently very low while demand continues to increase every year, so it is very important to build a model that can categorize cocoa farming data. The main objective of this research is to analyze agricultural data using data mining techniques that specifically use the K-Means Clustering algorithm, and Gaussian Mixture Models. In this research, we used quantitative research because it measure number-based data. The results of cocoa production so far still depend on land area, then the number of cocoa trees has a significant effect on the amount of production so it is very important for the government and researchers to develop technologies that can increase cocoa production yields where the demand for cocoa is currently very high in demand worldwide because it can classify the cocoa quality from good quality to poor quality. Based on testing the K-Means Clustering and Gaussian Mixture Model algorithms on data on cocoa production in four provinces, namely North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Lampung and Aceh which were optimized by the Silhouette method, it produced cluster values ​​of 2, 3 and 4. second with a value of 59.8%.

Examining Nature and Forest Tourism in the Era of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Sumatra Island

Purpose: The aims of this study is to describe and analyze what happened to nature and forest tourism on the island of Sumatra in general during the covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This study uses a qualitative method with a literature research design. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Results: The results show that the nature and forest tourism sectors in North Sumatra, West Sumatra and Aceh have not been able to boost tourism back to its normal level. The social distancing policy is the main cause of the sluggish tourism activity on the island of Sumatra. Contribution: This research is expected to be able to provide a solution to the sluggish tourism sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Integrative taxonomy of eared nightjars (Aves:Lyncornis) underscores the complementarity of morphology, vocalizations and DNA evidence

AbstractThe eared nightjars (Lyncornis, formerly Eurostopodus) comprise six taxa distributed from southern India and Southeast Asia to Sulawesi. Species limits in this group have not been evaluated since 1940. In this study, we use three datasets (morphology, acoustics and mitochondrial DNA) to assess the taxonomic status of taxa in this genus. Multivariate analyses of vocalizations and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA both revealed the presence of four major groups. Morphological analyses also revealed four major groups, but these agreed only in part with those identified by vocalizations and DNA. Lyncornis macrotis cerviniceps from mainland Southeast Asia and the isolated Lyncornis macrotis jacobsoni on Simeulue Island, off north-west Sumatra, differed by six diagnostic plumage characters, but could not be distinguished by their vocalizations or mitochondrial DNA. Conversely, Lyncornis macrotis macrotis from the Philippines and Lyncornis macrotis macropterus from Sulawesi differed diagnosably in song and by 5% sequence divergence but could not be diagnosed by plumage. We adopt an integrative approach and propose to recognize five monotypic species: Lyncornis temminckii, Lyncornis cerviniceps (synonym: Lyncornis bourdilloni), Lyncornis jacobsoni, Lyncornis macrotis and Lyncornis macropterus. Our study illustrates that taxonomic revisions based on single lines of evidence can underestimate diversity and underscores the importance of using multiple datasets in species-level taxonomy.

Fluvial and coastal landform changes in the Aceh River delta (northern Sumatra) during the century leading to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

AbstractRiver deltas are strongly affected by demographic growth and by the intensification of land use. The migration of deltaic coastlines is often rapid, threatening urban settlements, coastal farming, and coastal biotopes. Some deltas benefit from centuries of monitoring, such that the evolution of their coastline is well documented. For most deltas, however, such long records do not exist. The study of their geomorphological evolution can benefit from overlapping maps drafted over time, combined with aerial photographs and satellite images, to track the evolution of fluvial and coastal landforms. Both fluvial and coastal landforms are sensitive to variations in water and sediment supply, such that covariations in the evolution of these landforms, or the lack thereof, provide clues on the contribution of water and sediment supply to delta evolution. We document the evolution of river channels and coastlines in the delta of the Aceh River in northwest Sumatra, by overlying maps, ortho‐rectified aerial photographs, and satellite images covering the past 130 years. We assess the accuracy of the overlays, and then use multivariate statistics to analyze the co‐evolution of fluvial and coastal landforms. We propose that a progressive decrease in sediment supply spurred river channel lengthening and narrowing, landward migration of the shoreline, and narrowing of beach ridges. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami generated an instantaneous retreat of the coastline that amounts to ∼53% of the coastal retreat from 1884 to 2019 ce. Post‐tsunami evolution is marked by an irreversible acceleration of previous trends. Beach ridges located up‐drift of rivers and tidal channel mouths are more sensitive to long‐term landward retreat and tsunamigenic erosion.

Is the Digital Economy Driving the Economic Growth of the Sumatra Region During the Pandemic?

Digitalization has an essential role during the pandemic because it helps facilitate various economic activities. This study aims to analyze the economic digitization of financial technology on economic growth in the Sumatra region (North Sumatra, West Sumatra, and South Sumatra) in January 2020-June 2021. We also used macroeconomic indicators in the form of inflation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and domestic investment (DI) as a control to explain economic conditions. The analysis results using the Panel Vector Autoregression (P-VAR) showed that fintech contributed positively to economic growth. This result was supported by maintained inflation stability that created a conducive investment climate, thereby attracting FDI. We recommend that the regional government take advantage of existing fintech and that "prudent" policies on inflation management must always be adequately prioritized to support the acceleration of economic growth in the Sumatra region, especially North Sumatra, West Sumatra, and South Sumatra.

Application Of Sugeno Fuzzy Logic In The Determination Of Employee Incentives

Suzuya superstore is one of the marketers of human needs products that have various types of products. Suzuya already has several branches in Indonesia which are located in North Sumatra, Aceh, West Sumatra, and Riau. Suzuya was founded in 1983 and currently suzuya already has more than 22 outlets, one of which is in Pematangsiantar. Suzuya superstore Pematangsiantar has employees who are divided into several teams, one of which is the cashier team. The cashier team is the spearhead of the sale of focus items, where the focus item is the flagship product of suzuya superstore Pematangsiantar. The cashier team is also responsible for the sales transaction service process at suzuya superstore Pematangsiantar. The existence of incentives can motivate the work spirit of the cashier team in increasing sales, work speed, and good transaction processing service attitude at suzuya superstore Pematangsiantar. In determining the feasibility of the cashier team receiving incentives at suzuya superstore Pematangsiantar, three variables were used, namely sales of focus items, assessment of work attitudes, and assessment of work speed. Based on the results of processing the cashier team's data using the fuzzy logic algorithm, the Sugeno method, manually and using Matlab software, there was no significant difference. So that Fuzzy Logic with the Sugeno method can be used to determine employee incentives at suzuya superstore Pematangsiantar

Internal solitary waves in the Northwest Sumatra Sea-Indonesia: from observation and modeling

>The southern Andaman waters has been well known as one of the strongest generating and propagating area of internal solitary waves (ISWs), generated by semidiurnal barotropic tidal currents that impinge submarine ridge offshore western Weh. This study aims to investigate sea surface features of internal tides and tidal current around the submarine ridge and adjacent Weh-Aceh waters, derived from satellite imagery datasets (January-May 2018) and CROCO model-output datasets. The results show that sea surface signatures of ISWs are characterized by a strong radar signal backscattering of a dense ripple package in the generating area and two groups of ISWs arch in the propagating area, where the distance of the package groups and wavelengths vary 60-80 km and 9-163 km, respectively. Observed ISWs in March 2018 was 31. The satellite and model datasets suggest that generating area of internal waves is confined over the Breuh ridge. Here, the very strong semidiurnal (M2) barotropic tidal currents of 0.5-5.0 m/s are observed. During high-tide, amplified barotropic tidal currents acrossing the ridge flow partly southeastward into the Weh-Breuh passage. The model suggests that generating internal tidal waves over the ridge are manifested by strong vertical perturbation of isopycnal and current stratifications in the Lee-waves area.

Indonesian First Experiences in Delineating Extended Continental Shelf Submission to The UNCLOS

The international law, in particular the Law of the Sea Convention (hereinafter: LOSC), has provided a progresive development to Indonesia in the context its territory and jurisdiction. Indonesia as one of the parties of the United Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 has the right to establish its maritime zones in accordance with the convention. One of those maritime zones is the continental shelf. The delineation of the outer limit of the continental shelf is referred to Article 76 of LOSC. With that regard, Indonesia has just recently completed a process of the first partial submission of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (ECS) at the United Nations-Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UN CLCS). The related ECS area for the first partial submission is located in northwest Sumatra Island. The completion of the first submission brought precious experiences for Indonesia, one of those is concerning the management of maritime boundary and territory. This paper discusses the Indonesian ECS and its submission process and all related matters. In addition, this paper hopefully useful for information sharing among stakeholder, and provide a brief summary for the history of the submission.

The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia) by Zheng Yisheng, Qiu Shaohua and Li Chenyuan

Reviewed by: The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia) by Zheng Yisheng, Qiu Shaohua and Li Chenyuan Pan Nengmei Zheng Yisheng, Qiu Shaohua and Li Chenyuan. The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2019. 431 pages. Appendix. Notes. References. Index. ¥138. The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia), authored by Dr. Zheng Yisheng and his team, is an ethnographical piece [End Page 137] documenting the history, life and culture of the Chinese in Indonesia. It focuses on a Chinese settlement named "Metal Village" on the outskirts of Medan, Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The book is a record of the compelled migration of local Chinese from Ache to the tobacco huts on the outskirts of Medan after the outbreak of the anti-Chinese massacres in 1965, and the progress of a prosperous village by the local Chinese in a swamp over a 50-year period. The authors of this book convey a message that Metal Village serves as the microcosm of the overseas Chinese society in Indonesia. The book comprises eight chapters. Chapter one is a brief introduction of Metal Village. As the word "metal" means the same in both English and Indonesian, the local Chinese hoped that the village would be as resilient as metal, hence the name "Metal". The village, founded in the 1970s, has over 2,000 villagers, the majority of which are overseas Chinese. Persecuted during the anti-Chinese massacres in 1965, they moved to this place from Ache, a province in northwest Sumatra Island. Chapters two and three illustrate the migration history of Chinese families in Ache who underwent riots from 1965 to 1998. In 1970, when the municipal government of Medan dismissed refugee camps, fugitive Chinese were allowed to establish settlements in Medan. One of the six Chinese settlements founded was the antecedent of Metal Village. Chapter four describes the hard struggle of Metal Village's founders to rebuild their homes, the unity of Chinese villagers to protect their homeland during the riot in May, 1998, and their actions to help refugees in tsunami-stricken Ache in 2004. This chapter also describes in detail the disputes over the ownership of the land of Metal Village. Chapter five focuses on the economy of Metal Village. The authors analyze the role that social capital and trade relations play. Chapter six and seven mainly document the customs related to funeral and wedding ceremonies as well as the religion of the Chinese villagers. The last chapter discusses the culture of Chinese villages and their relations with other ethnic groups. Chinese villagers of Metal Village are ideal research objects. They are highly representative of all Indonesian Chinese as they have undergone a series of ethical conflicts after the independence of Indonesia (e.g., "Small Business Event", "930 Event", "Flag Raising Event", "41 Teenagers Event", "May Storm"), and witnessed the transitions in the Indonesian Chinese society. They are people of industry and integrity, of charity and harmony. They inherit Chinese culture by maintaining cultural characteristics including customs related to funeral and wedding ceremonies as well as religion. They endeavour to revive Chinese education and improve relations with other ethnic groups, and they are enthusiastic about business rather than politics. They are, in short, typical of Indonesian Chinese. The authors see Metal Village as a microcosm of the overseas Chinese society in Indonesia via the description of the history and status quo of the Chinese villagers. [End Page 138] This book is laudable for its adoption of the research approach and disciplinary outlook of anthropology. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 200 reporters, acquired a great amount of valuable data, complemented the lacunae in the literature available and provided rare raw materials for other researchers during their visits to Metal Village in 2015, 2017 and 2018. Guided by the holistic approach of anthropology, the book's thorough coverage on the life of Chinese villagers makes it an in-depth work that helps people acquire overall understanding of Metal Village and the society of Indonesian Chinese. Moreover, the authors propose some enlightening ideas in this book. For example, they believe that the integration of home and...

Predicting the potential distribution of Taxussumatrana using Maximum Entropy Model

Taxussumatrana as the medicinal plant is noted as endangered species. As a potential medicinal plant, conservation act is important. This study aims to identify the environmental variablesthat contributes to T. sumatrana distribution and predict the potential areas for T.sumatrana conservation area. The Maximum Entropy (Maxent) was applied to model the species distribution. The presence of T. sumatrana was collected from 77 locations across the Sumatra. Climate and biophysical variables were used to determine the potential distribution of species. The results showed that a minimum temperature of coldest months has the highest permutation importanceby 66.3% while the highest contribution variable was altitude by 48.1%. Soil type has an important value that is not presented in other variables. Potential regions for T. sumatrana distribution were: North Sumatra (Karo, Dairi, Toba Samosir, and Simalungun District), West Sumatra (Agam, Tanah Datar, SawahLunto and Solok District), Jambi (Bungo, Merangin and Kerinci District), Bengkulu (Bengkulu Utara), and South Sumatra (Lahat District). The potential environmental condition for T. sumatranais 1,500m above sea level and upper, minimum temperature of the coldest month below 100C with precipitation in the driest month between 50-70 mm/month. The species is potentially found in Humid Andosol and Vitric Andosol soil types.

First record of Hagen’s batwing Atrophaneura hageni (Rogenhofer, 1889) (Lepidoptera: Papiolinidae) in southern Sumatra, Indonesia

Hagen’s batwing Atrophaneura hageni (Rogenhofer, 1889) (Lepidoptera: Papiolinidae) is endemic to Sumatra and it was previously known only from North Sumatra and West Sumatra provinces. Here we report the first record of this species from South Sumatra. A male individual of A. hageni was recorded on 19 April 2018 in the Pagar Alam District, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Our record represent the most southern locality in the range of this rare highland species.

Difficulties of Equality Education in the Sumatera Area

This research is motivated by the role of Pendidikan Kesetaraan Kejar Paket (A, B, and C) in completing the 9-year compulsory education. However, in the implementation of the Kejar Paket there are still many problems faced. The research objective was to describe the difficulty of implementing Kejar Paket in North Sumatra, West Sumatra, and South Sumatra. Expost facto descriptive research type. The population of the study was that all subjects involved in the Kejar Paket were study residents, tutors, managers in three research locations. Samples were taken purposively for each study location. Data collection techniques are interviews, and the tools are interview guidelines. Data is processed in a quantitative descriptive manner. The research findings illustrate the low interest in learning as seen in the presence of learning citizens. Some tutors are recruited from Strata I and graduated from high school, so the learning approach is felt to be incompatible with learning in education outside school. Facilities and infrastructure used to use what is available at the venue for the activities. Some managers have not been so serious in managing learning activities. Learning materials for learning citizens are often too late for the study schedule, so tutors find it difficult to provide material to the learning community. Funding for learning activities is felt to be lacking. The standard of assessment to the learning community is felt to be very high, while the material provided has not supported the achievement of the expected results.

Holocene surface hydroclimate changes in the Indo-Pacific warm pool

The Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) is an area hosting key tropical climate processes such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The tropical climate processes, via various feedback mechanisms, control the surface ocean climate in the Indian Ocean and its surrounding continents on annual to inter-annual timescales. However, little has been known about how the tropical processes are effective forcing climate mechanism over longer timescales. Here we presented a reconstruction of the spatiotemporal pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) with inferred hydroclimate changes since the early Holocene (∼11ka), using proxies of planktonic foraminifer shell Mg/Ca, organic biomarker (TEX86), foraminifer oxygen isotopes, and a terrigenous BIT index measured from a 220 cm long Core BS24 (2.724041°N, 97.010943°E, 1015 m water depth) which was taken offshore of northwest Sumatra in the eastern Indian Ocean. With an age model of 13 AMS 14C dating by the uses of planktonic foraminiferal shells from the core, the TEX86H temperatures of BS24 show as summer-weighted, and reflect integrated thermal effects from the surface to thermocline water, while the Mg/Ca temperature of BS24 better reflects mean annual SST. Our results, along with a regional synthesis of published SST records from the IPWP, suggest that the IPWP has migrated eastwardly since the mid-Holocene (∼5ka). In phase with this eastward migration, the IPWP SSTs have decreased, but the upwelling in the eastern Indian Ocean appears to have been a persistent feature since the mid-Holocene. Our Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis on the compiled IPWP SST records indicates two dominant modes of spatio-temporal variability of surface hydrographes in the IPWP that are attributed to a combined effect of orbital and solar forcing, with expressions analogous to the Indian ocean basin-wide mode (IOBM) and the Indian Ocean dipole model (IOD).

Long-term seismic observations along Myanmar–Sunda subduction margin: insights for 2004 Mw > 9.0 earthquake

The present study investigates the temporal variation of few seismic parameters between the Myanmar (Zone I), Andaman–Nicobar–Northwest Sumatra (Zone II), Southeast Sumatra–West Indonesia (Zone III) and East Indonesia (Zone IV) converging boundaries in reference to the generation of 26 December 2004 Mw > 9.0 off-Sumatra mega-earthquake event. The four segments are distinguished based on tectonics parameters, distinct geological locations, great earthquake occurrences, and the Wadati–Benioff zone characteristics. Two important seismic parameters such as seismic energy and b values are computed over a time-window of 6-month period during the entire 1976–2013 period for these segments. The b values show a constant decrease in Zones II, III, and IV, whereas the Zone I does not show any such pattern prior to the 2004 mega-event. The release of seismic energy was also gradually decreasing in Zones II and III till the 2004 event, and little similar pattern was also noted in Zone IV. This distinct observation might be indicating that the stress accumulation was dominant near the Sumatra–Java area located towards southeast of Zone II and northwest of Zone III. The released strain energy during the 2004 event was subsequently migrated towards north, rupturing ~ 1300 km of the boundary between the Northwest Sumatra and the North Andaman. The occurrence of 2004 mega-event was apparently concealed behind the long-term seismic quiescence existing near the Sumatra and Nicobar margin. A systematic study of the patterns of seismic energy release and b values, and the long-term observation of collective behaviour of the margin tectonics might have had given clues to the possibility of the 2004 mega-event.

Keragaman Genetik Isolat Cendawan Pyricularia oryzae Menggunakan Primer Pot-2 (Rep-PCR)

<p>Rice blast (Pyricularia<br />oryzae) is one of the most important diseases of rice. It can<br />be very destructive in the field, when the environmental<br />conditions are favourable. Information on genetic diversity of<br />this pathogen could assist plant breeders in determining<br />strategy for a successful control of the disease. This study<br />was conducted to analyze genetic diversity in P. oryzae<br />isolates by a pair of Pot-2 primers using the rep-PCR<br />technique. These primers were designed from a transposon<br />element of the entire blast fungus genomic DNA. DNA<br />samples were extracted from 212 isolates of P. oryzae<br />collected from two endemic areas of the disease in<br />Indonesia, i.e., Tamanbogo, Lampung, and Sukabumi, West<br />Java, as well as from some non-endemic areas in North<br />Sumatra and West Sumatra). Results of the study indicated<br />that the 212 isolates could clustered into 21 haplotypes. The<br />most dominant haplotypes as indicated by their highest<br />frequency of haplotypes were haplotype Pot 2-019 (54.46%)<br />followed by haplotype Pot 2-021 (14.73%) and haplotipe Pot<br />2-016 (6.25%). Regardless of origins of the P. oryzae isolates,<br />we found 6 haplotypes from Tamanbogo (out of 117<br />samples), 13 haplotypes from Sukabumi (out of 77 samples),<br />and 11 haplotypes from North Sumatra and West Sumatra<br />(out of 18 isolates). It seems that genetic diversity of the P.<br />oryzae isolates was not affected by the total number of<br />samples/isolates, but rather by place of the origin and rice<br />genotypes from which the isolates were collected.</p>

IMPACT OF FISH AGGREGATING DEVICE ON SUSTAINABLE CAPTURE FISHERIES

The use of rumpon, a type of Fish Aggregating Device (FAD), has been traditional in Indonesia, particularly in eastern Indonesia waters since time immemorial (Reuter 1938; Nasution et al. 1986; Monintja 1976). The traditional tuna fishermen in Mamuju waters in the Province of South Celebes have used rumpons for a long time, although there is no record when the device was first used (Nasution et al. 1986). Any structure designed or made to attract free schooling fishes: rumpon (Indonesia), tendak (West Java), uncang (Sumatera), rompong (Sulawesi), payaos (Philippines). Local fishermen claimed that they learned how to construct the rumpon from their ancestors, but did not apply the device extensively until 1985 because of the low profitability of catching the swift swimming fishes. The use of rumpon for fishing activities has improved the effectiveness and efficiency of several fishing gear. However, the fast growing of rumpon utilization has raised a great concern on the sustainability of the fish resources. The rumpon management for responsible fisheries should consider the aspects of biology, location, environment, fishing gear, social and economic. The existing condition of rumpon has not fully understood and its usage in a responsible manner further elaboration also needed. For that purpose, the information of the past and present situation of rumpon in Indonesia will be important for further management. The main data were collected and compiled from various references, annual report of the Directorate General of Fisheries and research report of Central Research Institute for Fisheries. Additional data were made available from local fisheries agencies or related institutions. Structure of the rumpon installed in the Provinces of North Sumatera, West Sumatra, Lampung, West Java, East Java, North Celebes, Central Celebes, South Celebes, maluku and Papua are given in detail. There are 2 types of rumpon : the deep sea rumpon and shallow water rumpon. The differences among the rumpons in those areas are mostly found in material of mooring line, shape and material of float and structure of the attracting components. The mooring line is mostly made of polyethylene of 12-25 mm in diameter or nylon of 5-10 mm in diameter. There are wide variations of shape of floats. Generally they are divide into pontoon type or box shape made of steel and raft type made of bamboos. Attractors are made of coconut leaves, nipah leaves and pinag leaves. Some attractors are attached to the mooring line and the others are hung down from the float. They are operated in wide range of water depth from 20 to 1500 m. The fishing ground conditions, bottom topography and bottom configuration are among the factors considered for the rumpon design and construction. The differences in construction are mainly due to the rumpon location, target species in each area and the fishing gear applied. Keywords : fish aggregating device, rumpon, sustainable fisheries, Indonesia