North Waziristan Research Articles

DETECTION OF CLINICAL BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATO AND RENAL MANIFESTATIONS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread in many countries worldwide, surpassing one million confirmed cases and resulting in deaths globally. Developing nations such as Pakistan face heightened vulnerability to such outbreaks due to limited healthcare infrastructure and resources. This study examines clinical biomarkers linked to hepatic and renal manifestations in COVID-19 patients in North Waziristan, recognizing the vulnerability of developing countries like Pakistan to such pandemics due to limited healthcare resources. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 110 suspected COVID-19 patients visiting Dr. Azim Ullah clinic and DHQ Hospital North Waziristan, Miran Shah. Hematological, hepatic, renal, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin markers were assessed. Most patients were male (75%), with varying age distributions. Abnormalities were observed in hematological parameters, liver enzymes, renal function markers, CRP, and ferritin levels. Significant correlations (p<0.001) were found among these markers. The study concludes that inflammatory, hematological, renal, and liver markers are associated with COVID-19 infection, with higher levels indicating severe disease. Continuous monitoring of these biomarkers may enhance patient outcomes and aid in predicting disease progression

Predictive Modelling of Mineral Prospectivity Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms

In today’s world of falling returns on fixed exploration budgets, complex targets, and ever-increasing volumes of multi-parameter datasets, the effective management and integration of existing data are essential to any mineral exploration operation. Machine learning (ML) algorithms like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are powerful data-driven methods that are not implemented very often with remote sensing-derived hydrothermal alternation information and limited field datasets for mapping mineral prospectivity. The application of machine learning algorithms with satellite remote sensing data and limited field data, they have not been compared and evaluated together thoroughly in this field. A data science approach was applied to create nine predictor maps, incorporating limited field data and satellite remote sensing information. A confusion matrix, statistical measures, and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the prediction models efficacy on both the training and test datasets. The results suggested that the RF model exhibited the highest predictive accuracy, consistency and interpretability among the three ML models evaluated in this study. RF model also achieved the highest predictive efficiency in capturing known copper (Cu) deposits within a small prospective area. In comparison to the SVM and CNN models, the RF model outperformed them in terms of predictive accuracy and interpretability. These results imply that the RF model is the most suitable for Cu potential mapping in the Pakistan’s North Waziristan region. Consequently, all the models including the RF model were used to generate a prospectivity map, which contained low to very-high potential zones, to support further exploration in the region. The newly discovered deposit inside the predicted prospective areas demonstrates the robustness and efficacy of the prospectivity modelling approach as proposed in this research for generating exploration targets.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in North and South Waziristan, Pakistan

Background: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are a significant cause of outpatient visits globally, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presenting a growing challenge to effective treatment. In Pakistan's tribal regions, limited healthcare access exacerbates this issue.Objective: To determine the prevalence of bacterial pathogens causing URTIs and assess their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in North and South Waziristan, Pakistan.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 300 throat swabs collected from outpatients between January and June 2023. Samples were inoculated on Blood, MacConkey, and Chocolate agars, followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. Standard biochemical tests were used for bacterial identification, and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method assessed antimicrobial susceptibility. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, with p-values ≤ 0.05 considered significant.Results: Pathogens were isolated in 93% of samples, with Staphylococcus aureus (40.2%), viridans group streptococci (35.7%), and Streptococcus pyogenes (17.1%) being the most common. Resistance was highest in viridans group streptococci (33.7% to tazobactam) and lowest in Streptococcus pyogenes (26.3%).Conclusion: The high rates of resistance, particularly in viridans group streptococci, highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate AMR in this region.

Depositional Environment, Diagenesis and Source Rock Characterization of Middle Jurassic Carbonates, North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Depositional Environment, Diagenesis and Source Rock Characterization of Middle Jurassic Carbonates, North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Bioclimatic and remote sensing factors are better key indicators than local topography and soil: Vegetation composition variability in forests of Pakistan's Spin Ghar Mountain range

The composition, structure and distribution of vegetation are influenced by diverse environmental factors. Such research inquiries provide the initial data for future conservation and management efforts. The study area of North Waziristan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan comprises diverse forests of the Spin Ghar Mountain Range (at the border areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan), and a highly remote, mountainous, and unexplored region. There was little information on the complex relationships that existed between the study area's ambient environment and vegetation. This study hypothesized that the varying environmental complexity in the study area and vegetation variety may be significantly correlated, and the ranking of leading influencing factors might enhance our ecological understanding. A total of 61 study sites comprising 183 transects (50 m each) were randomly selected to record the vegetation-environment data from January-2018 to December-2020 (3 years). Monte Carlo permutation testing, hierarchical clustering of study samples, indicator species analysis, and ordination were applied to assess the sampling data. The results indicated that there were a total of 391 vascular plant species which were further classified into seven significantly different (p < 0.05) plant assemblages, each comprising of a distinct species makeup. A variety of different environmental variables (topographic (06), bioclimatic (19), edaphic (09), remote sensing, and anthropogenic predictors (16)) were considered. Simple term effects testing results depicted the significant (p(adj) < 0.05) role of 39 variables initially, whereas, conditional term effects testing (with variance inflation factor (VIF) threshold value of < 10, and forward selecting variables that provided the most unique information) results highlighted the prominent role of eight (08) contributors. The results of the latter analysis ranked the mean temperature of the warmest quarter (Bio10) as the most influencing factor, followed by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), longitude, continuous heat insulation load index (CHILI), precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18), global human modification of the terrestrial systems (gHM), organic carbon density (OCD), and annual precipitation (Bio12). This study concluded that the vegetation variability in the study area was significantly correlated with the prevailing environment, and considered bioclimatic and remote sensing factors were better key indicators for any vegetation distribution when the study was conducted on a large spatial scale. Based on these results, the anticipated future variations in climate, particularly global warming, lengthy drought spells, and population explosion might remarkably lead to decline in local plant species richness and distribution. For the study area to guard its priceless biodiversity for future generations, careful and prompt conservation and management planning are required.

The violent construction of silence(s): The case of targeted killings in North Waziristan, Pakistan

The threat of recurrence of violence remains a protracted concern in post-conflict contexts. This article contributes to the literature on post-conflict violence by analyzing a specific phenomenon that has characterized North Waziristan: the “Taliban target killing campaign” of civilians. The article argues that the targeted killings in (post-conflict) North Waziristan are a pre-mediated and calculated strategy employed by the militants to create space for their resurgence by silencing dissent through extortion, threats and killing of the locals. Exploring post-conflict violence, the article draws attention to the application of de-securitization in North Waziristan where “silent institutional” de-securitizations (i.e., state silence) are adopted to maintain the post-conflict fragile peace to prevent the risk of slippage into re-securitization. In explicating this, the article contributes by identifying three forms of silences: (i) silencing (by killing), (ii) state silence, and (iii) strategic silence. Doing so also helps to elaborate the function, meaning, and consequence of silence(s) in post-conflict contexts.

Taxonomic investigation of monilophytes from North Waziristan Tribal District KP, Pakistan

Floristic surveys and assessment of relationships between species richness and elevational gradients help in developing more efficient conserving strategies for biodiversity under climate change. North Waziristan Tribal District (NWD) has been identified as the second largest district in FATA. The study area encompasses diverse altitudes, ranging from 600 m to over 3000 m. Due to its distinct geological history, low temperature, and rich biodiversity, the North Waziristan Tribal District gives an excellent opportunity to assess taxonomic distribution of ferns. Field visits were conducted during 2021, thoroughly documenting fern species along with essential field-related characteristics such as habits, habitats, GPS coordinates, etc. Floristic studies of ferns (monilophytes) from NWD showed that it has an exceptionally diverse monilophyte flora. A total of 114 fern specimens were collected during these field visits. After a comprehensive examination, 17 species distributed across 13 genera and 7 families were identified. The predominant family was Pteridaceae, comprising six species, followed by Aspleniaceae and Thelypteridaceae with three species each. Additionally, Dryopteridaceae accounted for two species, while the remaining three had only one species each. Asplenium was the leading genus, documented with three species, followed by Pteris, Cheilanthes, and Adiantum, each with two species. Finally, a dichotomous key was made based on morphological, anatomical, and palynological characters for identification and characterization purposes. In terms of altitude, the highest number of taxa were observed at elevations above 2200 m, while the lowest species count was reported between 600 -1000 m. Species richness of ferns reached to a maximum at moderate elevations, which could have been due to combination of moderately low temperature and high humidity. Ethnobotanical documentation revealed eight species, six genera, and four families within the study area.

‘(Re)ordering’ North Waziristan, Pakistan: Post-Conflict Transition, Borderland Dynamics and Spatial Identities

ABSTRACT North Waziristan is emerging from an episode of terrorism that lasted for decades. Critically examining the dynamics of borderlands, this paper explicates the intersection of informal cross-border trade with the local economy and livelihoods. These socio-economic patterns created by ungoverned geographies, and porous uncontrolled borders foster a dependence on the informal economy, which is largely responsible for financing and perpetuating the instability. The paper signposts that effective border management and ongoing security reconstruction have contributed to rejuvenating the local economy and providing the necessary impetus for post-conflict economic development, keeping widespread unrest and militancy on hold.

Quantitative ethnomedicinal survey of wild edible fruits used by the indigenous community in North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Quantitative ethnomedicinal survey of wild edible fruits used by the indigenous community in North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Epidemiology and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Current cross-sectional study was carried out between September 2019 to January 2020 at the Department of Pathology, Mardan Medical Complex (MMC), Mardan, and District Headquarter Hospital North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of leishmaniasis and its associated risk factors in selected districts of KP province, Pakistan. Altogether, three hundred and seventy-four (n=374) leishmaniosis patients were included in the current study. Skin specimen from the ulcer border were collected. The slides were stained by Giemsa stain and examined for the presence of amastigote. The prevalence of leishmania infected patients in different region of KP were as follows: North Waziristan region 53.7 (n=201) District Mardan 34.7% (n=130); District Nowshera 6.7% (n=25), District Swabi 1.1% (n=4) and other Districts i.e. Dir, Malakand, Buner and Bajawarr were 3.7% (n=14). The frequency of leishmaniasis were more in male and majority of the infected patients were in the age group of <10 years. Among n=374 patients 95.7% (n= 358) had cutaneous leishmaniasis while 3% (n= 11) had mucocutaneous type of infection and 1.3% (n= 5) patients had both cutaneous and mucocutaneous infection. Upon treatment by Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) 97% (n=362) showed clinical signs of complete or partial recovery of their skin lesions. Conclusively, highest incidence of leishmania infection occurred during short study period and majority of the cases showed positive response to treatment.

Diversity of Foody, Fruity Plants With Special Reference to Their Curative Uses in Tribal District, North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Pakistan

Diversity of Foody, Fruity Plants With Special Reference to Their Curative Uses in Tribal District, North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Pakistan

Characterizing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a conflict-affected region: a study from North Waziristan, Pakistan.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease that remains a serious public health issue in Pakistan, particularly in North Waziristan. The current research was carried out to investigate the presence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this region. This prospective observational study was conducted from October 2018 to December 2020 at District Head Quarter Hospital Miranshah in North Waziristan with the collaboration of the Pathology Department of Gomal Medical College Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Needle aspirates were used for the microscopic Giemsa-stained slides. SPSS was used for data analysis. Of the 5406 clinically-suspected cases, 2603(48.2%) were positive by microscopic examination. Of these 2603 patients, 1474 (57%) were male and 1129 (43%) were female. Most of the lesions were on the face, followed by upper and lower limbs. The 5-10-year age group had the highest percentage of 1167 (45%). A single lesion affected 96.6% of the patients, while 2.7% had double lesions and 0.7% had triple lesions. A high number of cutaneous leishmaniasis were seen from April to August, while the lowest number was seen November to December. This study provides extensive information in relation to the existence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the North Waziristan district of Pakistan, as well as the detailed demographic features of those affected by the disease.

Ethnomedicinal study of medicinal plants used by the inhabitants of tribal District North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ethnomedicinal study of medicinal plants used by the inhabitants of tribal District North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ethno-Dentistry of Medicinal Plants Used in North Waziristan, Pakistan

ObjectiveThis study aimed at recording therapeutic plant species used by inhabitants to treat dental disorders in the district of North Waziristan, Pakistan. The indigenous people of the studied area are dependent on medicinal plants for their basic health care needs including dental care. MethodsEthnomedicinal data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaires, and in addition 130 local informants were interviewed. The collected data were evaluated using various quantitative indices, including use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL%), and Jaccard Index (JI). ResultsA total of 69 plants belonging to 48 plant families used in dental disorders were identified. The Lamiaceae was the leading family that shared 7 species, followed by Solanaceae (4 spp).The dominant life form used was herbs (47.83%), folowed by leaves (43.90%) in preparing remedies for different dental disorders. Decoction was the most common mode of preparation (34.21%), followed by pastes (21.05%). The highest RFC (0.36) was reported for Bergenia ciliata, followed by Salvadora oleoides (0.35). The majority of the plants (36 spp) were utilised as herbal medicine to treat toothache, followed by 13 species for periodontal (gum) infections, 11 species used for teeth cleaning, and 9 species for halitosis (bad breath). ConclusionsThis study is the first-ever record of ethnomedicinal applications for the treatment of dental diseases from Pakistan. Some of the forgeoing hebal medications should be further evalauted for the development of pahrmaceutical bio-products for the treatment of dental disorders.

Traditional use of Polypores in Georgia (the Caucasus)

Background: The present work was intended to explore the quantitative ethnobotany and conservation status of flora of Koh-e-Suleman range, Razmak valley, North Waziristan, Pakistan. For the first time, significant traditional knowledge of the uses of reported flora was documented. Objective: The aim of the present study was to: (i) elucidate local populations' traditional knowledge of indigenous plants used for various purposes (ii) compile ethnomedicinal data using quantitative analyses for in-depth pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants. (iii) evaluate the reported flora's conservation status. Methods: Ethnobotanical data were analyzed using quantitative tools, i.e., Relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL). Results: 102 participants including 75 men and 27 women were interviewed. The participants reported a total of 68 plant species, belonging to 57 genera and 19 families. There was 1 family of pteridophytes (1 species), 1 family of gymnosperms (4 species) and 63 species belonging to 17 families of angiosperms. Of the total reported plants, 38 were fodder species, 37 were medicinal species, 5 were timber species, 9 were fuel species, 8 were fruits species, 1 was vegetable species, 5 were condiment species, 2 were thatching species, 9 were ornamental species while none of the species was poisonous in nature. Conservation status revealed that 49 species (72.05 %) were vulnerable, 12 species (17.64 %) were rare, 6 species (8.82 %) were endangered, and 1 species (1.47 %) was found infrequent. Conclusion: The current study showed the majority of the species were used as fuel wood, medicines, and fodder. As most plant species have significant curative properties, a rotational and moderate grazing system is required to conserve the plants. Local residents must inculcate in their children the importance of floral diversity and conservation. Keywords: Anthropogenic activities, Conservation status, Endangered species, Quantitative ethnobotany, Razmak valley.

Operation Zarb-e-Azb in the Global Wire Services: A Framing Analysis

Pakistan has become a victim of terrorism after its involvement in the ongoing war on terror. The country has lost thousands of civilians and security personnel in this American-led war. Though, Pakistan has always been treated negatively by the media organizations of elite nations. Operation Zarb-e-Azb was a combined military action of the Pakistan army against the armed insurgent groups in North Waziristan which was launched in the year 2014. The current study attempted to examine the framing of Operation Zarb-e-Azb in global wire services. For this purpose, AFP, AP and Reuters were selected. Through the technique of convenient sampling, a total of 300 news items from the entire period of operation were selected for analysis.Quantitative as well as qualitative content analysis and interpretive analysis have been used as a research design for this study. The results indicated that the global wire services framed the news stories of military operations in a positive way. The terrorism and militant threat frame was more dominant in global wires as compared to other frames. The results also revealed that the global wires framed this operation differently by representing the foreign policy and interests of their respective states.

Quantitative ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the indigenous communities of Shawal Valley, District North Waziristan, Pakistan

Background: The current survey aimed to assess the traditional knowledge and use of therapeutic plants to treat various respiratory disorders by traditional healers. The local communities of District North Waziristan are reliant on therapeutic plant species for their primary health care needs. Methods: Ethnobotanical data were collected through semi-structured interviews. A sum of 130 informants (107 male and 23 female) selected randomly. Ethnobotanical data was quantitatively analyzed by using Use Value (UV), Relative Citation of Frequency (RFC), and Fidelity Level (FL). Results: A total of 56 plants related to 32 plant families were recorded which were used to cure 24 various respiratory disorders. Lamiaceae (7 species) was the most prevalent plant family, followed by Asteraceae (5 species), Moraceae and solanaceae (4 species) each, 8 families have (2 species each), while the remaining 20 families has only (1 species each).The dominant growth form was herbs (53.57%), while leaves (28.57%) were the leading plant part used in remedies preparation for respiratory disorders. The dominant method of medications preparation was decoctions (42.86%), which were all administered orally. The plant species with highest use values were Ephedra procera (0.87), followed by Morus nigra (0.86), while the highest RFC values were recorded for Ephedra procera (0.36), followed Cydonia oblonga (0.35), Morus nigra (0.34). The therapeutic plant species with maximum use values reported in the survey may indicate the possible presence of important bioactive compounds which need a search for potential new drugs to treat various respiratory disorders. Conclusions: The study accomplishes that indigenous communities yet prefer therapeutic plants species over allopathic drug for curing different disorders. However this valuable traditional information is limited to elder people. So, attention is required to conserve this traditional knowledge.

Indigenous knowledge and conservation status of wild plants collected from Garyaum, North Waziristan, Pakistan

Background: People still use plant-based medicine for their basic healthcare requirements despite having easy access to contemporary medications. Individuals are more dependent on natural remedies, especially in rural areas. In Garyaum, North Waziristan, Pakistan, this study intends to investigate the key native plants utilized in medicine and their applications for treating various illnesses. Objectives: The objectives of this study was to: (1) conduct a systematic examination of the wild plants utilized by the inhabitants of the study area; (2) collect indigenous knowledge concerning wild plants; (3) assess species with considerable cultural importance to the Garyaum inhabitants; and (4) document the conservation status of the collected plants in study area. Methods: Ethnobotanical data based on sociodemographic characteristics were collected using the protocol of (Martin 1995). Techniques included direct led field walks, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews. 95 participants including 81 men and 14 women were interviewed. Quantitative approaches, such as relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL) were also conducted. Results: The participants reported a total of 66 plant species, belonging to 49 genera and 28 families. Of the total reported plants, 47 were fodder species, 35 were medicinal species, 14 were timber species, 20 were fuel species, 11 were fruits species, 7 was vegetable species, 2 were condiment species, 9 were thatching species, 3 were ornamental species while 3 were poisonous in nature. The current findings revealed 45 species (68.18 %) as vulnerable, 9 species (13.63 %) as rare, 8 species (12.12 %) as endangered and 4 species (6.06 %) was found infrequent. None of the species was ranked in the dominant category (IUCN 2001) which clearly described the unpleasant situation of the local flora. Conclusion: It is concluded that local people still rely on plant-based medication for their basic medical requirements. The vast majority of the species are utilized as fuel, wood, and fodder. In addition, plant diversity is diminishing as a result of many anthropogenic influences, infrastructural expansion, and climate change as well. Hence, proper identification and cultivation of significant medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as appropriate conservation and management techniques, are urgently needed in the research region. And the value of floral diversity and conservation must be entrenched in local inhabitants' children. Keywords: Conservation status, Endangered species, Garyaum, Indigenous knowledge, Quantitative ethnobotany.

Prevalence and Clinical Features of Thalassemia Minor Cases

Background: Thalassemia, the most common heterogeneous single gene disorder causing sever genetic health problem in the world. In 1932 George and William gave it the name thalassemia derived from Greek words (“thallassa: mean sea) and (“aima: mean blood). The research was conducted on thalassemia minor patients in North Waziristan and some selected areas of Peshawar Khyber pakhtunkhwa. Methods: During this survey 100 thalassemia minor patients were interviewed belonging to different castes. It was observed that majority of the patients were from the age group 1-10 years both in male asn females. Different ethnic groups were interviewed such as Yousafzai, Halimzai, Dawar, Wazir, Noor khel, Musazai, Saidan, Miserkhal, Afridi, Miagan, and Afghan. Results: The most of the thalassemia minor patients belonged to rural area (62.4 %) while 36.6% patients were reported from urban area. The maximum number of thalassemia minor patients belonged to lower class which was reported 47% followed by middle class (35%) and rich people (18%). The parents of 64 patients were cousin while the parents of 36 patients had marriage out of the family. The birth abnormalities were also recorded and observed as abortion (30%), delay birth (23%), still birth (13%) and premature birth (17%). During this study it was observed that majority of the patients were of the moderate body status (54.5%) Interestingly the ratio of obese people was very low. While the ratio of thin people was 39.4%. The physical abnormalities found in thalassemia minor patients included eye, skin, ear, mental and bone and joint abnormalities. the people having the age from 1-10 have an average HB level of 9.45 g/dl while those having age of 41-60 have an average HB level of 11.58 g/dl. The physical infections also reported such as eye infection (39%), GIT infection (20%), Lung infection, Skin infection (16%), UTI (7%) and Ear infection (2%). Conclusion: This study provides an insight in to the mechanism of transmission of thalassemia in the family and suggest social awareness about the disadvantages of the interfamilial marriages. Keywords: Thalassemia, Consanguineous marriages, Hemoglobin, Birth Abnormalities, Infections.

Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical Approaches for Evaluating Dam Seepage in Lesser Himalayan Region of Pakistan

Dam leakage is a major problem in earth-filled reservoir dams. The present research is aimed at detecting the seepage zones in an earth-filled reservoir dam in the vicinity of Sarobi village, North Waziristan, Pakistan. The objective was achieved by integrating geological, geotechnical, and geophysical datasets. Geological survey was carried out in the area to identify the surface exposures. Geotechnical data involved was used to estimation of permeability and Lugeon values to identify network of joints/fractures whereas electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique (utilizing Wenner-Schlumberger configuration) was applied for the identification of the leakage zones. Geological data revealed highly deformed alluvium towards the right abutment underlain by compressed shale and highly fractured limestone beds. Geotechnical data indicated high permeability, Lugeon values, and concentration of sand and gravel towards the right abutment whereas low permeability, Lugeon values, and higher concentration of silt and clay were observed towards the left abutment. ERT data identified a conductive zone embedded between impermeable lithologies having resistivity between 10 and 60 Ω·m. This conductive zone was observed in parallel profiles acquired in upstream, dam crest, and downstream parts of the dam. The integration of all the datasets revealed a network of joints that are interconnected and provide a path for water at the upstream side to pass through right abutment of dam and leak towards the downstream.