Northeast Face Research Articles

The spatiotemporal shore morphological changes at east Bhola Island in Meghna Estuary of Bangladesh’s central coast

This article focuses on the spatiotemporal shore erosion–accretion progression of east Bhola Island, located in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin at the mouth of Meghna Estuary on the central coast of Bangladesh. The erosion–accretion in this dynamic coastal region has caused significant morphological changes and frequent shoreline displacement over the last 40 years. This research analyzed 13 LANDSAT satellite images spanning from 1989 to 2018 to evaluate the shoreline change rates for the east face of Bhola Island over the four selected periods, i.e., 1989–2000, 2000–2005, 2005–2010, and 2010–2018. In general, the upstream portion of the east Bhola Island experienced a higher shore erosion rate up to −139 m/year at the northeast face, close to the confluence of the GBM Rivers. At this portion, the Island’s geometric shape caused the stability of the shore vulnerable against the ebb tide-dominated high monsoon GBM River flows. In the interim, the southeast portion of the Island near the Bay of Bengal faced a slower rate of shore erosion up to −40 m/year because the upper part of the Island provided shelter to the downstream portion that diverts and minimizes the downward GBM River outfall flow intensities towards the sea. Construction of barrages on the major upstream rivers resulted in the widening of the Bhola’s adjoining rivers through lean dry periods and increased wet season flows may be liable for a severe shoreline erosion of −171 m/year in 1989–2000. Further, higher annual rainfall and prolonged floods in 1998 and 2004 increased the shoreline erosion rate to −249 m/year from 2000 to 2005. Nevertheless, after considerable erosion from 1989 to 2005, recently implemented and ongoing shore protection works along the east face of the Island declined the erosion rate drastically to −41 m/year, while some sections achieved shore stability in the latest period of 2005–2018.

Winter Annual Rye Seeding Date Influence on Nitrogen Recovery and Ammonia Volatilization from Late Fall Surface-Applied Manure

Dairy farmers in the northeast face challenges in the application of manure in fall and on-time planting of cool-season grasses to maximize recovery of residual N and nutrients released from fall applied manure. Ammonia emission from animal manure is a serious environmental concern and can be reduced if cover crop is integrated in the farming system. On-time planting of cover crops can reduce ammonia volatilization from fall, surface-applied manure, and prevents N loss to leaching. A two-year study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to investigate if time of planting of winter annual rye (Secale cereale L.) along with late fall application of manure when air temperature is low can influence ammonia emission and preserve nitrogen (N) to meet the N requirement of forage rape. Three planting dates (16 September, 30 September, and 14 October) of rye cover crop with two manure application treatments including late-fall application and no manure were assessed for mitigating ammonia volatilization, and also yield and recovery of N by forage rape (Brassica napus L.). The highest rates of ammonia volatilization were detected in the first 24 hours after manure spreading regardless of the treatment. The result indicated that cover crop use significantly limited volatilization compared with no cover crop. The earliest planting date produced 3823 kg ha−1 dry matter of winter rye cover crop that was 16 and 35 percent higher than second and third dates of planting, respectively. The manured cover crop accumulated 132 kg N ha−1 when planted early. However, biomass yield of forage rape was more when planted after all cover crop treatments with manure application. Prior to forage planting, the nitrate-N content in all three soil depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) in the plots with manure was higher than plots with no manure. No significant differences in forage rape yield was detected among winter rye planting dates; however, forage rape planted after winter rye was higher than after no-cover crop. The results of this study suggest that when immediate incorporation of manure into soil is not feasible, establishing cover crop early and then applying manure in the late fall, is a practical management to limit nonpoint source pollution from ammonia loss.

The Problem Without a Name: Comments on Cultural Difference (Racism) in India

This paper is about race and race relations in India with a focus on the experiences of violence and discrimination that people from India’s Northeast face in mainland India. This has become a ‘problem without a name’, generally articulated as a problem of cultural difference. The paper argues that the emphasis on cultural difference elides the issue of racism faced by India’s north-eastern subjects, whereby culture is a mere substitute for race. Institutional approaches to racism tend to rely on a biological understanding of race. The paper demonstrates the racial formation of the category ‘north-eastern’ through the processes of colonialism, nationalism and counter-insurgency. This approach shows the ways in which racism, classism and sexism work together in constituting the racialised, gendered and classed north-eastern subject.

The first fossil mayfly nymph (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from the British Isles

Mayflies are very rare in the British fossil record. The first nymph to be found, Schistonotorum wallisi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the non-marine Lower Cretaceous of southeast England. This Early Barremian find is from the Upper Weald Clay Formation at Smokejacks brickworks, Surrey. It is preserved as an adpression in concretionary sideritic ironstone from the upper insect bed exposed in the northeast face of the pit. The palaeoecological significance of this record is discussed.

Adiciones a la pteridoflora de Tabasco, México: la importancia del bosque mesófilo de montaña

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El ejido Villa de Guadalupe del municipio Huimanguillo, Tabasco, mantiene el único fragmento de bosque mesófilo de montaña en el estado, mismo que ha sido florísticamente poco explorado. Este estudio se suma a otros anteriormente publicados, donde los reportes de nuevos registros aumentan considerablemente la riqueza de especies de helechos y licopodios conocidas hasta ahora para Tabasco. El objetivo principal es actualizar el conocimiento de la pteridoflora de la entidad, enfatizando la importancia del bosque mesófilo de montaña.Métodos: Se realizaron colectas al azar de helechos epífitos y terrestres en la cara norte y noreste del cerro Las Flores (450-1000 m s.n.m.) en el municipio Huimanguillo. Los especímenes fueron identificados principalmente mediante claves taxonómicas y distribuidos en herbarios nacionales y extranjeros.Resultados clave: Se registraron en total 64 especies de helechos y licopodios. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Polypodiaceae, Dryopteridaceae e Hymenophyllaceae. Se destaca el registro de 30 especies que no habían sido reportadas previamente en el estado de Tabasco. Para los géneros Cochlidium, Elaphoglossum, Hypolepis, Odontosoria, Parapolystichum, Polytaenium, Saccoloma y Sphaeropteris, este es el primer reporte para la entidad.Conclusiones: Las nuevas adiciones a la pteridoflora de Tabasco proporcionan un recuento de 169 especies para el estado, lo cual actualiza la información conocida hasta ahora (137 especies) y manifiesta la necesidad de continuar con la realización de inventarios florísticos regionales. El presente estudio representa uno de los pocos trabajos publicados que documentan la riqueza de un grupo taxonómico en específico en el bosque mesófilo de montaña del estado.

Leadership of Bodoland Movement From Colonial To Present

Before and after India Independence, the people of Bodo in North-East face a serious problem and started a social movement on the question of socio-economic, political, and cultural harmony. Various ethnic communities residing in this region growing fragmentation, divergence, division and discard as a result disquietude and emerge conflict, violence in different parts of North-East India. Main aims and objectives of Bodoland Movement was to create an Autonomous Self Governing body known as BTC, to provide constitutional protection under sixth schedule to the autonomous body, to fulfill economic, educational, social, political and linguistic aspirations, preservation of socio-cultural, land-rights and ethnic identity of the Bodos and infrastructure development in BTC area. Under the leadership of Upendra Nath Brahma (father of Bodoland Movement) ABSU launched a social a social movement. National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) and Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) occurred for creation of sovereign separate state. This paper analysis to make a comprehensive study on the various aspect of the Bodoland Movement launched by All Bodo Student Union (ABSU) for establishment of separate State in the North bank of the Brahmaputra River. This paper based on the theoretical aspect of the Bodoland Movement.

Snow in a Very Steep Rock Face: Accumulation and Redistribution During and After a Snowfall Event

Terrestrial laser scanning was used to measure snow thickness changes (perpendicular to the surface) in a rock face. The aim was to investigate the accumulation and redistribution of snow in extremely steep terrain (>60°). The north-east face of the Chlein Schiahorn in the region of Davos in eastern Switzerland was scanned before and several times after a snowfall event. A summer scan without snow was acquired to calculate the total snow thickness. An improved postprocessing procedure is introduced. The data quality could be increased by using snow thickness instead of snow depth (measured vertically) and by consistently applying Multi Station Adjustment to improve the registration. More snow was deposited in the flatter, smoother areas of the rock face. The spatial variability of the snow thickness change was high. The spatial patterns of the total snow thickness were similar to those of the snow thickness change. The correlation coefficient between them was 0.86. The fresh snow was partly redistributed from extremely steep to flatter terrain, presumably mostly through avalanching. The redistribution started during the snowfall and ended several days later. Snow was able to accumulate permanently at every slope angle. The amount of snow in extremely steep terrain was limited but not negligible. Areas steeper than 60° received 15% of the snowfall and contained 10% of the total amount of snow.

English

The citriculture is an activity that has relevance in the Brazilian agribusiness. Many researchers have sought to develop methods for oranges yield estimation, however few are simple and accurate. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a practical method to estimate number of fruits and fruit´s mass per plant of sweet orange cv. “Valência” [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] orange grafted on ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) rootstocks with North-South orientation using digital camera. Were taken 2 photos per plant in orange orchard, one for each face (southeast and northeast). The photos were visually analyzed by 3 assessors. In the harvest we quantify the number of fruits (NFR), medium fruits mass (MMF, g) and fruit´s mass per plant (KFP, kg plant-1). Were tested the number of photos needed to the estimations and what face could show greater accuracy. The number of fruits per plant can be estimated with high precision using 10 photos taken of the Northeast face of the trees. The estimation of the fruit´s mass per plant it is also possible using 11 photos taken of the Northeast face of the trees.   Key words: Modeling, digital camera, Citrus, linear regression.

Late Holocene glacial history of Scimitar Glacier, Mt. Waddington area, British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada

Scimitar Glacier originates below the northeast face of Mt. Waddington in the southern British Columbia Coast Mountains and flows 18 km down valley to calve into a proglacial lake. At several locations, downwasting of the glacier surface has exposed stacked till units separated by wood-bearing horizons in the proximal slopes of lateral moraines flanking the glacier. Historical moraine collapse and erosional breaching has also revealed the remains of standing trees buried in moraine-dammed lake sediments. Radiocarbon and tree-ring dating show that Scimitar Glacier expanded down valley at least three times in the late Holocene. The earliest evidence found for ice expansion indicates Scimitar Glacier was advancing in 3167–2737 cal years BP in association with the regional Tiedemann Advance. Following this advance, the glacier downwasted prior to expanding in 1568–1412 cal years BP during the First Millennial Advance. A final period phase of moraine construction was initiated during late Little Ice Age glacial expansion before A.D. 1742 and extended until at least A.D. 1851, after which Scimitar Glacier began to recede and downwaste. This record is comparable to that recorded at other glaciers in the southern British Columbia Coast Mountains and confirms the long-term relationship between regional climate trends and glacier behaviour in this setting.

Spatial variability of leaf wetness duration in a 'Niagara Rosada' vineyard

Despite considerable efforts to develop accurate electronic sensors to measure leaf wetness duration (LWD), little attention has been given to studies about how is LWD variability in different positions of the crop canopy. In order to evaluate the influence of 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca) grapevine structure on the spatial variability of LWD, the objective of this study was to determine the canopy position of the ‘Niagara RosadaÂ’ table grape with longer LWD and its correlation with measured standard LWD over turfgrass. LWD was measured in four different canopy positions of the vineyard (sensors deployed at 45º with the horizontal): at the top of the plants, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Top-SW and Top-NE), and at the grape bunches height, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Bottom-SW and Bottom-NE). No significant difference was observed between the top (1.6 m) and the bottom (1.0 m) of the canopy and also between the southwest and northeast face of the plants. The relationship between standard LWD over turfgrass and crop LWD in different positions of the grape canopy showed a define correlation, with R² ranging from 0.86 to 0.89 for all period, from 0.72 to 0.77 for days without rain, and from 0.89 to 0.91 for days with rain.

Civil society organisations and human security: transcending constricted space in Meghalaya

This paper examines the limitations on civil society organisations (CSOs) in India's Northeast, specifically the state of Meghalaya, and suggests some strategies they must pursue to overcome them. The majority of literature concerning the Northeast tends to focus on national security, insurgency and violence, with a limited analysis of the role of CSOs and the human security of people living in these circumstances. CSOs in the Northeast face restrictions from above by the central government and the military, and from below by insurgent organisations and ethno-nationalist movements; in other words, by civil society itself. While the struggle for autonomy and rights in the Northeast looks set to continue, the effectiveness of CSOs is being further jeopardised as they are caught between these more powerful actors. The functioning of CSOs is being curtailed, and the lives and needs of people living between these poles are being neglected. Using Meghalaya as an example, this paper discusses the consequences for human security and the limitations faced by CSOs operating in the region. The paper argues that, in order to more effectively empower the people in the region, CSOs need to transcend co-optation from above and below, and focus on local human security issues rather than nationalist or ethno-nationalist agendas.

Structural Relationship of the Beartooth Mountains and Big Horn Basin in South-Central Montana and Northwestern Wyoming

Geologic structure along the Beartooth Mountain front and adjacent Big Horn basin in south-central Montana and northwestern Wyoming has been the subject of considerable debate for many years. Directional drilling by Amoco Production Company, located on the northeast corner of the Beartooth block, indicates three things. (1) Western Big Horn basin Paleozoic and Mesozoic sections recumbently folded 2 mi (3.2 km) under the northeast corner of the Beartooth block, measured horizontally from the surface exposure of the Beartooth fault. (2) The main Beartooth fault dips 19{degrees} northwest at a depth of 8,300 to 8,400 ft (2,530 to 2,560 km), 1 mi (1.6 km) from the surface exposure of the main Beartooth fault. (3) The main Beartooth fault appears to be a component of a complex fault system which horizontally displaces and faults-out formations in both the Paleozoic and Mesozoic section on the upper limb of the recumbent fold. In addition to the drilling data, interior Beartooth Mountain faults, with dominant northeast and east-west structural orientation, show reactivation of left-lateral movement, intersecting the Beartooth front and offsetting Paleozoic and Mesozoic sections 1-2 mi (1.6-3.2 km) horizontally. Reactivation of some of these faults seems to coincide with the intrusion of Tertiary (Eocene more » ) igneous bodies along some of the same structural trends. Beartooth front fold orientation and fault movement correlated with a reexamination of internal block fault systems lend additional weight to the argument of horizontal compression as a major factor in late Laramide formation of geologic structure along the northeast face of the Beartooth Mountains. « less

Factor analysis of the near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of plastocyanin using bilinear, trilinear, and quadrilinear models

Factor analysis was used to resolve the spectral components in the near-uv absorption spectrum of plastocyanin. The data set was absorption as a function of four variables: wavelength, species of plastocyanin, oxidation state of the copper center, and environmental pH. The data were fit with the traditional bilinear model, as well as with trilinear and quadrilinear models. Trilinear and quadrilinear models have the advantage that they uniquely define the components, avoiding the indeterminacy of bilinear models. Bilinear analysis using the absorption spectra of tyrosine and copper metallthionein as targets resulted in a two-component solution which was nearly identical to that obtained using trilinear and quadrilinear models, for which no targets are required. The two-component models separate the absorption into tyrosine and copper center components. The absorption of tyrosine is found to be pH dependent in reduced plastocyanin, and the absorption magnitude of the reduced copper center is the same in the four different plastocyanin species. Further resolution is provided by a three-component quadrilinear model. The results indicate that there are at least two different electronic transitions which cause the absorption of the reduced copper center and that one of them couples to a tyrosine residue. It is the absorption of this coupled tyrosine residue which is pH dependent. Correlation of the results with previous studies indicates that it is Tyr 83 which is the perturbed residue. The separation of the absorption of the copper center and Tyr 83 provides spectroscopic probes for the conformations of the north pole and east face reaction sites on the plastocyanin protein.

Patterns of Microhabitat Occupation of Six Closely Related Species of Mosses Along a Complex Altitudinal Gradient

Patterns of microhabitat occupation were studied for six species of closely related mosses along a complex altitudinal gradient spanning 1600 m on the northeast face of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA. Differential patterns of distribution were noted among species along the axes of percent incident light, substrate type, soil texture and soil pH. The ecotope breadths of Polytrichastrum species were approximately double the ecotope breadths of Polytrichum species. Factors capable of producing ecotope separation among Polytrichum species were insufficient for achieving ecotope separation among Polytrichastrum species. The observed patterns suggest that the two genera have evolved in different ways to achieve separation among species. Evidence for competition regulating the relative distribution of these six species was weak. In general, overlap increased with increased in co—occurrence of particular species pairs. Ecotope breadths were unaffected by the presence of closely related species. Species were packed more closely along dimensioned axes than is predicted by competition theory. The problems of interpreting overlap indices as indices of competition intensity are discussed.

Shifts in patterns of microhabitat occupation by six closely related species of mosses along a complex altitudinal gradient.

Changes in patterns of microhabitat occupation were examined for six closely related moss species (family Polytrichaceae) found growing together along a complex altitudinal gradient on the northeast face of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Little evidence could be found to support the hypothesis that the relative distributions of these six moss species were determined by competitive interactions occurring among them. Instead, the data support the hypothesis that changing patterns in the relative distributions of these six moss species result from differences in microhabitat availability among sites. The moss species appear to behave in an opportunistic manner, occupying a wide array of microhabitats as these microhabitats become available to them.

Excavations at Ur, 1927–8

During the winter season of 1927-8 the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania was engaged upon two distinct pieces of work; at the beginning of the season, for about nine weeks, we continued the excavation of the early cemetery discovered in the previous year, while for the rest of the time the whole gang was employed on the clearing of the interior of the great courtyard building which lies in front of the north-east face of the Ziggurat. Field work started on October 17 and continued until February 18, the average number of men on the pay-roll being 130 for the first half of the time, and 170 for the second half. This year there was no architect with the expedition, for the reason that the plan of the courtyard building had already been made out and for the digging of the cemetery the services of an architect would not be required: otherwise the staff was the same as last year, my wife being responsible for the drawings, the Rev. E. Burrows, S.J., for the inscriptional material, and Mr. M. E. L. Mallowan acting as general archaeological assistant. The extraordinary richness of the discoveries meant even harder work than usual, and it was at times difficult to keep pace with them, but by occasional shifting of the gang from the graves to the courtyard this was made possible, the respite so gained enabling us to catch up temporary arrears: but I owe it to my assistants to express my gratitude for their whole-hearted co-operation. As usual, Hamoudi of jerablus was foreman, and was invaluable; his two sons, Yahia and Ibrahim, served under him as junior foremen, and the former did all the photographic work also.

Excavations at Ur, 1927–8

During the winter season of 1927-8 the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania was engaged upon two distinct pieces of work; at the beginning of the season, for about nine weeks, we continued the excavation of the early cemetery discovered in the previous year, while for the rest of the time the whole gang was employed on the clearing of the interior of the great courtyard building which lies in front of the north-east face of the Ziggurat. Field work started on October 17 and continued until February 18, the average number of men on the pay-roll being 130 for the first half of the time, and 170 for the second half. This year there was no architect with the expedition, for the reason that the plan of the courtyard building had already been made out and for the digging of the cemetery the services of an architect would not be required: otherwise the staff was the same as last year, my wife being responsible for the drawings, the Rev. E. Burrows, S.J., for the inscriptional material, and Mr. M. E. L. Mallowan acting as general archaeological assistant. The extraordinary richness of the discoveries meant even harder work than usual, and it was at times difficult to keep pace with them, but by occasional shifting of the gang from the graves to the courtyard this was made possible, the respite so gained enabling us to catch up temporary arrears: but I owe it to my assistants to express my gratitude for their whole-hearted co-operation. As usual, Hamoudi of jerablus was foreman, and was invaluable; his two sons, Yahia and Ibrahim, served under him as junior foremen, and the former did all the photographic work also.