Individual Norms Research Articles

Current issues of social partnership in the field of education

This article reveals the positions of individual Russian scientists regarding the issues and problems of forming a fair system of remuneration of Russian teachers, its relationship with the peculiarities of the work regime of teachers of comprehensive schools. It is revealed that the most important issues and problems for the scientific community are the issues of improving the teacher remuneration system and its fairness. It is emphasized that failure to comply with many recommendations on the amount and proportion of salaries leads to a blurred salary structure, large and unjustified regional differentiation of the base salary and its low level. A large gap in the rates set independently in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation leads to different payments for work of equal value, which violates one of the basic principles of labor law — equal pay for work of equal value. Positive trends and intentions in solving complex issues of fair assessment of teachers’ work in various regions of the country on the part of the country’s leadership, government, and representative authorities are shown. Attention is drawn to individual positions of the industry agreement in connection with the emerging difficulties of conducting the educational process in Russian border regions, where the counter-terrorism operation mode (СTO) regime was introduced in August 2024. Based on the results of the analysis of individual norms and positions of social partnership enshrined in the industry Agreement by the federal executive body — the Ministry of Education of Russia, conclusions are made, in general, about taking into account the peculiarities of teachers’ work when conducting lessons using distance technologies. At the same time, the features of this educational process in the above-mentioned regions and the need to take them into account in order to implement the principle of fairness in the improved remuneration system are also identified.

Beyond biological and social normativity: varieties of norm deviation and the justification for intervention

The most common theoretical approaches to defining mental disorder are naturalism, normativism, and hybridism. Naturalism and normativism are often portrayed as diametrically opposed, with naturalism grounded in objective science and normativism grounded in social convention and values. Hybridism is seen as a way of combining the two. However, all three approaches share a common feature in that they conceive of mental disorders as deviations from norms. Naturalism concerns biological norms; normativism concerns social norms; and hybridism, both biological and social norms. This raises the following two questions: (a) Are biological and social norms the only sorts of norms that are relevant to considerations of mental disorder? (b) Should addressing norm deviations continue to be a major focus of mental healthcare? This paper introduces several norms that are relevant to mental disorder beyond the biological and social. I argue that mental disorders often deviate from individual, well-being, and regulatory norms. I also consider approaches which question mental healthcare’s focus on addressing norm deviations in the first place, including the neurodiversity paradigm, social model of disability, and Mad discourse. Utilizing these critical approaches, I contend that whether mental health intervention is justified depends, in part, on the type of norm deviation being intervened upon.

The Interaction and Amplification of World Society Norms: A Case Study of Environmental Conservation, Gender Equality, and Formal Education

ABSTRACT World society research analyzes the globalization of a range of norms across national boundaries that otherwise mark cultural, political, and historical variation. The more a nation-state is embedded in world society, the more likely it is to adopt particular norms. Very little research goes beyond diffusion analysis of an individual norm or script, leaving the interaction of the vast number of world society norms (which is how individuals and organizations experience them) insufficiently examined. To begin to explore the gap in our understanding of world society, this research analyzes the adoption and processes of interaction among three prominent world society scripts—environmentalism, gender equality, and formal education. Data were collected through dozens of in-depth interviews in a rural Kenyan community. I trace the processes of norm interaction and the influence each of the three norms has on the amplification of or conflict with the other selected norms. The results show that norms largely interact in a manner that amplifies one another, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of important world society diffusion processes. Additionally, this research contributes further to our understanding of the breadth of diffusion of world society norms by selecting a more remote community in the Global South for analysis.

The importance of non-economic reasons in the intention to kill small cats in Northeastern Bangladesh

ABSTRACT The killing of carnivores is a central issue in carnivore conservation. Research has focused primarily on large carnivores that cause severe damage to livelihoods, but people’s hostility toward carnivores is not always being correlated to economic damage. This study investigates reasons for killings of the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), a small cat found in South and Southeast Asia. A structured questionnaire was used in 244 households to examine the perceived risk of poultry loss and the intention to kill fishing cats. Among respondents, 88% reported that they have never or rarely experienced fishing cat predation on poultry. However, 84% believed that fishing cats attack people. Intention to kill forms through a combination of individual attitude and social norms. High social approval for the killing of fishing cats was found, possibly originating from the misconception that fishing cats are dangerous “tigers.” Removing the social stigma is crucial for conservation of fishing cats in the region.

Factors shaping cleaning and disinfection practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative evidence synthesis.

Cleaning and disinfection of the physical environment is important as it can reduce the transmission of microorganisms. However, adherence to cleaning and disinfection protocols varies due to factors such as personal factors and external influences like resource availability, workload, and institutional support. To synthesise factors influencing the uptake of cleaning and disinfection interventions in healthcare and community setting in the context of COVID-19. These findings as seen in any country irrespective of setting. Medline and World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Research databases were searched from January 2020 to September 2022. The search identified 1618 studies, and analysis was performed using the thematic synthesis approach. The confidence in each review finding was ascertained using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE-CERQual) approach. Six analytical themes were identified. Cleaning and disinfection were seen as a cornerstone of patient care. Individual judgement, historic standards, norms and practices, ability to implement rapid practice guideline change and resource considerations were seen to influence the uptake of cleaning. There is a need for further qualitative studies in these areas, especially looking at the different interventions from an equity lens. Resource needs and availability were key factors influencing the uptake of cleaning and disinfection in both communities and health facilities. This review shows important considerations for implementing infection prevention and control (IPC) interventions in the context of COVID-19.

Neutrosophic Analytical Hierarchy Process (NAHP) for Addressing Cyber violence

To address the complex challenges of cyberviolence and gender-based violence among young students, it is crucial to employ analytical approaches that consider the multifaceted nature of these phenomena. The Neutrosophic Analytical Hierarchy (NAHP) method is presented as an innovative tool that allows us to unravel the different layers of influences and factors involved in these behaviors. This approach not only recognizes the diversity of perspectives and experiences that contribute to online and gender-based violence, but also offers a structured framework to assess and prioritize these factors holistically. By applying the NAHP, not only the visible and direct aspects of cyberviolence and gender violence are explored, but also the more subtle and underlying aspects that may go unnoticed in conventional analyses. This method allows us to capture the dynamic complexity of how individual perceptions, social norms, and power dynamics interact to perpetuate these problems in student environments. Thus, a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the triggering and contributing factors is fostered, facilitating the formulation of more effective interventions and policies that are sensitive to the specific needs of affected young people.

Exploring Social Reality: Perspectives on Identity, Marriage, and Caste in Indian Society through an Online Survey

This research systematically investigates the complicated social dynamics inside Indian culture, with a particular emphasis on the intersections of identity, marriage, and caste, using an internet survey as its major instrument. Drawing on Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s theoretical framework of social production of reality, the research seeks to explain growing shifts in urban society. The merging of identity, marriage, and caste is still a complicated and deeply embedded feature of Indian culture today. Traditional markers such as caste and religion frequently impact social position demarcation, personal connection creation, and the allocation of socioeconomic prospects. Understanding the dynamics of these cultural structures is critical for appreciating the complexities of Indian social structure and confronting issues of inequality and injustice. The present study seeks to delve into these complexities through the lens of an online survey conducted among individuals across various demographics in India. By exploring perspectives on identity, marriage preferences, and perceptions of caste, this research aims to shed light on the evolving landscape of social relationships and norms in the country. The intersectionality of caste with other identity markers such as religion, gender, and socio-economic status further complicates the social landscape. Marriage, another cornerstone of Indian culture, is frequently used to perpetuate caste-based connections and customs. Endogamy, in which people marry within their own caste or social group, is popular, demonstrating the survival of caste-based identity and social norms. However, increasing socioeconomic realities, urbanization, and changing views towards marriage and relationships are rapidly eroding these long-held conventions. The study attempts to unravel the complicated fabric of the Indian social structure through a thorough collection of queries meant to investigate individual perceptions and society norms. The views of respondents on traditional identification markers like caste and religion, their factors and preferences when choosing a life partner, and the perceived relationships between caste, marriage, and social stratification are important topics of research. By carefully examining the information gathered from the online poll, this research offers insightful information on how social ties and norms are changing in modern-day India.

The Intersection of Tradition and Modernity in Namita Gokhale’s Paro: Dreams of Passion

Namita Gokhale’s Paro: Dreams of Passion deftly explores the complex interplay between tradition and modernity in the lives of urban Indian women. Paro, the protagonist, is a bold, unconventional woman who defies societal norms and traditional expectations setting against the backdrop of postcolonial India. Paro embodies a fearless modernity, challenging prescribed gender roles and embracing her individuality. She is unapologetically sensual and pursues her desires without the guilt or restraint typically associated with Indian femininity. In stark contrast, her friend and narrator, Priya, represents the more conventional side of Indian womanhood, constrained by societal expectations and moral conventions. Priya is both fascinated and repelled by Paro’s independence, making her a reflection of the broader cultural ambivalence toward modernity. Through this dichotomy, Namita Gokhale captures the shifting dynamics of female identity and agency in urban India. Paro’s rebellious nature often lands her in conflict with traditional norms, highlighting the limitations imposed on women, even in the ostensibly modern settings of elite Indian society. The novel juxtaposes the public and private lives of its characters, shedding light on the hypocrisy within the upper levels of society. While outwardly progressive, many characters remain bound by deeply entrenched patriarchal values. Namita Gokhale uses humour, satire, and irony to analyse the double standards and the selective embrace of modernity that privileges men over women. Paro’s tragic end serves as a grim reminder of the dangers faced by women who refuse to conform to societal expectations, underscoring the inherent conflict between individual freedom and collective cultural norms. Paro: Dreams of Passion is a nuanced examination of the intersection of tradition and modernity, where women’s liberation is fraught with contradictions and resistance. Namita Gokhale’s work not only captures the spirit of an era in transition but also raises enduring questions about the nature of female autonomy in a society struggling to reconcile its historical values with the forces of change. Through Paro’s defiance and Priya’s introspection, Namita Gokhale’s narrative unveils the complexities of identity, desire, and empowerment for the modern Indian woman, making it a profound exploration of gender, culture, and modernity.

FINANCIAL STABILITY OF AN ECONOMIC ENTITY AS A RESULT OF ADAPTATION TO THE CONDITIONS OF A VOLATILE MARKET ENVIRONMENT

The analysis of the current state of the Russian economy has shown the increased role of business adaptation to external threats and risks in order to achieve financial stability. Due to its relevance, the problems of financial stability of an business entity are in the focus of attention of both foreign and domestic researchers. In the scientific literature, there are several conceptual points of view on the content of the concept of "financial stability". The presented author's understanding of financial stability is based on the relationship between risks, financial stability and financial stability. The main indicators used to assess the financial condition of an economic entity that meets or does not meet the signs of stability have been identified. The conclusions about the need to calculate individual norms of evaluation indicators reflecting the peculiarities of the functioning of each business entity are formulated in the conclusion. Purpose: analyzing the relationships between risks, financial stability and financial sustainability Methodology: A set of research methods was used, in particular such as systematic, formal-logical, and statistical methods of analysis Results. The essential characteristics of the concepts of "financial stability" and "financial sustainability" were considered, and their relationship with factors affecting market volatility and risks was indicated. The most informative parameters showing selected aspects of determining financial stability are highlighted. Practical implications. It is advisable to apply the obtained results to business entities of real business operating in a highly volatile economy.

Contrastive Discourse Analysis of the Interpersonal Relationships Between the Two Main Characters of the English Novel Gone With the Wind and Its Vietnamese Translation Cuốn Theo Chiều Gió

This paper explored the interpersonal relationships between the characters Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara in the English novel Gone with the Wind and its Vietnamese translation, Cuốn theo chiều gió. By comparing the English and Vietnamese versions of their interactions, this study aimed to highlight how cultural and linguistic differences influence the portrayal of relationships. A comparative discourse analysis approach was employed, focusing on key dialogues and interactions between Rhett and Scarlett in both the original English text and the Vietnamese translation. The analysis examined linguistic strategies, speech acts, and interpersonal dynamics through a detailed examination of language use, politeness strategies, and emotional expression to understand how these elements vary between the two languages and reflect cultural differences. The study revealed distinct variations in how the interpersonal dynamics between Rhett and Scarlett are articulated in English and Vietnamese. In English, the discourse often emphasizes directness and emotional intensity, reflecting Western norms of assertiveness and individualism. In contrast, the Vietnamese translation tends to highlight indirectness and subtlety, aligning with cultural norms of politeness and respect. These differences underscore the influence of cultural context on interpersonal communication and relationship portrayal. The findings suggest that while the core narrative remains consistent, the nuances of character interactions are significantly shaped by linguistic and cultural factors. This study underscores the importance of considering cultural context in discourse analysis and translation studies, revealing how language reflects and constructs social relationships. Future research could explore other cultural pairs to further understand these dynamics in various contexts.

The Impact of Behaviorism and the Predilection of Ruskin Bond's Discourse on Society's Psyche

The study with respect to interactive behaviorist principles regarding the stylistic intricacies of Ruskin Bond's work tries to understand how these factors affect individual actions, social norms, and emotional reactions. This study aims at probing into how storytelling by Bond causes people's inherent attributes such as sympathy, durability, and generosity through behaviorism, which is a psychological framework emphasizing the observable behavior governed by external influence. The factor of Bond's spare, lyrical writing lies in its timelessness due to frequent explorations of innocence, nature, loneliness, and nostalgia. The characters and settings of Bond reflect the behaviorist ideas that humans learn through observation, reinforcement, and incentives. Given to the behaviorist theories of learned social behavior, the life in small towns and conventional Indian values in Bond's writings urge the readers to value their personal relations and such simple way of living. The research looks at Bond's most notable works and refers to readers' opinion polls to show that Bond's writing serves two purposes: entertainment and the building of social norms and values. Often while reading Bond's stories, a person feels at ease, remember some fond memories, and provides oneself with a chance to hope that there will be good once again; hence, it shows that Bond's writing provides growth in emotions and thoughts as does behaviorism. The findings of the analysis show that the stories narrated by Bond had deep impacts on social psyches of men in order to pursue positive qualities of life and gain emotional strength. His strange way of narration, interwoven with faithfulness to the behaviorist doctrine, made James Bond an impact that bears a semblance of how literature subtly goes about changing some patterns of behavior-individually and collectively. This highlights the importance of telling stories as vital in the development of society's values and attitudes.

Implementation and sustainability of systems change for mental health promotion and substance misuse prevention: a qualitative study

BackgroundSocial determinants of health have been shown to influence individual mental health and overall well-being. Additionally, populations that experience stigma and/or discrimination because of race, class, gender, or another identity group experience disproportionately higher rates of mental health disorders than populations that do not experience such marginalization. One way to address upstream social determinants that influence mental health is through systems change initiatives. In 2019, Indiana implemented a statewide Regional Prevention System (RPS) focused on systems change to promote mental health and prevent substance misuse.MethodsWe developed a semi-structured interview guide to collect insights about the RPS implementation and sustainability. Potential participants were identified based on their role as an active regional coordinator (n = 9). We conducted qualitative interviews with all 9 regional coordinators in Indiana. Interview recordings were transcribed and coded using an a priori coding framework based on constructs from the Theory of Innovation Implementation and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.ResultsInsights about the RPS implementation process are presented across four domains: innovation, system-level, organization-level, and sustainability. In terms of implementation barriers, coordinators encountered hesitancy and distrust from community members, which they had to overcome to gain buy-in. They also described stigma, including community and individual social norms towards mental health and substance misuse, as barriers that challenged efforts to engage community members in the RPS. Facilitators of implementation included having established community infrastructure and external partnerships. In communities without existing infrastructure to support prevention efforts, particularly rural communities, the implementation process took longer but community members welcomed the additional support and valued the new communication platforms created by the RPS. On sustainability, coordinators provided examples of communities that were able to obtain grant funding in support of prevention initiatives launched through the RPS.ConclusionThe process of implementing and sustaining prevention efforts through the RPS varied across communities. Prioritizing the delivery of systems-change efforts in underserved communities that are ready for change, rather than statewide efforts, may offer a better strategy for addressing disparities in the social determinants of health that influence mental health and substance misuse.

Engaging workers with disabilities in the financial sector: exploring promising practices through key informant interviews and a rapid literature review

PurposeThis study explores the challenges, barriers and opportunities for engaging persons with disabilities in employment in the Canadian financial sector.Design/methodology/approachWe situated this research within a critical disability conceptual framework to add to existing theories of employee engagement. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study of key informant interviews of the experiences of diverse persons with disabilities in the Canadian financial sector.FindingsWe found that the financial sector has the potential to be a leader in the engagement of workers with disabilities. Key challenges include corporate bureaucracy and a focus on aggressive growth that perpetuates ableist norms of individualism, self-reliance and competitive achievement. Key informant interviews indicated that opportunities for engagement can be fostered by committed leadership, inclusive corporate culture, supportive management, and respectful and responsive workplace accommodations.Originality/valueThis article contributes to the literature on opportunities for equity, diversity and inclusion at work through a critical exploration of the challenges and promising practices associated with supporting engagement of persons with disabilities in the Canadian financial sector and beyond.

Daily pro-environment behavior in a Pakistani sample: Self and collective efficacy, individual and social norms and environmental concerns

The aim of this study was to analyze the perceived self and collective efficacy, individual and social norms and feelings related to environmental health concern among a sample of Pakistanis who are (or are not) engage in pro- environment behaviors in their daily lives. An ad hoc questionnaire with scales on pro-environmental behavior, self and collective efficacy, individual and social norms, and environmental health concerns was administered to adults in Lahore, Pakistan, and 833 respondents (62% males and 38% females) responded. Analysis of our research data shows that among those who engaged in daily pro-environmental behaviors, perceptions of individual and social norms and individual and collective efficacy were positively associated with concern for the environment and health. This study offers some interesting ideas that could be useful in developing federal, regional, local and community policies to promote daily pro-environmental behaviors. For example, in addition to advocating for environmental health and reducing one’s ecological footprint, social communication could explain that caring about environmental health (and thus adopting daily pro-environmental behaviors) is a way to manage one’s mental health. In this way, circular behavior is encouraged, which not only benefits the environment and the community, but also brings personal benefits.

Exact cluster dynamics of indirect reciprocity in complete graphs.

Heider's balance theory emphasizes cognitive consistency in assessing others, as expressed by the phrase "The enemy of my enemy is my friend." At the same time, the theory of indirect reciprocity provides us with a dynamical framework to study how to assess others based on their actions as well as how to act toward them based on the assessments. Well known are the "leading eight" from L1 to L8, the eight norms for assessment and action to foster cooperation in social dilemmas while resisting the invasion of mutant norms prescribing alternative actions. In this work, we begin by showing that balance is equivalent to stationarity of dynamics only for L4 and L6 (stern judging) among the leading eight. Stern judging reflects an intuitive idea that good merits reward, whereas evil warrants punishment. By analyzing the dynamics of stern judging in complete graphs, we prove that this norm almost always segregates the graph into two mutually hostile groups as the graph size grows. We then compare L4 with stern judging: The only difference of L4 is that a good player's cooperative action toward a bad one is regarded as good. This subtle difference transforms large populations governed by L4 to a "paradise" where cooperation prevails and positive assessments abound. Our study thus helps us understand the relationship between individual norms and their emergent consequences at a population level, shedding light on the nuanced interplay between cognitive consistency and segregation dynamics.

Exploring how to widen the acceptability of public health interventions: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionHealth interventions that require significant change to individual lifestyles or social norms can pose a challenge for widespread public acceptability and uptake. At the same time, over the last two...

Gender precedes sex: Epistemological considerations for occupational science from a materialist feminist perspective

ABSTRACT The cognitive tools humans use to perceive and name reality are social constructs that necessitate critical examination. ‘Gender’ and ‘sex’ are socially constructed categories used in daily life and in relation to occupations, that warrant scrutiny, as traditional explanations for gender differences based on biology fail to account for the social processes that construct gendered groups. Questioning the naturalness of these categories is essential for understanding how they shape individual capabilities and social norms around occupations. This discussion paper adopts a materialist feminist standpoint to problematize the concepts of gender and sex. Rejecting biological essentialism, we argue that social organization precedes and constructs the significance of sex categories. By reconceptualizing both gender and sex as socially constructed, our analysis challenges notions of gender as culture applied to a pre-existing biological sex. Occupational literature makes use of these categories to explore gender-related issues. It mainly focuses on gender identity through an interactional orientation that, nevertheless, preserves an individual conception. Social categories are also used to illustrate inequalities and contextual factors related to gender; an essential usage that remains at risk of reifying such categories as pre-existing groups. The use of gender as a social system of hierarchical bi-categorization, as we propose, is not present in occupational literature. This materialist feminist analysis underscores the importance of questioning entrenched biological determinism of sex, on which rests gender as identity. In highlighting the social construction of categories, occupational science can contribute to a deeper understanding of occupation within, and in the challenge of, oppressive systems.

Individual empowerment and community norm effects of engaging young husbands in reproductive health in rural India: findings from a pilot study

BackgroundDespite decades of a call to action to engage men in reproductive health, men are often left out of programs and interventions. In India, where half of pregnancies are reported as unintended, patriarchal gender norms and still dominant patterns of arranged marriages make engaging men in family planning and strengthening couples communication critical in increasing reproductive autonomy and helping young couples meet their reproductive goals. This study explores the feasibility and acceptability from the men’s perspective of the pilot of a gender transformative intervention for newly married couples in India.MethodsA pilot study was conducted of TARANG, a 4 month intervention for newly married women, with light touch engagement of husbands (4 sessions). A total of 41 husbands participated in the pilot, and we collected baseline knowledge and endline feasibility and acceptability data from them, along with in depth qualitative interviews with 13 men. The study was conducted in June 2023-January 2024.ResultsMen had low levels of knowledge about biology, family planning, with the majority of men reporting that no one had provided them information about these topics. Most men wanted to delay the first birth by at least 2 years, yet less than a quarter had discussed childbearing plans with their partner or engaged in family planning methods. While all men reported high acceptability (satisfaction and usefulness), feasibility (participation) was low, with only 43% attending 2 or more sessions. Main barriers to participation included commitments due to work and migration. Men reported that the intervention led to improvements in their relationships with their wives, gave them a sense of empowerment, and led them to become resources for other men in their community.ConclusionsMen in these rural communities are not receiving the information that they need to meet their reproductive goals, however, they greatly desire this information and ways to improve relationships with their new wives. Such an intervention appears to have the potential to help change norms and spread information in the community and provide men with positive, life affirming feelings. Providing information through technology could address barriers to in-person engagement.Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov 03/13/24.NCT06320964

Produktverpackungen als alltägliche Manifestationen des Umweltdiskurses

The article outlines the technical, semiotic and discourse-linguistic challenges that arise in the data collection, the data processing and the data analysis of a quite small corpus of current product packaging texts (food/beverages, cleaning agents and hygiene products) of a running DFG-project. These three types of problems are due to the materiality, multimodality and multithematicity of the material analysed. The project which is focused on the German environmental discourse 1990-2020 and which is investigating the tension between individual freedom and social norms expressed in it, thus deliberately leaves the big data level of the originally project context within a bigger research group and switches to the level of hermeneutic-qualitative analyses of selected key texts. The hypothesis underlying this decision is that the environmental discourse is reflected in a condensed form in texts that are committed to corporate sustainability communication and are influencing the discourse space of everyday life in everyone’s household. Initial insights into the material and multimodal nature of the corpus are provided and the first results of the discourse linguistic analysis are offered, whereby the material is always discussed in its special significance "beyond big data". The preliminary results show that the everyday products analysed here are discursive mediators between companies, consumers and the environment, in that responsibility is shifted and displaced several times so that in the end it can to be concluded on all sides: Good for you and good for the planet.

Contesting clusters: a study of norm weaving in Pacific climate mobilities policies

Abstract This article identifies a sub-category of norm contestation I've termed ‘norm weaving’, where actors contest the constitution of norm clusters, instead of the validity of individual norms. This occurs through processes of stretching or reproducing individual strands of existing norm clusters before weaving them together to create behaviour guides in undergoverned issue areas that are greater than the sum of their individual parts. I identify two examples of weaving in the world-leading actions of Fiji and Vanuatu around domestic climate mobilities. Using these two cases, we can see that existing models of norm dynamics need to be developed to better explain and understand weaving-like processes of norm contestation. There are two areas where norm weaving extends our understanding – in how clusters of norms emerge and change, and in how contestation applies to groupings of norms. Clarifying what norm weaving looks like in these cases could open the door to further examples being identified in other contexts and a more complete understanding of how norms operate in global politics.