Normative Rules Research Articles

A CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES PARADIGM OF THE PRESIDENTIAL THRESHOLD ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

In the perspective of the Critical Legal Studies Paradigm, researchers do not have the intention to deliberately dismantle normative legal rules that are legally and constitutionally, but in this discourse the critical legal studies paradigm provides a lens that critical voices are voices that come from the people with a higher realm of awareness in view with the assumption of potential that will occur critically, involving the direction of thinking that tends to be deconstructive and very worthy of questioning. in this case the paradox that occurs between ontology and methodology or in simple language reality with normative methodological values itself, by separating political, sociological, historical, and ethical motives. In this case, the paradox that occurs between ontology and methodology or in simple language reality with normative methodological value itself, by separating political, sociological, historical, and ethical motives. in this study, researchers used a qualitative method based on the study of the normative rules of the 1945 Constitution. normatively in article 222 of Law Number 17 of 2017 concerning the election of the President and Vice President reads: The candidate pair is proposed by a political party or a coalition of political parties participating in the election that meets the requirements of obtaining at least 20% (twenty per cent) of the total seats in the DPR or obtaining 25% (twenty five per cent) of the national valid votes in the election of DPR members, before the implementation of the Presidential and Vice Presidential elections or the Presidential Threshold system if viewed deconstructively from the process of forming the rules of the Law or the legislature itself does not have a basic limiting framework of legal construction, With the pretext of strengthening the presidential system, the effectiveness of holding elections in an accountable manner, but ontologically or in reality this raises that the law is a political product is a reality and shows that political power is more dominant than the law itself, of course this is very paradoxical with the concept of a country that is considered democratic where political power should be subject to the law. In this foundation, something produced by the legal products of the legislature is worthy of criticism.

Design resistance strengths of composite steel box girder bridge using different codes

Bridges design based on prescriptive normative rules regarding loads and their combinations, safety factors, material properties, analysis methods, required verifications, and other issues that are included in design codes. In addition, Composite Steel Box Girder (CSBG) bridges present a prominent structural solution for straight and curved bridges with moderate spans, because of their large bending resistance and high torsional stiffness as well as rapid erection. This paper aims to perform a detailed theoretical comparative study between fundamental calculations of the design resistance strengths of shear, Vn or VRd, and flexure, Mn or MRd, in positive (sagging) and negative (hogging) moment regions, of CSBG highway bridges. The comparison is involved with design specification methodologies proposed by Egyptian Code of Practice (ECP-207-part 6), Bridge Design Specifications (BDS) presented by Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and European Standard (EC-4). On its turn, the study aims to standing on differences and similarities between considered standards in the design of such bridges.

Hawala in criminal court: the role of law and commercial culture in informal financial exchange

A historically informed understanding of ḥawāla and other varieties of informal value transfer systems (IVTS) requires consideration of the normative and cultural elements which structure and facilitate transactions in globalized financial markets. This paper argues that the Sharia-based normative and cultural framework of ḥawāla is created in the social relations of Muslim networks and that, in a criminal law context, this normativity can be used as a tool to discern between legitimate and illegitimate transactions. The new institutional economists’ (NIE) explanation of ḥawāla, which predominates in scholarly work, neglects this common frame of reference built on community, shared belief, and normative rules and expectations. The NIE views economic institutions through the lens of profitmaking and self-interest centred institutional development. Moreover, in a criminal law context, the profit-oriented perspective of law overlooks the normative characteristics that sometimes appear in the transactional characteristics of these transactions. When evidence of these characteristics is presented to the court, they offer a useful tool to differentiate legitimate from illegitimate transfers of value. Legitimate transfers will frequently be facilitated through dense networks in which the normativity and culture of ḥawāla frame the rules and expectations of parties to the transaction. Criminal transactions, on the other hand, typically involve fewer participants, sometimes from different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, are profit-orientated, and involve means of enforcement such as the use of violence which traditional networks do not employ. The NIE perspective does not fully account for non-western legal orders or for commercial practices in which exchange remains culturally, historically, and socially embedded.

Norm Augmented Reinforcement Learning Agents With Synthesized Normative Rules

The dynamic deontic (DD) is a norm synthesis framework that extracts normative rules from reinforcement learning (RL), however it was not designed to be applied in agent coordination. This study proposes a norm augmented reinforcement learning framework (NARLF) that extends said model to include a norm deliberation mechanism for learned norms re-imputation for norm biased decision-making RL agents. This study aims to test the effects of synthesized norms applied on-line and off-line on agent learning performance. The framework consists of the DD framework extended with a pre-processing and deliberation component to allow re-imputation of normative rules. A deliberation model, the Norm Augmented Q-Table (NAugQT), is proposed to map normative rules into RL agents via q-values weight updates. Results show that the framework is able to map and improve RL agent's performance but only when synthesized off-line edited absolute norm salience value norms are used. This shows limitations when unstable salience norms are applied. Improvement in norm extraction and pre-processing are required.

Why Do States Adhere to the Sustainable Development Goals?

AbstractThe rationale behind state support for, and obedience to, normative rules and obligations has long been a topic of international law scholarship discourse. What has yet to be fully established, however, is why virtually all states have agreed to adhere to a seemingly novel global paradigm with ambitious yet non-binding objectives – the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article identifies six factors as contributing to the influencing power of the SDGs – namely, the role of law, particularly inter- and transnational law, the legitimacy of the framework, the notion of reciprocity, reputational concerns, national self-interest, and the moral duty to address the shared global challenges of sustainable development.By exploring their strengths and limitations through several theoretical frameworks (including Harold Koh's theory of transnational legal processes, Thomas Franck's theory of legitimacy, and Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks’ three mechanisms of social influence), this article argues that the combination of these factors motivates voluntary state commitment, reporting, and cooperation under the SDG framework and that, overall, the SDGs offer a versatile lens to explore the different motives for state adherence to a soft law framework in the inter- and transnational legal spheres.

Security as a Public Value

Purpose: Security would seem to constitute the most fundamental public value, and is intrinsically linked with the right to life. Keeping the public safe from internal and external threats is the primary function of governments and states. At the level of global governance, systemic security, and a guarantee of freedom from existential threats for sovereign states, lie at the heart of international law, international organizations, and the normative rules of coexistence. Yet the definition of security has evolved over time. The proliferation of threats to security, and spillover between them, has seen an expansion along the X-axis of issues. Meanwhile, consideration of an increasingly broad hierarchy of the subjects of security (those for whom security should be provided) has seen expansion along the Y-axis of referent objects in two directions from the state - upwards towards international communities and ultimately to the global biosphere, and downwards peoples, communities, and vulnerable groups and individuals. A combination of these perspectives has manifested in three of the gravest crises to face domestic and international governance policymakers: the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and the global humanitarian crisis of refugees and forced migrants. This paper traces the evolution of security public values and reflects the emergence of a holistic conceptualization of governance prescription in response. Method: This research project used a qualitative approach consisting of literature review and document analysis. The results of this study should be supplemented by quantitative and qualitative studies in the future. The literature review consists of a comprehensive assessment of scholarly academic publications from competing perspectives in the fields of political and moral philosophy, public administration, and international relations. The document survey is mainly related to the policy documentation output of national governments and international organizations, as well as media reports. Results: The research identifies how the exponential growth of security challenges, and their interlocking and cross-contaminating nature, has rendered traditional modalities anachronistic. It identifies how conceptualizations of what constitutes ‘security’ have steadily expanded to include a greater focus on human beings as the referent object, and to include a broader range of ‘threats’ to these referent objects. Questions related to state and systemic security remain relevant and interact with human-centric issues and perspectives in an increasingly complex web of insecurities. Global governance policymaking has likewise expanded to encompass non-traditional security (NTS) issues, but in doing so has shone a spotlight on the controversial dualistic nature of international organizations. In 2005, United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan referenced the interrelatedness of the three pillars of the UN by noting “we will not enjoy security without development, development without security, and neither without respect for human rights. Unless all these causes are advanced, none will succeed.” In doing so he neatly encapsulated the progress made by the evolution of security and governance conceptualizations, as well as ongoing challenges. Policy prescription and obligations for those who govern, therefore, must increasingly consider spillover between these diverse agendas. This has been reflected in the newly emerging discourse on the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (HDPN). The article assesses not only the promise of the HDPN, but also continued shortcomings in terms of how it is currently operationalized at the global level, two decades after Annan’s original call to action for a more integrated and human-centered approach to security and governance.

Visiting the Prophet at His Grave: Discussions about the Religious Topography of Madina

Theological discussions about visits to the Prophet’s grave in Madina are the focus of this paper. The relevant question in this context relates to the idea of a postmortem life of the Prophet and its accessibility for believers after his death. The idea of a spiritual presence of the Prophet in this world is found in the description of religious visits to Madina, namely in the traditional Sunni books of Fiqh (describing the normative rules concerning the Prophet’s grave), as well as in some books of Tafsir. These ideas have been challenged by the Wahhabi movement, in which the idea of becoming connected to the Prophet’s presence is refused and the visit to Madina is seen to be focused on the mosque, not the grave of the Prophet. This reinterpretation is examined in this article on the basis of various textual references.

Необходимость выделения общих положений в правовом регулировании обязательств из причинения вреда

Modern Russian legislation should strive for maximum specificity of normative generalizations, allowing with sufficient certainty to carry out legal qualification of diverse but homogeneous social relations. The article defines the significance of normative generalizations in relation to Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the mutual influence of the two main approaches to the formulation of normative rules (abstract and casuistic), proving their relevance at present. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that the formation of general provisions in the legal regulation of obligations from the infliction of harm are an important component of codification work, including an indicator of a high degree of development of the legislation of this sphere of legal relations.

Galenic Laboratory: State of the Art-A Scientific and Technological Discipline, Innovation and Management

The term galenic imply a scientific and technical matter but also an art. Related the hospital practice the future of pharmacy pass though the innovation of the galenic lab. Observing the today hospital practice HP in many countries and the international literature involved it is clear how clinical pharmacy is linked to the galenic lab practice LP. Today more than recent past due to the various kinds of magistral formula requested by the clinicians It is necessary that the clinical pharmacist CP perspective must to be added to the classic galenic lab competencies: this make possible to complete the profile of efficacy and safety of this fundamental and crucial Drugs like the magistral formula and officinal and their use. Aim of this ancient discipline and art is today to provide efficacy and safe drugs for the need of single patient when it is not possible to use the industrial product. The clinical galenic activity can be divided into sterile and non-sterile. (Total parenteral nutrition TPN bags, Pain therapy, oncological parenteral drugs lab UFA, radio drugs and diagnostics and non-sterile galenics).Aim of this work is to deeply investigate this relevant link (Clinical Pharmacy CP with Lab Practice LP) in order to get the really best clinical results for the patients and healthcare org need. Clinical pharmacy CP principle, Pharmaceutical care PC, the managerial competencies and personalized pharmacy added to the best knowledge and competencies in the galenic lab. Make the difference in order to obtain the right final clinical results. The same in this work are submitted to the international pharmacy practitioner, directors, researcher or students the Normative rules operating in an advanced country like Italy: the simplified NBP (NORME DI BUONA PREPARAZIONE), example that can be applied also in the non-advanced nations. In Italy pharmacist can follow or the full NBP (NORME DI BUONA PREPARAZIONE) rules of the official pharmacopeia or the simplified according DM Salute 18.nov.2003. (Related the kind of galenic formula prepared if sterile or not). The NBP (NORME DI BUONA PREPARAZIONE) (good manufacturing rules) introduce a QUALITY CQ SYSTEM MANAGEMENT. The full NBP (NORME DI BUONA PREPARAZIONE) are more used in more complex labs in ex. involved in specialist products (Like oncologic or radio drugs, sterile colliria and other). These rules guarantee the quality, security and the efficacy of a drug prepared in galenic lab. These are based on the responsibility principles, plan, and documentation of all activity. (QUALITY SYSTEM OF INSURANCE CQ). All the phases of the preparation are under the responsibility of the pharmacist. The final quality of the products depends on the correct use of API and excipients, on the right calculations operation, right volume measure or weight operation and the Check on the final products: -following of the procedure, aspects, pakaging and closing system and other request by ITALIAN FU related the specific pharmaceutical form. According NBP (NORME DI BUONA PREPARAZIONE) the lab. Must to be separated (or it must to be separable) form the rest of pharmacy and a second pharmacist (that is different form the pharmacist that prepare) must to check the final preparation. The locals must to be according strictly environmental condition required normative rules by to make possible to prepare in safety way drugs. And it is mandatory to follow the written procedure: instrument verify, training of the pharmacists Cleaning procedure, significations. For Raw materials: it is needed to have certifications, technical sheet, safety sheet, data of the first use, expiry data Working sheet is mandatory to testify the operations. The pharmacist can follow this 2 option related the kind of drugs produced and the characteristic of the lab. It is not the main focus of this work to produce a literal translation of the DM 18/nov /2003 only to submit its general meanings. This can be considered for the authors useful to be added also to the normative rules in force in other non-advanced countries. In order to make more interesting this book some useful concepts of physiology of the stomach and GI tract are reported. The same relevant pharmaceutical concepts and technique with a focus on the capsules CPS as pharmaceutical form (gastro resistance, delayed release), some oral suspension, gels and other few preparation. This work is produced whit a non-conventional approach: it is not a book of pharmaceutical technique. Innovation and management of the system make possible to increase the power of the galenic laboratories In the hospital or in private pharmacy. This work is produced only for international purpose.

‘The Wisest Man in the East’

This article presents an ethnographic analysis of the performance of gospel rap music as part of Evangelical Christian youthwork in Finland. The article is based on my observations of six onsite and five online events that featured gospel rap music in their line-up, as well as interviews with nine musicians and three event organizers. I address the relationship between the aesthetics of gospel rap music and the emotional regimes of Finnish Evangelical Christianity. I define ‘emotional regimes’ here as cultural, social, and material practices that set normative rules for the expression of collective emotions. I conclude that light-hearted humour and irony are prevalent emotional moods in these Christian rap performances in Finland. The article shows how the emotional sequencing around gospel rap music at these Christian events conforms with the general individualistic and therapeutic emotional cultures of late modern societies. Yet I show how some gospel rappers are also self-critical of this individualism and the spectacular nature of these music events and use self-irony and parody as social commentary tools in their performances. Irony in gospel rap performances also opens opportunities for theological innovations and a reflection of social differences.

Обзор современных требований к сварке трубных высокопрочных низколегированных сталей

For many years, proven arc welding processes have been used to weld large pipes of oil and gas pipelines, the scope of which extends from manual arc welding with stick electrodes to the use of metal orbital welding machines. Introduction reflects that the creation of new steel compositions for oil and gas pipelines is an urgent task to ensure its high reliability. Research Methods. Low-carbon steels with ferrite-perlite structure are usually used in pipe production, but these steels are unable to meet the increased market demands. New grades of steel with bainitic structure are appearing. Results. The failure of welded joints of pipelines made of high-quality steel is becoming a serious problem for the pipeline industry. Discussion. This paper analyzes the characteristics of weld microstructure and its relationship with impact toughness. The prediction of impact toughness based on the microstructural characteristics of weld-seam metals is complicated due to a large number of parameters involved. The common practice linking this property to the microstructure of the last roll of a multi-pass weld turned out to be unsatisfactory because the amount of needle ferrite, the most desirable component, may not always be the main factor affecting the impact toughness. The present review reports on the most representative study regarding the microstructural factor in the welded seam of pipe steels. It includes a summary of the most important process variables, material properties, normative rule, as well as microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the joints. Conclusion. It is intended that this review will help readers with different backgrounds, from non-specialist welders or material scientists to specialists in various industrial applications and researchers.

Cultural Dynamics of Patriarchy and the Feminist Movement: Women's Perspectives in Riau Malay Cultural Order

The purpose of this study is to find out the Cultural Dynamics of Patriarchy and Feminist Movement. Women's Perspectives in Riau Malay Cultural Order. In society, women still do not have their rightful place and are often treated discriminatively because of gender differences. Patriarchal culture is still an issue among the Riau Malay community, because it places men in a higher position than women. This study used a literature review analysis method from various references in accordance with the research. Apart from the inequality of treatment, the level of violence and neglect of women's basic rights which eventually prompted to further explore the social values and morals contained in the cultural customs of the Riau Malay community that influenced the determination of social roles based on gender including gender images that were allegedly masculine and detrimental to women. Basically, Riau Malay culture carries a Matriarchy culture that highly values the role of women as the main dominance, but over time the concept of matriarchy is increasingly abandoned and dominated by the concept of patriarchy. This is based on strong dominating patriarchal categories such as temperament, sex role, and status. This cultural view and normative rules that then carry and normalize all forms of violence and corner women is one proof that patriarchy perpetuation is still very thick and prevails among the Riau Malay community

The concept and the essence of principles of administrative-law regulation

The article revolves around the nature and the essence of the principles of administrative-law regulation. The basic role of the principles of administrative-law regulation in ensuring the system organization and development of domestic administrative law, administrative legislation, administrative-law doctrine, rule-making activity and law-enforcement practice is revealed. The problem of the lack of a single concept of the principles of administrative-law regulation both in the doctrine of administrative law and in modern legal practice is highlighted. The need to develop a unified approach to understanding the principles of administrative-law regulation, based on advanced achievements of modern jurisprudence and objective realities of legal practice, is substantiated. The primary importance of applying such an approach in administrative law-making and law enforcement, in particular, in jurisdictional activity, is emphasized.
 The most well-known and widespread definitions of the concept of “principles of administrative-law regulation” are analyzed. A conclusion is made about the cardinal differences of modern scientific views on the nature, essence and system of principles of brunch regulation. Such difference does not allow to build a coherent doctrinal concept based on their simple generalization.
 The impracticality of identifying the principles of administrative-law regulation with normative rules, objective regularities of administrative legal relations, grounds for the emergence of such relations, as well as with the principles of public administration (principles of administrative activity) was established. It is emphasized that a comprehensive scientific understanding of the principles of administrative-law regulation should be based on a general theoretical understanding of the principle, as the basic grounds, the original idea, which are characterized by universality, general significance, higher imperativeness and reflect the essential provisions of theory, doctrine, science, systems of national and international law , state legal policy, policy of development of branches and institutions of law.
 The author’s definition of the principles of administrative-law regulation is formulated. An approach is proposed, according to which the principles of administrative-law regulation are considered as: fundamental ideas underlying the development and functioning of administrative law and all its institutions, a system of administrative-legal relations, realization of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of their participants, law-making and law-enforcing activities subjects of public authority.

Некоторые меры по уточнению признаков склонения к потреблению наркотиков и смежных с этим деяний

The article is aimed at improving the norms enshrined in Articles 230, 2281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Article 6.13 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, Article 46 of the Federal Law “Concerning Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances”. In order to improve the accuracy of qualifi-cation, the author develops a definition for the concept of “arousal of desire” in relation to drug use, which char-acterizes the crime under Article 230 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. With the aim of differen-tiating the actions of inducement to drug use, their propaganda and advertising, it is proposed to clarify the ori-entation of the latter to an indefinite circle of persons, fixing its legal signs. To ensure a uniform qualification of inducement to drug use coupled with illegal sale of drugs, a normative rule for the qualification of such situa-tions is substantiated. Models for changing legal norms are proposed taking into account the experience of legislators and scientists from Switzerland and Germany.

Pemahaman Masyarakat Tentang Harta Bersama Perspektif Hukum Positif Indonesia

Joint assets in marriage are a combination of all assets obtained after the formation of marital status through a legal bond and are also defined as assets that are owned by both parties (husband and wife) or assets in joint names that are acquired simultaneously by husband and wife during the marriage takes place. Indonesian Positive Law which consists of Law no. 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, the Compilation of Islamic Law, and the Civil Code (KUHP) also regulates the use of joint property objects in marriage in harmony with each other, which states that each party has the same rights to joint property and One of the parties can act, such as transferring, donating or selling joint property with the consent of both parties. This research uses field research with qualitative methods which aims to gather information from the people of Central Metro Yosomulyo regarding understanding of joint property using the Indonesian positive law approach as an analytical tool. This research is normative-sociological in nature because this research uses Indonesian Positive Law as a reference, namely making humans or society as objects, by examining the understanding of the Yosomulyo community regarding collective property which is then analyzed by referring to the perspective of Indonesian Positive Law. The finding from this research is that the public's understanding of the rules for using joint marital property objects is not in accordance with normative rules.

JURIDICAL STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF LAW NUMBER 18 OF 2012 CONCERNING FOOD (STUDY: TRADITIONAL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE BUSINESS ACTORS IN KAMBANIRU VILLAGE, EAST SUMBA-NTT REGENCY)

This study aims to analyze the extent to which the effectiveness of the application of Law No. 18 of 2012 concerning Food to business actors producing traditional alcoholic beverages in Kambaniru Village. The type of research used is empirical normative the analytical-descriptive research uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study show that Law number 18 of 2012 concerning Food is not implemented by business actors producing traditional alcoholic beverages in the Kambaniru village because production business actors do not know the A quo law and the manufacturing process is still a simple way and the equipment is not following the provisions normative rules.

Принцип добросовестности в решениях Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации: к юбилею Гадиса Абдуллаевича Гаджиева

The article analyses the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the issue of applying the principle of good faith before and after the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, the conclusion is made that the provisions introduced into its Article 75.1 are an additional constitutional justification for extending the principle of good faith to all areas of activity, both private individuals and public authorities, including relations between them, focusing on cooperation, mutual respect, the manifestation of kindness, honesty and justice in the name of the common well-being and welfare. As one of the justifications for the conclusion about the increase in the importance of this principle at all stages of the formation, interpretation and application of a normative rules, some arguments are given, expressed in the scientific publications of G.A. Gadzhiev, who has devoted more than 30 years to the Court and is celebrating another anniversary in 2023.

Requirements quality research: a harmonized theory, evaluation, and roadmap

High-quality requirements minimize the risk of propagating defects to later stages of the software development life cycle. Achieving a sufficient level of quality is a major goal of requirements engineering. This requires a clear definition and understanding of requirements quality. Though recent publications make an effort at disentangling the complex concept of quality, the requirements quality research community lacks identity and clear structure which guides advances and puts new findings into an holistic perspective. In this research commentary, we contribute (1) a harmonized requirements quality theory organizing its core concepts, (2) an evaluation of the current state of requirements quality research, and (3) a research roadmap to guide advancements in the field. We show that requirements quality research focuses on normative rules and mostly fails to connect requirements quality to its impact on subsequent software development activities, impeding the relevance of the research. Adherence to the proposed requirements quality theory and following the outlined roadmap will be a step toward amending this gap.

Exploring the Effects of Social Media and Cyberbullying on Senior High Schools Student Interpersonal Communication

Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between Social Media on Students Interpersonal Communication and Cyberbullying on Students Interpersonal Communication in Senior High School Method: The method used in this study is quantitative to test the hypothesis taken from the research variables in numbers and then the data is analyzed using statistical procedures. Identification of Research Variables In order to test the research hypothesis, it is necessary to first state the identification of the research variables. The variables in this study are as follows: 1. Dependent variable: Interpersonal Communication 2. Independent variable: Influence of social media, cyberbullying. This study explains the causal relationship between variables through hypothesis testing. The population in this study were 560 parents of Senior High School Student. Data collection techniques in research were carried out by distributing questionnaires containing statements related to the variables studied. The measurement scale used for this research is a 7-point Likert scale. Data analysis uses the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. Result: Based on the results of the analysis, the P value <0.050 was obtained, so it was concluded that social media has a positive and significant relationship to Students interpersonal communication. Social media has an impact on interpersonal communication. Based on the results of the analysis, the P value <0.050 was obtained, so it was concluded that cyberbullying had a positive and significant relationship to Students interpersonal communication. Conclusion: Social media has a positive and significant relationship to Students Interpersonal Communication and cyberbullying has a positive and significant relationship to Students Interpersonal Communication. Based on the results of research and data analysis conducted by researchers regarding the process of interpersonal communication between victims and their friends in building a tendency to change cyberbullying towards negative emotions positive, it can be concluded that friends have influence in building tendencies to have positive emotional concepts. Research Implication: Social media presence requires further attention. Not to stop its development, but to maximize its use. It is important to increase the self-awareness of each user, considering that what is uploaded can affect self-image, and what is uploaded can affect the relationships that exist with other parties. Cyberbullying can occur in groups who know each other and groups of people who do not know each other. Cyberbullying can cause perpetrators to use false identities which cause perpetrators to feel free from existing social and normative rules. Cyberbullying can occur on social media such as Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter Originality/Value: The novelty of this research is the creation of a new model of the relationship Social Mediaon Senior High Schools Student Interpersonal Communication and CyberBullying on Senior High Schools Student Interpersonal Communication which has not been found in previous research.

Discrepancy between theory and practice: Democratic recession or a crisis of state legitimacy?

ABSTRACT The discrepancy between democratic theory and practice is common to all democratic and quasi-democratic governments. Democratic recession manifests where there is an extreme discrepancy between normative democratic values and their practice – for instance where the state has flouted democratic normative rules (theory) and rendered major democratic institutions dysfunctional. This article posits that democratic recession can be seen in the 21st century as a reaction to at least four factors: 1) shifts in global geopolitics, 2) a crisis of representative democracy, 3) democratic silence, and 4) the rise of populism and post-truth framing. Indices of democracy do not, however, reveal the extent of the state’s role in undermining democratic institutions (ie, political parties, election monitoring bodies, parliaments, the media, civil society), due to a bias of liberal individualism. The outcome has been a crisis of state legitimacy, where citizens lose trust in the state rather than in democratic governance.