ABSTRACT This article examines how norms of 'legitimate' violence in EU deportation have transformed. Following serious injuries and deaths during removals from the 1990s to mid-2010s, there have been significant changes to the implementation of deportation, most notably the establishment of forced-return monitoring systems in nearly all EU states and Frontex. Despite this, academic attention to these developments remains limited. This article asks how the introduction of monitoring has shaped implementation and practitioners' understandings of 'legitimate' violence, and what effects emerge from regular interactions between monitors and escorts responsible for deportation. Using interviews, document-access requests, and documentary research, the article investigates these questions by focusing on relational dynamics from 2013 to 2023. To capture these dynamics within the international and multiorganisational context of Frontex and EU co-funded Forced-Return Monitoring projects, it proposes the analytical lens of norm translation in transnational grey areas. This approach reveals co-constitutive social spaces between written rules and their application on the ground, where escorts' and monitors' interactions can generate new normative views and shifts in behaviour over time. These actors shape, negotiate, and contest expectations of appropriateness, showing that bottom-up relational dynamics, beyond top-down EU standards, play a key role in driving change and informing practice.

The genocide case filed by South Africa against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stems from concerns over the escalation of violence in Gaza following the Hamas attack on October 7, 2023, which allegedly involved serious violations of the Genocide Convention as a jus cogens norm. This study aims to analyze the legal and political significance of the lawsuit, including its implications for Israel's international responsibility and the global response to its military operations. The methods used include a descriptive legal approach to describe the application of international legal norms in practice, as well as a normative approach to assess the legal obligations that should be complied with under the Genocide Convention. The two approaches are combined through case study analysis and comparison with the practices of other countries. The results of the study show that Israel's actions potentially fulfill the elements of genocide and that the ICJ's Provisional Measures have had a major political impact, as evidenced by Israel's increasing international isolation and the suspension of military aid by a number of countries. In conclusion, this case is not only important in upholding international law, but also plays a strategic role in encouraging Israel's compliance with humanitarian law and strengthening global accountability mechanisms.

Setting a normative practice: patient and public involvement in health and social care research.

Introduction. Open access to scholarly knowledge is a core element of contemporary scholarly publishing policy and is actively promoted at both international and national levels. At the same time, empirical research shows that principled support for open access is not always accompanied by a uniform interpretation or consistent institutional implementation. In this context, the position of journal editors is of particular interest, as they are the actors who directly shape editorial policy and the dissemination practices of scholarly publications. Purpose. To identify which definitions and key features of open access dominate in the perceptions of editors of Russian scholarly journals, and how these perceptions are reflected in stated editorial policies and in journals’ actual practices. Materials and Methods. The study draws on data from an online survey of editors of Russian scholarly journals (N = 138) representing a range of subject areas and serving as editors-in-chief, deputy editors, managing editors, and scientific editors. The questionnaire included closed- and open-ended items designed to elicit normative orientations and practices related to open access. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of open-ended responses. Results. According to the survey (N = 138), most respondents declare support for open access, yet their understanding of it is heterogeneous: responses to the question about the definition of open access were distributed almost evenly between interpreting open access as free access to the full text and understanding it as a regime that entails additional reuse rights/licensing. At the level of implementation, the study identifies a persistent gap between the declared access model and its institutional articulation: although 89.9% of editorial teams characterize their content dissemination as immediate open access, 18.8% of journals provide no information about open access on their websites. Conceptual ambiguity is also evident in the classification of open access models: about one third of respondents do not distinguish the typology, which correlates with fragmented licensing and contractual practices and limited digital infrastructure. Publication fees are not the dominant mechanism and are generally viewed critically by editors. Conclusion. The findings suggest that within the Russian editorial community, open access functions primarily as a normative orientation rather than as a fully institutionalized journal model. The study highlights the need to shift discussions of open access from declarative support toward the operationalization of legal, infrastructural, and organizational mechanisms that ensure the sustainability and reproducibility of open scholarly dissemination practices.

ABSTRACT The speeches about the transformation of the home of the exiled Marcus Tullius Cicero into a sacred space by his opponent Clodius have been used as the crown witness for the reconstruction of Roman “civic religion”. This is based on the interpretation of Georg Wissowa, one of the definers of what is seen as Roman religion today. This article takes seriously the fact that Cicero pursues a clear goal, the restitution of his property. It argues that to achieve this goal, Cicero systematises different normative positions and practices as historically provable or asserted. Thus, he is developing a restrictive concept of those religious practices that can claim overall binding force, that is, bind both Roman legal and political institutions as well as individuals in the city of Rome. The investigation brings out to what extent a text, which since the late nineteenth century towering scholar Wissowa presented as a generally accepted description of the fundamentals of “Roman religion” as a religious “system” very closely bound to politically legitimised actors, represents only one (albeit the victorious in the concrete conflict) position in a sharp confrontation.

ABSTRACT The student affairs profession faces structural challenges such as unsustainable workloads, limited compensation, and ambiguous advancement pathways that disproportionately burden education laborers. For racially and ethnically minoritized professionals, these pressures intensify under systemic inequality regimes that demand exceptional labor while offering limited institutional support. This qualitative study examines how 25 Latinx/é mid-level student affairs administrators interpret and navigate ideal worker norms within U.S. higher education. Drawing on narrative inquiry, the analysis centers on participants’ accounts to demonstrate how expectations of constant availability, emotional restraint, geographic mobility, and self-sacrifice are embedded within organizational inequality regimes. Findings show that Latinx/é administrators are rendered simultaneously indispensable and disposable. They are relied upon to stabilize institutions through care work, crisis management, and equity labor, yet denied transparent advancement pathways, recognition, or structural support. Participants described adapting to these conditions through strategic persistence, resisting institutional gaslighting that focused on individual limitations rather than structural exclusion, and selective distancing from identity-based roles, often at high personal and professional costs. Rather than framing these experiences as individual burnout or resilience, the study reveals how institutional practices normalize overwork, extract representational labor, and obscure inequity behind surface-level commitments to diversity. This article illustrates how Latinx/é administrators reproduce, resist, and critique ideal worker norms within racialized, gendered, and classed organizational constraints. The findings call for structural reforms in how student affairs labor is organized, evaluated, and rewarded.

The purpose of this research is to find out what are the main factors that cause double certificates in land dispute cases and to find out the legal consequences of double certificates and know the settlement mechanism in the perspective of civil law. This research uses a normative juridical approach method, which is a legal research method that relies on the study of applicable legal norms supported by a case approach to see how the court applies legal norms in practice. From this research the author draws the following conclusions: First, that broadly speaking the factors causing the existence of multiple certificates can be categorized into 3 aspects, namely the first technical aspect, which relates to the mapping system and land documentation. Second, administrative aspects such as errors in collecting and processing physical and juridical data by the BPN. Third, social factors/aspects, which are related to low public understanding of land rights and land registration procedures. Second, disputes due to multiple certificates can be resolved through litigation and non-litigation channels. Litigation is conducted through a lawsuit in court, while non-litigation can be in the form of mediation, arbitration, or settlement through the Land Office.

This article analyzes the dynamics of conflicting norms regarding the portability of social security for migrant workers in ASEAN, particularly the political tensions between sending and receiving countries. In line with global norms, sending countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines promote portability as a fundamental right for migrant workers. Conversely, receiving countries such as Singapore and Malaysia are more cautious, viewing it as a labor issue, not a fundamental right. The research aims to analyze how these divergent interpretations shape ASEAN’s regional governance of migrant protection and to identify the underlying political and normative factors that influence the process of regionalization. Using Antje Wiener's theory of norm contestation, this study, through qualitative methods, demonstrates the gap between global expectations and normative practices in ASEAN. The findings reveal a persistent gap between global expectations and ASEAN’s normative practices. While ASEAN has made progress in formalizing cooperation, the implementation remains fragmented and state-driven, reflecting competing interests between economic pragmatism and human rights advocacy. In conclusion, the regionalization of social security is not simply a matter of applying international standards to a regional region, but rather a political negotiation shaped by competing state interests.

This article examines the formation of Christian teachers through the lens of the normative practice model, which understands teaching as a value-laden and relational activity. Teaching is not merely the transfer of knowledge or skills, but a moral enterprise directed towards the integral development of learners and teachers. From a virtue-ethical perspective, the article emphasises that character formation and the cultivation of virtues such as prudence, justice, courage and self-control are essential for developing a professional identity. This identity emerges from the interplay between personal convictions, professional norms and practical experience, and becomes visible in teachers’ actions within complex pedagogical contexts. The article clarifies the concepts of ‘normative practice’, ‘character formation’ and ‘professional identity’, and applies them to the Christian teaching profession, highlighting the role of both the cardinal and theological virtues. The analysis shows that the education and professional development of Christian teachers cannot be reduced to technical competencies, but should foster a pedagogical environment that integrates moral practice, spiritual flourishing and professional reflection. This perspective underscores the teacher’s role as a morally and relationally engaged professional contributing to the holistic development of learners. Methodologically, the article is based on a conceptual and philosophical analysis of the literature, integrating the normative practice model with virtue ethics. Contribution: The article addresses a gap in the literature by demonstrating how this model can be integrated into teacher education, offering theoretical clarification and practical implications for Christian teacher education programmes and the strengthening of professional identity.

The application of the living law concept within Indonesia’s criminal law system, as regulated in the new Criminal Code (KUHP), opens a new dimension in recognizing customary law and social norms that exist within society. This concept seeks to create a legal system that is more responsive to social and cultural diversity, while accommodating local norms within the criminal justice process. However, the recognition of living law also raises significant issues, particularly with respect to the principle of legality in criminal law, legal uncertainty, and the potential for abuse of power by law enforcement authorities. This study aims to analyze the problems associated with the implementation of living law as a basis for criminalization under the KUHP, using a normative juridical approach and relying on both primary and secondary legal sources. The discussion includes the identification of challenges arising from the ambiguity in the acceptance and proof of customary norms in legal practice, as well as these norms’ impact on legal certainty and the protection of human rights. Furthermore, this article proposes alternative approaches to the application of living law that are more selective and firmly grounded in the principles of justice and human rights. The findings indicate that although living law can enhance respect for legal pluralism, its implementation must go through strict and transparent verification mechanisms to prevent legal uncertainty and discrimination. Therefore, clear regulations are needed regarding the recognition and limitations of living law norms within the criminal justice system, along with a more restorative approach to dispute resolution.

ABSTRACT At a time of political polarisation, social fragmentation and continuing mistrust in journalism, the practice of “live journalism” is flourishing. The practice aims to reconnect audiences and rebuild trust in news organisations through interactive events in public spaces. The authors of this paper experimented with a new format of putting news on stage involving both journalists and actors using theatrical and comic techniques to tell exclusive, unpublished stories in a show called News Cabaret. This article explores the reactions of the audience and participants to the event. The show consisted of eight dramatic pieces of journalism involving verbatim theatre techniques, stand-up comedy, sketches, monologues, songs, masks and improvisation. Discussions between cast, crew and audience took place during and after the show. We adopted a Reflective Practitioner Case Study approach and analysed surveys, recordings, observations and interviews. Our research suggests that using actors and theatrical devices to deliver content did not detract from quality journalism and resulted in some unexpected positive outcomes. The audience reported that the event challenged them to think and prompted some action, albeit limited. Results show that such events could be useful to revitalise journalism practice, challenge social and political norms and re-engage hard-to-reach audiences.

This study examines the legal positioning of the carok tradition within the framework of Indonesian cultural and legal governance. Rather than approaching carok as a normative or value-laden practice, the research analyzes it as a socio-cultural phenomenon whose status remains legally ambiguous. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach, the study explores how existing legal instruments regulate cultural preservation and how they relate to the transformation of traditional practices into recognized cultural expressions. The findings indicate that although various national legal instruments provide a general framework for cultural protection, they do not specifically regulate or classify carok as an object of cultural preservation. This regulatory gap limits its formal recognition within cultural policy and constrains its potential integration into cultural and creative development programs. The study concludes that a clearer legal framework is required to situate carok within the domain of cultural heritage, not as an endorsement of past practices, but as a regulated cultural expression aligned with principles of legal certainty, cultural preservation, and sustainable cultural development.

Facing the urgent demand of the "three-child" policy, this paper puts forward a framework for the development and application of AI-empowered digital teaching resources for higher vocational nursery education in the perspective of "great ideological and political education (IPE)". The research focuses on morality cultivation, follows the five principles of "IPE guidance, combination of education and training, man-machine cooperation, dynamic optimization, and ecological integration", constructs four types of resource systems covering knowledge transfer, skill training, IPE integration, evaluation and diagnosis, and designs a four stage iterative development process of "demand analysis - design generation - Audit optimization - Application iteration". Through technologies such as KG (Knowledge Graph), virtual simulation, adaptive learning and multi-modal learning portrait, we can realize the pre-positioning of value guidance, the scene of skill training and the personalization of learning support, and form a closed loop of "teaching-evaluation-feedback". This framework has significantly improved students' professional values, ethical decision-making ability and practical norms, and provided a replicable and generalizable paradigm for digital education in higher vocational education.

This study aims to analyze the key issues of open government in Contagem, Brazil, using a bibliometric analysis approach. Research data were collected from Google Scholar using Publish or Perish and analyzed with VOSviewer through co-occurrence techniques on keyword units with the full counting method. The findings revealed three major dimensions within the discourse: normative, policy, and local practice. The normative dimension underscores transparency and accountability in digital platforms. The policy dimension demonstrates the institutionalization of open government principles in urban planning and social programs. The local practice dimension reflects contextual adaptation by emphasizing inclusivity, sustainability, and smart governance. Moreover, the five core commitments of Contagem—digital participation through Decidim, the Integrity Plan, the establishment of CPRAC-C for administrative conflict resolution, a mobile application for georeferencing third-sector services, and the enhancement of the Transparency Portal—illustrate the city’s serious efforts to integrate OGP values at the local level. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including limited and uneven citizen engagement, fragmentation of participatory instruments, digital divides, and the risk of symbolic implementation of the law. This study concludes that Contagem represents both opportunities and constraints in the execution of local open government, underscoring the need to strengthen inclusiveness, operational integrity, and integration of participatory mechanisms. Reinforcing these aspects would not only consolidate Contagem’s position within Brazil, but also enable it to serve as a model for participatory and sustainable urban governance in Latin America.

ABSTRACT Water and water infrastructure is granted legal protection under international law, making it eligible for normative safeguards. Yet, this normative expectation is challenged by records of states using water as a weapon. The article applies qualitative content analysis, looking into what is theorized to be the most water taboo-compliant country, the United States. It investigates its advocacy of the prohibitory norm on water weaponization in three conflicts: the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Israel–Hamas War, and the Yemeni Civil War. The analysis shows that water norms in practice are closer to humanitarian crisis prevention than a source of stigmatization based on abhorrence.

As computer and network-based information technology exerts an increasingly widespread and profound influence on education and teaching, technology-integrated teaching methods have become the norm in modern educational practice. Proficiency in mastering and applying technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in subject teaching has become an essential competency for professional development in the new era. Based on this, this paper uses Changsha County as a case study to develop a TPACK survey questionnaire for primary school science teachers. The findings reveal that, in actual classroom teaching, older teachers demonstrate high proficiency in pedagogical knowledge, subject knowledge, and subject-specific pedagogical knowledge, but exhibit a weak understanding of, and operational skills regarding, technology. Conversely, younger teachers possess high levels of technology-related knowledge but demonstrate weaker mastery and application of pedagogical knowledge. Additionally, some teachers focus solely on subject-specific teaching tasks and are reluctant to learn new technologies. Building upon these findings, in-depth interviews were conducted to further explore the current state of TPACK proficiency among elementary science teachers and analyze the underlying causes. The study refines the investigation and proposes recommendations to enhance TPACK development among elementary science teachers, thereby promoting TPACK proficiency among practicing teachers and science education teacher candidates.

This article presents the results of a bibliographic mapping of Brazilian dissertations and theses that discuss the relationships between language, mathematics, and rules within the context of Mathematics Education, with a focus on the contributions of Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language. The aim was to identify how the selected studies articulate different forms of language—natural, symbolic, and mathematical—with the appropriation of mathematical rules and learning processes. The analysis followed a qualitative approach and considered publications from the last 10 years, located in databases such as the Capes Journals Portal and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD). The results indicate that the Wittgenstein approach favors an understanding of mathematics as a normative practice, embedded in language games in which meaning emerges from the public and situated use of expressions. In this context, learning mathematics is not reduced to the mechanical application of formulas but requires active participation in the practices that give meaning to rule. The analysis also revealed significant gaps, such as the lack of research on assessment and teacher education from this perspective, as well as limited attention to the linguistic and cultural diversity of students. It is concluded that Wittgenstein's philosophical framework offers valuable contributions for rethinking mathematics teaching by integrating language, rules, and pedagogical practices in a more contextualized and meaningful way. The study points to potential directions for future research aiming to deepen the relationship between philosophy of language and Mathematics Education across diverse educational settings.

The article examines how juvenile court judges and juvenile prosecutors understand and implement the 'educational principle' of juvenile criminal law (Section 2 (1) JGG) in their professional actions. Assumptions, orientations, and knowledge about education are reconstructed using the 'Documentary Method'. This is based on two open group discussions in a training event on juvenile criminal law. The concept of education is understood to fluctuate between different approaches: normative claims, pragmatic reduction, and performative practice. Education under the umbrella of criminal law in the field of legal practice can be considered less of a pedagogical concept and more of a symbolic normative nature. The study not only highlights structural challenges in the implementation of a pedagogical claim but also points to the need for professionalisation with regards to a pedagogically reflected practice in juvenile criminal law.

This paper explores how mass polarization, social discrimination, and structural injustice emerge in the digital realm, a domain that challenges traditional legal and ethical frameworks. As digitalization shapes society, ethical and community perspectives enter debates with normative claims often hard to justify transparently. To address this, the paper engages with Rainer Forst’s philosophy and critical theory. It argues that risks of domination online cannot be addressed by technical transparency alone. Instead, they require a commitment to justification as a normative practice. Applying Forst’s idea of justificatory power, the study shows how digital technologies reinforce dominant orders. Algorithms and data infrastructures both reflect and perpetuate structural inequalities. Accountability, therefore, must be reframed beyond compliance or procedural openness. It should demand justifications that withstand reasonable scrutiny and affirm equal standing. This approach supports resisting structural injustice and advancing democratic values. Keywords: Justification. Digital Ethics. Normative orders. Structural Injustice. Critical Theory.

This article examines how sandals function as a visual code in Roman and Late Antique floor mosaics, rather than as simple dress accessories. From the 1st–2nd centuries CE they appear in funerary contexts, especially on female stelae, where they help construct gendered identity, status and family memory alongside other objects of the mundus muliebris. From the 2nd–3rd centuries onwards, pairs of sandals become a recurring motif in bath and domestic pavements across the Mediterranean, often combined with strigils, vessels and short inscriptions. These images both mark routes within thermal complexes and visually echo idiomatic good wishes for a “good bath”, well documented in written sources. In Late Antique ecclesiastical settings, the motif is further re-semanticized in light of biblical traditions that link the removal of footwear to access to holy ground. Overall, sandals emerge as a flexible and widely shared iconographic sign, capable of expressing norms of bodily practice, social hierarchy, ritual movement and the perception of the sacred in Late Antique visual culture.