Normal Coloring Research Articles

Normal 5-edge-coloring of some snarks superpositioned by the Petersen graph

In a (proper) edge-coloring of a bridgeless cubic graph G an edge e is rich (resp. poor) if the number of colors of all edges incident to end-vertices of e is 5 (resp. 3). An edge-coloring of G is normal if every edge of G is either rich or poor. In this paper we consider snarks G˜ obtained by a simple superposition of edges and vertices of a cycle C in a snark G. For an even cycle C we show that a normal coloring of G can be extended to a normal coloring of G˜ without changing colors of edges outside C in G. An interesting remark is that this is in general impossible for odd cycles, since the normal coloring of a Petersen graph P10 cannot be extended to a superposition of P10 on a 5-cycle without changing colors outside the 5-cycle. On the other hand, as our colorings of the superpositioned snarks introduce 18 or more poor edges, we are inclined to believe that every bridgeless cubic graph distinct from P10 has a normal coloring with at least one poor edge and possibly with at least 6 if we also exclude the Petersen graph with one vertex being truncated.

ORAL FIBROLIPOMA IN THE BUCCAL MUCOSA

A 71-year-old female patient, totally edentulous, presented an asymptomatic lesion in the right buccal mucosa, close to the mandibular branch. Clinically the lesion showed a pedunculated nodule with a smooth surface, normal coloring, softened consistency, measuring approximately 2cm x 2cm. The patient reported a slow growth, with a 4-year evolution. No ulcerations were observed in the region. According to these characteristics, the clinical diagnostic hypotheses were inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, fibroma, or lipoma. Therefore, the tumor was excised under local anesthesia, and the specimen was submitted to histopathological analysis. Microscopically, we observed a nodular limited lesion with dispersed mature adipocyte proliferation in a dense collagenous fibrous stroma, and lined with hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic squamous epithelium. Given these characteristics, the lesion was diagnosed as fibrolipoma, a histopathological variant of lipoma that is rare in the buccal mucosa. The treatment was concluded with surgical excision and, currently, the patient has shown no recurrence. A 71-year-old female patient, totally edentulous, presented an asymptomatic lesion in the right buccal mucosa, close to the mandibular branch. Clinically the lesion showed a pedunculated nodule with a smooth surface, normal coloring, softened consistency, measuring approximately 2cm x 2cm. The patient reported a slow growth, with a 4-year evolution. No ulcerations were observed in the region. According to these characteristics, the clinical diagnostic hypotheses were inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, fibroma, or lipoma. Therefore, the tumor was excised under local anesthesia, and the specimen was submitted to histopathological analysis. Microscopically, we observed a nodular limited lesion with dispersed mature adipocyte proliferation in a dense collagenous fibrous stroma, and lined with hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic squamous epithelium. Given these characteristics, the lesion was diagnosed as fibrolipoma, a histopathological variant of lipoma that is rare in the buccal mucosa. The treatment was concluded with surgical excision and, currently, the patient has shown no recurrence.

Faster R-CNN Algorithm for Detection of Plastic Garbage in the Ocean: A Case for Turtle Preservation

Turtles are one of the ancient marine animals that live today. However, the population is threatened with extinction, so its existence needs to be protected and preserved because turtles often eat plastic waste in the ocean whose shape, texture, and color are similar to jellyfish. The technology in the computer vision area can be used to find the solution related to the case of reducing plastics and bottles trash in the ocean by implementing robotics. The region-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the latest image segmentation and has good detection accuracy based on the Faster R-CNN algorithm. In this study, the training image was built based on two different objects, namely plastic bottles and plastic bags. The target is that the two objects can be recognized even if there are other objects in the vicinity, or the image quality will be affected by the color of the seawater. The results obtained are that plastic objects and bottles can be recognized correctly in the picture. Of the five-color hues tested, the results show that the object detection process is valid on the average color hue, sepia, bandicoot, and grayscale. In contrast, the object detection process is invalid in black-and-white tones. The test results shown in the table explain that the object detection that gets the highest results is an image with normal coloring, while the lowest value is on bandicoot. The average accuracy of all types of images tested is 96.50. However, the accuracy value still needs to be improved to apply feasibility permanently to hardware such as diving robots.

Structural Characteristics of Two-Sender Index Coding.

This paper studies index coding with two senders. In this setup, source messages are distributed among the senders possibly with common messages. In addition, there are multiple receivers, with each receiver having some messages a priori, known as side-information, and requesting one unique message such that each message is requested by only one receiver. Index coding in this setup is called two-sender unicast index coding (TSUIC). The main goal is to find the shortest aggregate normalized codelength, which is expressed as the optimal broadcast rate. In this work, firstly, for a given TSUIC problem, we form three independent sub-problems each consisting of the only subset of the messages, based on whether the messages are available only in one of the senders or in both senders. Then, we express the optimal broadcast rate of the TSUIC problem as a function of the optimal broadcast rates of those independent sub-problems. In this way, we discover the structural characteristics of TSUIC. For the proofs of our results, we utilize confusion graphs and coding techniques used in single-sender index coding. To adapt the confusion graph technique in TSUIC, we introduce a new graph-coloring approach that is different from the normal graph coloring, which we call two-sender graph coloring, and propose a way of grouping the vertices to analyze the number of colors used. We further determine a class of TSUIC instances where a certain type of side-information can be removed without affecting their optimal broadcast rates. Finally, we generalize the results of a class of TSUIC problems to multiple senders.

Skin injuries in hospitalized elderly

Objective: To identify the prevalence of skin injuries in hospitalized elderly. Method: Cross-sectional study with 202 elderly patients selected for convenience and hospitalized in a hospital in Parana (Brazil). Data were collected between September 2017 and January 2018. The Mini-mental State Examination and the physical examination of nursing in the elderly were used. Data were submitted to the exploratory analysis and described by absolute frequency, percentage, means and standard deviations. Results: Women predominance (51%), age range between 60-69 years (42.5%), married (52%) and low educational level (59.4%). It was identified that 128 (63.4%) elderly had clean scalp; 116(57.4%), skin with normal coloring; 104 (51.5%), normal turgor; 138 (68.3%), normal temperature; 160 (79.2%) of fine thickness; 101 (50%), soft texture; 144 (71.3%) with scar; 182 (90.1%), sensitivity; and 152 (75.3%), pruritus. Prevalence of eutrophic body mass index (38.6%) and 176 (87.1%) elderly had skin injuries; 152 (75.3%) had primary injuries and 151 (74.7%), secondary injuries. Conclusion: The study identified the high index of skin injuries in hospitalized elderly. The results are expected to make nurses aware of the importance of the physical examination of the skin as a fundamental step in planning preventive, monitoring and care actions.

Effects of the combination treatment of 1-MCP and ethylene on the ripening of harvested banana fruit

1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has obvious effects on delaying the ripening of harvested banana fruit. However, improper concentration, treatment time and handling methods could affect normal ripening, yellowing, softening and formation of volatiles, which are important components of banana fruit quality. This study was performed to screen and test the effect of a combination of low concentration ethephon with 1-MCP on the ripening of banana fruit, as well as on physiological and biochemical changes. The results showed that a combination of 50μLL−1 ethephon with 400nLL−1 1-MCP (16h) was the most suitable treatment, which significantly delayed the ripening and maintained the commodity value of harvested banana fruit without detrimentally affecting normal ripening after ripening acceleration treatment. This treatment effectively delayed and decreased respiration rate and ethylene production, inhibited the activity of pectin lyase (PL), pectin methylesterase (PME), cellulase (CX) and polygalacturonase (PG), and delayed the peak activity of ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). It also delayed the formation of volatile compounds, but did not detrimentally affect the amount of volatiles, especially the esters. The combined treatment significantly delayed the ripening and prolonged the shelf life of banana fruit with normal coloring and volatile development, which effectively maintained the commercial value of banana fruit.

Interaction of the mutant genes B, og c , hp and t in the coloring of tomato fruit

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the mutant genes B, og c , hp, and t on the fruit color of tomato genotypes. Two tomato lines (TOM-498 and TOM-499) with BB genotype composition (high β-carotene homozygous) were used in hybrid combinations with 7 tomato lines with different genotype compositions in loci og c , hp, or t—Floradade, TOM-596, TOM-544, NC-8276, NC-2Y, Florida 7775, and Florida 7781. A randomized complete block design with 24 treatments and four replications was used. Both external and internal fruit color were assessed with a Minolta CR-400 colorimeter in the CIE L*, a* and b* mode. Hue and chroma readings were taken at four different points (epidermis, pericarp, placenta, and columella) of the fruit. For high β-carotene heterozygous hybrids B + /B, hue angle indicated an orange color (since these hybrids did not come to equal the genotypes of normal coloring, red), even when genes promoting lycopene synthesis (og c , hp) were deployed as heterozygous genotypes. Fruit of high β-carotene heterozygous hybrids, without t, og c , or hp, had chroma values similar to fruit of homozygous high β-carotene lines. The use of the og c allele in heterozygosity led to higher chroma values in high β-carotene heterozygous genotypes in relation to the values found in high β-carotene heterozygous genotypes not bearing the og c gene. The og c homozygous lines had hue values that did not differ from those in normal genotypes in the epidermis and pericarp, but showed a significant shift towards red in the placenta and in the columella.

Penile angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers

Two cases of penile angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angio-tensin II receptor blockers are reported. The first case of penile angioe-dema involved a 68-year-old man who arrived at the emergency department (ED) with a 2-12-hour history of penile swelling occurring three days after initiation of irbesartan in addition to longstanding lisinopril therapy. All parts of the physical examination were normal, except for the genital examination. The patient's penis was edematous at midshaft only and was nontender with normal skin coloring. The edema was nonpitting and limited to the skin. The patient was instructed to stop taking both lisinopril and irbesartan, and symptoms resolved within 48 hours with supportive care alone. In the second case, a 48-year-old man arrived at the ED complaining of penile swelling over the previous two days. Enalapril had been initiated one month before his arrival at the ED. The patient's penis was nontender and edematous at midshaft. The edema was nonpitting and limited to the skin. The patient was instructed to stop taking enalapril, given oral prednisone 60 mg, and asked to continue his prednisone for five days after discharge. The swelling resolved within two days of stopping enalapril, and he had no further episodes of penile swelling. Neither patient was rechallenged with the offending medications. Penile angioedema was reported in two patients. The first case involved a patient receiving both lisinopril and irbesartan. The second patient was receiving enalapril only.

Familial pigmentation with dystrophy of the nails; report of three cases.

Increased pigmentation of the skin due to melanin occurs in many unrelated conditions and is produced by a variety of causes. It is usually possible to differentiate between types of pigmentation and to classify them as entities resulting from local or systemic causes. Congenital and progressive pigmentation is seldom described. Because of its rarity such a condition associated with dystrophy of the nails and slight atrophy of the skin in two sisters and a cousin is reported. REPORT OF CASES Case1.—K. K., a 29-year-old housewife, the eldest of four children, was born in the United States of Greek parents. Her mother, who died of septicemia at 47 years of age, had normal brunette coloring. Her father, aged 65, has blue eyes and fair skin. A sister, aged 28, has melanoderma, described in Case 2. A second sister, aged 22, has normal brunette coloring, and a brother,

ON SOME LIMITING FACTORS IN THE USE OF SATURATED PETROLEUM OILS AS INSECTICIDES

Owing to the increased use of saturated petroleum oils (i.e., petroleum oils from which all, or nearly all unsaturated hydrocarbons have been removed, usually 98 per cent, or more) as insecticides when applied to foliage-bearing fruit-trees, it has become important to study the effects thus produced on the host plant. insecticidal efficacy has already been established by de Ong and the two senior authors of this paper (2). It was noted that these oils apparently produce some adverse physiological effects on citrus trees, but this phase of the problem was not especially investigated. general nature of the deleterious effects accompanying the use of heavy, white-oil sprays has recently been described by Woglum, La Follette and Landon (6) as follows: The bad effects which have been noted on oranges in some degree since highly refined heavy oil sprays have been used are numerous. They include retarding of blossoming; reduction of blossoming; reduction of crop ; retarding fruit coloration ; interfering with normal sweat room coloring; drop of immature fruit; drop of mature fruit; roughened texture; mummifying of fruit; increasing crystallization; producing insipid flavor;

THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF PIGMENTATION.

A clear complexion is one of the elements of personal comeliness. A very large proportion of people who seek the dermatologist do so on account of some more or less pronounced defect in the normal and healthy coloring of the skin, especially of the exposed parts. It is needless to say that most of these patients are women. Women are naturally more annoyed and mortified by such blemishes than men. Pigmentary diseases of the skin range from the most trivial to the most serious ailment. Some involve but a slight departure from the normal, others cause extremely dark and unsightly lesions. In most cases the pigmentation is increased or modified in hue, but in a certain number it is diminished. Most diseases in which the pigment of the skin is affected depend upon some more or less grave constitutional cause. A few are merely local disorders. <h3>Lentigo.</h3> —This is one