Normal Chickens Research Articles

Sequencing of historic samples provides complete coding sequences of chicken calicivirus from the United States.

Here, we report the coding-complete genomic sequences of two chicken caliciviruses from US poultry flocks in 2003 and 2004. They show the same genomic organization as that of other members of the Bavovirus genus and have the highest nucleotide identity (~88%) with strains from clinically normal chickens from Germany in 2004 and Netherlands in 2019.

Odorless Probiotic Chicken of Eco-Smart Poultry Coop

The smell of chicken waste has become a serious problem in Malaysia. Flies and an unpleasant odor from poultry coop plague the locals. To decrease the disagreeable odor of chicken manure, the approach used in this study is charcoal as an adsorption method to adsorb an ammonia gas. The sawdust is used as a drying agent for the chicken waste to ensure it produces no smell, and it also contains EM (Effective Microorganisms) as a decomposition mechanism for the bacteria in the chicken waste. The research result obtained positive results based on the number of flies, the odor examined through human surveys, the difference between probiotic and normal chicken waste, and the difference in fat content identified in probiotic chicken. It has been demonstrated by studies that while using wood dust and charcoal can aid in eliminating the odor of chicken droppings, processing chicken droppings with an EM solution is crucial before the droppings start to smell bad. Implementing an automatic system to manage chicken feed and drink is a recommended approach to ensure the project's success. This will ensure that the chickens obtain the proper amount of food and drink at the time specified. Given that chickens are highly susceptible to extreme heat or cold, the following recommendation is to monitor the cage's temperature and humidity levels. The ammonia odor associated with poultry farming affects not only the environment but also people. People who live close to the area where chickens are raised will feel uncomfortable because of this issue. The probiotic approach is the problem-solving strategy, according to the research. The chickens' digestive tract will be aided using EM solution as a drink and meal, resulting in less offensive chicken faeces.

Novel Candidate Genes Involved in an Initial Stage of White Striping Development in Broiler Chickens.

White striping (WS) is a myopathy characterized by the appearance of white stripes parallel to the muscle fibers in the breast of broiler chickens, composed of adipose and connective tissues. This condition causes economic losses and, although common, its etiology remains poorly understood. Hence, the objective was to identify genes and biological mechanisms involved in the early stages of WS using a paternal broiler line that grows slightly slower than commercial ones, at 35 days of age, through the RNA sequencing of the pectoralis major muscle. Thirty genes were differentially expressed between normal and WS-affected chickens, with 23 upregulated and 7 downregulated in the affected broilers. Of these, 14 genes are novel candidates for WS and are implicated in biological processes related to muscle development (CEPBD, DUSP8, METTL21EP, NELL2, and UBE3D), lipid metabolism (PDK4, DDIT4, FKBP5, DGAT2, LIPG, TDH, and RGCC), and collagen (COL4A5 and COL4A6). Genes related to changes in muscle fiber type and the processes of apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, and differentiation are possibly involved with the initial stage of WS development. In contrast, the genes linked to lipid metabolism and collagen may have their expression altered due to the progression of the myopathy.

Sodium copper chlorophyllin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy for B16 melanoma cancer cells.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and fatal skin cancers owing to its ability to metastasize and develop resistance to chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally noninvasive treatment modality comprising photosensitizers (PSs), light sources, and endogenous molecular oxygen that exert a localized cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. The current study explores the therapeutic potential of sodium copper chlorophyllin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CH-SCC NPs) along with handheld laser-based PDT on B16 cancer cells. A modified chlorophyll derivative identified as sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) is a dietary supplement that has anticancer properties. Herein, we have synthesized CH-SCC NPs using the ionic gelation method to enhance the PS's bioavailability and efficiency. Chitosan nanoparticles exhibited high biocompatibility in a normal cell line L929, zebrafish, and chick embryos, and were successfully employed to deliver the SCC to cancer cells. CH-SCC NPs showed an enhanced PDT effect that killed approximately 80%-85% of B16 cells. CH-SCC NPs in combination with a handheld portable laser source showed significant therapeutic potential against the B16 skin cancer cell line. The experimental findings further strengthen our device-repurposing strategy, which suggests that SCC nanoformulations along with handheld laser can be a suitable treatment for skin cancer even in remote areas where power source and treatment cost can be a limitation.

Detection of normal chicken meat and tiren chicken using naïve bayes classifier and glcm feature extraction

Detection of normal chicken meat and tiren chicken using naïve bayes classifier and glcm feature extraction

Differential detection of chicken heterodimeric cytokines, interleukin 12 and 23 using their subunit-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a recently identified member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines that play a critical role in regulating T helper cell function. IL-12 and IL-23 share a common p40 subunit, but differ in their p35 and p19 subunits, respectively. This difference in subunit composition results in distinct signaling pathways and biological functions for IL-12 and IL-23. Here, we report the functional characterization and immunomodulatory properties of chicken IL-12 and IL-23 using the panels of newly developed mouse anti-IL-12p40, IL-12p35-α and IL-23p19 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Western blot and indirect ELISA analysis demonstrated that the anti-chicken IL-12p40 mAbs (chIL-12p40; #10G10F4 and #10D8G2) bound to both recombinant proteins (IL-12 and IL-23), the anti-chicken IL-12p35 mAb (chIL-12p35; #2F1) specifically recognized recombinant IL-12, and the anti-chicken IL-23p19 mAb (chIL-23p19; #15A3) exhibited specificity for recombinant IL-23, without any cross-reactivity. Two ELISAs detecting specific chicken IL-12 (#10G10F4 and #2F1) or IL-23 (#10D8G2 and #15A3) were developed using newly developed mAb combinations, #10G10F4/ #2F1 and #10D8G2/#15A3 for IL-12 and IL-23, respectively, identified through a pairing assay. The levels of IL-12 and IL-23 in Resiquimod-848 stimulated-HD11 chicken macrophage cells were monitored over time using antigen-capture sandwich ELISA developed in this study. Furthermore, the levels of chicken IL-12 and IL-23 in the circulation of Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) and Eimeria tenella (E. tenella)-infected chickens were determined. Notably, the anti-chIL-12p40 mAbs (#10G10F4 and #10D8G2) neutralized the function of both chIL-12 and chIL-23 proteins, which share the p40 subunit, while the anti-chIL-23p19 mAb (#15A3) specifically neutralized chIL-23 protein in HD11 cells in vitro. The anti-chIL-12p35 mAb (#2F1), which is specific to the p35 subunit of IL-12, showed a partial neutralizing effect on chIL-12 protein. Collectively, our study validates the specificity and significance of 2 newly developed antigen-capture immunoassays for chIL-12 and chIL-23 which will expand our understanding of the functional characteristics of IL-12 and IL-23 and their association in normal and diseased chickens. These mAbs for each subunit, anti-chIL-12p35, anti-chIL-12p40 and anti-chIL-23p19, will serve as valuable immune reagents to elucidate host immune responses against disease pathogenesis in both fundamental and applied studies of avian species.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles prevent bacterial infection in chicken egg model and mitigate biofilm formation on medical catheters.

Investigating the application of innovative antimicrobial surface coatings on medical devices is an important field of research. Many of these coatings have significant drawbacks, including biocompatibility, coating stability and the inability to effectively combat multiple drug-resistant bacteria. In this research, we developed an antibiofilm surface coating for medical catheters using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (b-Cs-AgNPs) developed using leaves extract of Calliandra surinamensis. Various characterization techniques were employed to thoroughly characterize the synthesized b-Cs-AgNPs and c-AgNPs. b-Cs-AgNPs were compatible with human normal kidney cells and chicken embryos. It did not trigger any skin inflammatory response in in vivo rat model. b-Cs-AgNPs demonstrated potent zone of inhibition of 19.09mm when subjected to the disc diffusion method in E. coli confirming strong antibacterial property. Different anti-bacterial assays including liquid growth curve, colony counting assay, biofilm formation assay supported the potent antimicrobial efficacy of b-Cs-AgNPs alone and when coated to medical grade catheters. Mechanistic studies reveal the presence of ferulic acid, that was important for the synthesis of b-AgNPs along with enhanced antibacterial effects of b-Cs-AgNPs compared to c-AgNPs, supported by molecular docking analysis. These results together demonstrated the effective role b-Cs-AgNPs in combating infections and mitigating biofilm formations, highlighting their need for further study in the field of biomedical applications.

Differential responses to heat stress in normal and dwarf chickens: implications for meat quality and immune function

Abstract This study investigated the impact of heat stress (HS) on meat quality, antioxidant ability, and immunity in normal and dwarf-size chickens. A total of 144 chickens, with 72 from the normal yellow chicken (NYC) strain and 72 from the dwarf yellow chicken (DYC) strain, were equally divided into groups exposed to heat stress (35±1°C for 8 hours daily) and those kept at 28±1°C as the control group. After seven days of treatment, meat color parameters, including lightness (L*-value), redness (a*-value), and yellowness (b*-value), were assessed. Histopathological examination was conducted on spleen tissues to assess structural changes. Gene expression analysis determined the expression levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and liver catalase (CAT) related to immune response and antioxidant capacity. HS significantly affected meat color parameters, with an increase in lightness (L*-value) (P<0.01) and a decrease in redness (a*-value) (P<0.01) observed in breast and thigh muscles. Furthermore, HS led to increased drip loss (P<0.05), cooking loss (P<0.05), and shear force (P<0.01) in breast muscles. Histopathological examination of spleen tissues revealed varying degrees of lymphoid depletion, necrosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in response to HS. Gene expression analysis showed that HS upregulated the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-6 in the spleen of NYC (P<0.05) but not in DYC. Additionally, HS reduced the expression of liver catalase (CAT) in NYC (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on DYC. These findings indicate that HS adversely affects meat quality, immune response, and antioxidant capacity in broilers, with normal-sized chickens being more susceptible to these effects compared to dwarf chickens. The results provide valuable insights into the differential responses of chicken strains to HS and underscore the importance of considering genetic factors in mitigating the negative impacts of heat stress on poultry production.

Protein phosphatases regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the chick retina

Different kinase-dependent cell signaling pathways are known to play important roles in glia-mediated neuroprotection and reprogramming of Müller glia (MG) into Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retina. However, very little is known about the phosphatases that regulate kinase-dependent signaling in MG. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) databases, we investigated patterns of expression of Dual Specificity Phosphatases (DUSP1/6) and other protein phosphatases in normal and damaged chick retinas. We found that DUSP1, DUSP6, PPP3CB, PPP3R1 and PPPM1A/B/D/E/G are widely expressed by many types of retinal neurons and are dynamically expressed by MG and MGPCs in retinas during the process of reprogramming. We find that inhibition of DUSP1/6 and PP2C phosphatases enhances the formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas and in retinas treated with insulin and FGF2 in the absence of damage. By contrast, inhibition of PP2B phosphatases suppressed the formation of proliferating MGPCs, but increased numbers of proliferating MGPCs in undamaged retinas treated with insulin and FGF2. In damaged retinas, inhibition of DUSP1/6 increased levels of pERK1/2 and cFos in MG whereas inhibition of PP2B's decreased levels of pStat3 and pS6 in MG. Analyses of scRNA-seq libraries identified numerous differentially activated gene modules in MG in damaged retinas versus MG in retinas treated with insulin+FGF2 suggesting significant differences in kinase-dependent signaling pathways that converge on the formation of MGPCs. Inhibition of phosphatases had no significant effects upon numbers of dying cells in damaged retinas. We conclude that the activity of different protein phosphatases acting through retinal neurons and MG “fine-tune” the cell signaling responses of MG in damaged retinas and during the reprogramming of MG into MGPCs.

An in vitro validation system for chicken bioreactors using immortalized chicken oviductal epithelial cells

The utilization of chicken oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) as a bioreactor to produce therapeutic proteins has shown promise, but the time taken to obtain transgenic offspring impedes efficient validation of protein production. To overcome this barrier, we focused on the immortalization of chicken OECs (cOECs) using retroviral vector-mediated c-MYC oncogene expression to establish an in vitro pre-validation system for chicken bioreactors. The resulting immortalized cOECs exhibited sustained proliferation, maintained a normal diploid chicken karyotype, and expressed key oviduct-specific genes (OVA, OVM, LYZ, AVD, and ESR1). Notably, hormonal administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) or progesterone (P4) upregulated oviduct-specific genes in these cells. To enhance the utility of these immortalized cOECs as an in vitro validation system for chicken bioreactors, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology was employed to knock-in (KI) an enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene at the ovalbumin (OVA) locus. The resulting OVA EGFP KI immortalized cOECs secreted both EGFP and OVA proteins into the culture medium, with secretion enhanced under DES treatment. This successful integration of an exogenous gene into cOECs enhances their potential as a versatile in vitro validation system for chicken bioreactors. The established immortalized cOECs overcome previous challenges associated with long-term culture and maintenance, providing a reliable platform for efficient protein production validation. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of the immortalized cOECs, addressing critical limitations associated with in vivo systems and laying a foundation for the development of a streamlined and effective chicken bioreactor model.

Molecular genetic foundation of a sex-linked tailless trait in Hongshan chicken by whole genome data analysis

As a Chinese local chicken breed, Hongshan chickens have 2 kinds of tail feather phenotypes, normal and taillessness. Our previous studies showed that taillessness was a sex-linked dominant trait. Abnormal development of the tail vertebrae could be explained this phenomenon in some chicken breeds. However, the number of caudal vertebrae in rumpless Hongshan chickens was normal, so rumplessness in Hongshan chicken was not related to the development of the caudal vertebrae. Afterwards, we found that rumplessness in Hongshan was due to abnormal development of tail feather rather than abnormal development of caudal vertebrae. In order to understand the genetic foundation of the rumplessness of Hongshan chickens, we compared and reanalyzed 2 sets of data in normal and rumpless Hongshan chickens from our previous studies. By joint analysis of genome-wide selection signature analysis and genome-wide association approach, we found that 1 overlapping gene (EDIL3) and 16 peak genes (ENSGALG00000051843, ENSGALG00000053498, ENSGALG00000054800, KIF27, PTPRD, ENSGALG00000047579, ENSGALG00000041052, ARHGEF28, CAMK4, SERINC5, ENSGALG00000050776, ERCC8, MCC, ADAMTS19, ENSGALG00000053322, CHRNA8) located on the Z chromosome was associated with the rumpless trait. The results of this study furtherly revealed the molecular mechanism of the rumpless trait in Hongshan chickens, and identified the candidate genes associated with this trait. Our results will help to improve the shape of chicken tail feathers and to rise individual economic value in some specific market in China.

Relationships of quality indices with wooden breast myopathy severity in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage

ABSTRACT 1. This study investigated the relationships of quality indices with the severity of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage. The physicochemical properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), microbial quality and fatty acid profiles of normal chicken breast meat samples (NOR samples, n = 63), moderate WB (MWB, n = 63) myopathy and severe WB (SWB, n = 63) myopathy (MWB and SWB samples, respectively) were evaluated immediately after sampling and after 4 and 8 d of refrigerated storage at 4°C. 2. Total collagen, fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents, redness and pH of the SWB and MWB samples were higher than the NOR samples. The SWB samples that were stored for 8 d had poor WHC, total viable counts (TVC) of higher than 7.0log colony-forming units, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of greater than 15 mg/100 g and a thiobarbituric acid – reactive substance level of higher than 1 mg/kg malondialdehyde. 3. No significant difference was observed in the TVB-N content and TVC of the MWB and NOR samples during storage. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was lower in the SWB and MWB samples than in the NOR samples. The SWB samples were tougher than the MWB and NOR samples after 8 d of refrigeration. 4. In conclusion, the quality of chicken breast meat with SWB myopathy degraded considerably over time; thus, such meat should not be subjected to extended refrigeration for storage.

Genetic mapping of the novel congenital loco locus on chromosome Z in Silkie Fowl chickens

ABSTRACT 1. ‘Congenital loco’ is a disorder in birds expressed at hatching, and the primary symptom is dorsal backward bending of the neck. It is a recessive disease caused by a mutation in a specific genetic locus. The following study identified a novel locus associated with congenital loco in Silkie Fowl chickens. 2. Normal and congenital loco-affected Silkie Fowl chicks exhibited no differences in the frequencies of markers on chromosome 12 adjacent to the congenital loco locus reported in a previous study in Rhode Island Red chickens. Sex determination of congenital loco-affectedchicks revealed that they were female only. 3. Bulked segregant analyses using next-generation sequencing narrowed the causative region of congenital loco to approximately 3.3 Mb between bases 9,569,012 and 12,863,792 on chromosome Z.

Estimating In Vitro Protein Digestion and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score of Chicken Breasts Affected by White Striping and Wooden Breast Abnormalities.

An understanding regarding impacts of growth-related myopathies, i.e., white striping (WS) and wooden breast (WB), on the quality of dietary protein from cooked chicken breast is still limited. This study aimed at comparing protein content and in vitro protein digestion and estimating the in vitro protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of cooked chicken meat exhibiting different abnormality levels (i.e., normal, WS, and WS + WB). The results show that the WS + WB samples exhibited lower protein content, greater cooking loss, and greater lipid oxidation than those of normal samples (p < 0.05). No differences in protein carbonyls or the myofibril fragmentation index were found (p ≥ 0.05). Cooked samples were hydrolyzed in vitro using digestive enzyme mixtures that subsequently mimicked the enzymatic reactions in oral, gastric, and intestinal routes. The WS + WB samples exhibited greater values of free NH2 and degree of hydrolysis than the others at all digestion phases (p < 0.05), suggesting a greater proteolytic susceptibility. The in vitro PDCAAS of the WS + WB samples was greater than that of the other samples for pre-school children, school children, and adults (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that the cooked chicken breast with the WS + WB condition might provide greater protein digestibility and availability than WS and normal chicken breasts.

Non‐contact vital signs monitoring in broiler chickens

AbstractMeasuring the heartbeat and respiration of animals continuously can provide valuable information about their health status. Respiratory‐related diseases are very common in the poultry industry and unfortunately, there is no non‐contact respiratory monitoring system for measuring the breathing rate and heart rate of the broiler chicken. In this letter, the authors explored and tested the feasibility of utilizing a 24‐GHz continuous‐wave (CW) radar module for monitoring the vital signs (breathing rate and heart rate) of broiler chickens. A signal processing approach has been developed to extract vital signs of broiler chicken from Radar‐captured signals. The experiment was carried out on three different normal broiler chickens with the ages of 25–30 days, weight 1.18–1.6 kg where a 24‐GHz radar module was mounted at a distance of 0.2 m above the chest surface of the chicken, and this particular experiment was repeated for 20 times. The authors also used a reference ECG module (Biopac System) for extracting the breathing rate and heart rate of the broiler chicken and compared the accuracy of their proposed system. Experimental results demonstrated that the radar measurement closely matches the Biopac ECG acquisition module measurement and showed an accuracy of 96% for a short‐scale study.

Complete genome sequences generated using hybrid Nanopore-Illumina assembly of two non-typical Avibacterium paragallinarum strains isolated from clinically normal chicken flocks.

We report the complete genome sequences of two non-typical Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) strains isolated from chickens in the absence of clinical signs. The availability of these genomes can aid scientists in improving current diagnostics and increase our understanding of AP epidemiology and pathogenicity in chickens.

Ultrasonographic features of the regressing yolk sac of normal captive Brown kiwi chicks (Apteryx mantelli) vary with age.

Brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) are a culturally significant ratite species endemic to New Zealand. Chicks can develop diseases of the yolk sac which can be fatal if not promptly recognized and treated. Ultrasound examination of the yolk sac is an important component in the evaluation of chicks with suspected yolk sac disease. However, there are currently no reports of the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the regressing yolk sac in this species. The objective of this prospective reference interval study was to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the yolk sac in brown kiwi chicks. Focused coelomic sonographic examinations were performed on 29 healthy chicks from >1 day of age until the yolk sac was completely absorbed or was <1mL in volume. 41.6% (57/137) of yolks were round/ovoid in shape and 58.6% (80/137) had lobulated margins with invaginations. All yolks (137/137) were hyperechoic relative to adjacent coelomic structures. The heterogeneity of the echogenicity of the yolk was significantly associated with age (increased heterogeneity in younger birds) and was homogeneous, mildly heterogeneous, and moderately heterogeneous in 33% (46/138), 46% (63/138), and 21% (29/138) of all examinations respectively. Intrasac anechoic pockets were seen in 14% (20/139) of yolk sacs. The rate of yolk sac resorption slowed with age. In all examinations identifying a completely absorbed yolk sac or a yolk sac <1mL in volume, chicks were less than 21 days old. The results of this study provide a reference of normal for the sonographic appearance of the yolk sac in captive brown kiwi chicks.

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An experiment was carried out to assess the optimum turmeric concentration and ideal mating ratios for Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for production performance of fertile eggs and hatchability. A total of 162 ten weeks old females and 27 males were assigned in the study. They were fed on a commercial layer quail diet containing approximately 18 % crude protein and 3000 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg and reared for 12 weeks in three mating ratios: 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8. (male: female), each replicated three times. A total of 540 selected hatching eggs per batch of incubation were collected and less than 7 days stored, then were incubated for hatching performance. Percentage of average egg production (AEP-%), feed intake (FI-g), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight (EW-g), egg mass (EM-g/bird) and hatching performance were determined. It was observed that FI were the only performance production affected significantly (P&lt;0.001) by feeding a commercial diet mixed with liquid turmeric. Mating ratios influence FI and FCR (P&lt;0.001). Most hatching performances were affected by turmeric and sex ratios, except dead in-shell and normal quail chicks. The values of AEP (87.16%) and EM (8.42 g/bird/d) were the highest performance with 10 g/kg of turmeric. The ratio of 1:4 was the best mating ratio for local quail breed with highest records of all hatching performances significantly.

MiR-27b-5p regulates chicken liver disease via targeting IRS2 to suppress the PI3K/AKT signal pathway

The liver is a vital organ in chickens that performs a number of crucial physiological functions, including the storage of hepatic glycogen, protein synthesis, detoxification, and deoxidation. The growth and metabolism of the liver are complex processes influenced by factors such as environment, diet, and genetics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as post-transcriptional regulatory molecules, play a role in various biological processes. There is growing evidence that miR-27b-5p plays a key role in the regulation of liver development and metabolism in various species. However, its role in chicken livers has yet to be determined. In our experiment, we found that chickens with fatty livers had significantly higher levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) compared to the normal chickens, while the control group had significantly higher levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and serum hormones. Further research showed that the mRNA of miR-27b-5p was highly expressed in fatty livers. By exploring the function of miR-27b-5p in chicken livers, we discovered that it promotes lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. Our study also established the mechanism by which miR-27b-5p interacts with its target gene, and found that miR-27b-5p targets insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and modulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, our investigation of IRS2 in chicken hepatocytes revealed that knocking down IRS2 has the same effects as overexpressing miR-27b-5p. In conclusion, our study revealed that miR-27b-5p directly binds to IRS2, inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and causing steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in chicken liver.

Comparative- and network-based proteomic analysis of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis lesions in broiler’s proximal tibiae identifies new molecular signatures of lameness

Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO) is a specific cause of lameness in commercial fast-growing broiler (meat-type) chickens and represents significant economic, health, and wellbeing burdens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This study represents the first comprehensive characterization of the proximal tibia proteome from healthy and BCO chickens. Among a total of 547 proteins identified, 222 were differentially expressed (DE) with 158 up- and 64 down-regulated proteins in tibia of BCO vs. normal chickens. Biological function analysis using Ingenuity Pathways showed that the DE proteins were associated with a variety of diseases including cell death, organismal injury, skeletal and muscular disorder, immunological and inflammatory diseases. Canonical pathway and protein–protein interaction network analysis indicated that these DE proteins were involved in stress response, unfolded protein response, ribosomal protein dysfunction, and actin cytoskeleton signaling. Further, we identified proteins involved in bone resorption (osteoclast-stimulating factor 1, OSFT1) and bone structural integrity (collagen alpha-2 (I) chain, COL2A1), as potential key proteins involved in bone attrition. These results provide new insights by identifying key protein candidates involved in BCO and will have significant impact in understanding BCO pathogenesis.