Abies Nordmanniana Research Articles

Cloning by cuttings in Nordmann fir, Abies nordmanniana: hormonal characteristics in relation crown position, rooting competence, and orthotropism as ramets

Conifer tree species belonging to Abies are notoriously difficult to propagate vegetatively due to aging of material, slow rooting, and persistent plagiotropism in rooted cuttings. We produced orthotropic shoots by reiteration from strongly pruned trees (5–6 years and 12–14 years, respectively), and harvested cuttings in summer. By HPLC–MS we analyzed the stem base of each cutting for initial hormonal status, and used state-of-the art techniques for a lengthy rooting procedure. Rooting efficiency and orthotropism of the resulting ramets were recorded. Hormonal content varied significantly among cuttings types with differing positional origins on the mother tree. High rooting percentages were obtained in all types; a low original position on the main stem gave slightly better rooting but orthotropism in the ramets was slightly less frequent. Striking differences were found in cytokinin profiles between cuttings from young and mature trees. This might explain a generally lower rooting success in the latter; neither auxin levels nor the auxin: active cytokinin ratio showed any correlation with rooting capacity. Cuttings from mature trees were also less likely to remain orthotropic after rooting. Cuttings that eventually developed into orthotropic ramets were characterized by low ABA, and high levels in a range of cytokinins. The study suggests that active: conjugated cytokinins may be related to the maturation process in trees and that cytokinin content may also relate to shoot dimorphism. These results contribute to a protocol for propagation of orthotropic ramets in a Massart model tree species with strong plagiotropism.

An efficient bioreactor platform for scaling up the proliferation of Nordmann fir’s (Abies nordmanniana) somatic embryos

Increased market demand for high-quality Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) Christmas trees, achieving reduced production costs and improved pest resistance, necessitates the establishment of efficient mass micropropagation platforms for the species. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful tool for clonal propagation of woody plants. Utilizing the advantages of liquid culture media over solid media, the scalability of Nordmann fir somatic embryo proliferation was investigated through developing a batch culture using the disposable WAVE bioreactor (DWB) system, without feedback controls for pH and dissolved oxygen. This study revealed that the inoculation of a 10-L cellbag with 1 g L−1 FW (fresh weight) of A. nordmanniana embryogenic callus can produce ~ 70,000–111,000 vigorous and synchronized somatic embryos. Such outcomes were achieved with the rock speeds of 25 and 35 rpm and rock angle of 6° for 25 days at 24 ± 1 °C, respectively. The gas mix was a combination of O2 (21%) and a stepwise reduction of CO2 ended by 2% (v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 L min−1. The application of 500 mg L−1 of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) effectively stabilized the pH between 5.3 and 5.4. Furthermore, DWB was found an efficient system for accelerating and scaling up the proliferation of A. nordmanniana somatic embryos, as it is a high-yielding, user-friendly, functional, and rapid alternative to conventional methods with solid media.

Effects of cross-sectional geometry and force direction on bending strength and modulus of elasticity of some softwood beams

The effects of cross-sectional geometry and force direction on bending strength (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were investigated in selected softwoods. The specimens were constructed of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Black pine (Pinus nigra), Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), Stone pine (Pinus pinea), Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis), and Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani). A total of 280 specimens were prepared from these seven species in two different cross-sectional geometries (circular and square, equal in area) and tested in two characteristic force directions (tangential and radial) by 10 replications. They were subjected to three-point bending tests according to TS 2474 (2005) and TS 2478 (2005) to obtain the MOR and MOE. The results showed that the type of cross-sectional area and direction of applied force, individually or together, had considerable effects on the MOR and MOE. The MOR values of the circular-sectioned specimens were 5% greater than those of the square-sectioned specimens. The MOE values of the circular-sectioned specimens were on average 19% greater than those of the square-sectioned specimens. The MOR and MOE values were on average 7% and 17% greater, respectively, for the force applied in the tangential direction.

<p class="Body"><strong>Supplementary descriptions and DNA barcodes of two rarely encountered <em>Trisetacus</em> species (Eriophyoidea, Phytoptidae) associated with Tertiary relict conifers from the Mediterranean region</strong></p>

New records and supplementary morphological descriptions of two rarely encountered Trisetacus species from Pinaceae, T. abietis Postner 1968 and T. cedri (Nalepa 1920), are reported. Trisetacus abietis was found in Abkhazia under the needle epidermis of Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach, a conifer endemic to the mountainous Asian coast of the Black Sea. Trisetacus cedri was found in buds of introduced Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don in Abkhazia and South Africa. It is the only member of Trisetacus known from Cedrus spp. For the first time we provide sequences of two genes (COI and D1–D2 28S) of T. abietis (MN022221, MN025333) and T. cedri (MN022222, MN022223, MN025334, MN025335), along with microphotographs of the damage caused by these mites on their coniferous hosts. Sequences of D1–D2 28S of T. cedri from Abkhazian and South African populations are identical; COI sequences from different populations differ by only one synonymous substitution in a codon for asparagine. Females of T. abietis have long asymmetrical 8/7-rayed empodia, whereas males have shorter symmetrical 6/6-rayed empodia and shorter solenidia ω I. Similar sexual dimorphism in tarsal appendages was previously reported in Novophytoptus, representing an endoparasitic lineage of phytoptids on monocots. In T. cedri, a “long form” and a “short form” of both males and females were detected, suggesting a complex life cycle in this species. The evolution of Trisetacus is discussed within the broader context of the molecular phylogenies of Pinaceae and Eriophyoidea, including estimations of divergence times.

Root-Associated Microbial Communities of Abies nordmanniana: Insights Into Interactions of Microbial Communities With Antioxidative Enzymes and Plant Growth.

Abies nordmanniana is a major Christmas tree species in Europe, but their uneven and prolonged growth slows down their production. By a 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach, we performed a characterization of root-associated bacterial and fungal communities for three-year-old A. nordmanniana plants collected from two nurseries in Denmark and Germany and displaying different growth patterns (small versus tall plants). Proteobacteria had the highest relative abundance at both sampling sites and plant sizes, and Ascomycota was the most abundant fungal phylum. At the order level, Acidobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Burkholderiales, Rhizobiales, and Xanthomonadales represented the bacterial core microbiome of A. nordmanniana, independently of the sampling site or plant size, while the fungal core microbiome included members of the Agaricales, Hypocreales, and Pezizales. Principal Coordinate Analysis indicated that both bacterial and fungal communities clustered according to the sampling site pointing to the significance of soil characteristics and climatic conditions for the composition of root-associated microbial communities. Major differences between communities from tall and small plants were a dominance of the potential pathogen Fusarium (Hypocreales) in the small plants from Germany, while Agaricales, that includes reported beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi, dominated in the tall plants. An evaluation of plant root antioxidative enzyme profiles showed higher levels of the antioxidative enzymes ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in small plants compared to tall plants. We suggest that the higher antioxidative enzyme activities combined with the growth arrest phenotype indicate higher oxidative stress levels in the small plants. Additionally, the correlations between the relative abundances of specific taxa of the microbiome with the plant antioxidative enzyme profiles were established. The main result was that many more bacterial taxa correlated positively than negatively with one or more antioxidative enzyme activity. This may suggest that the ability of bacteria to increase plant antioxidative enzyme defenses is widespread.

DYNAMICS OF ILLUMINANCE INCIDENT ON THE LANW SURFACE IN THE SHADE OF VARIOUS WOODY SPECIES

Aim. This paper is aimed at studying the relative light conditions (RLC) for lawns in the crown shade of light‐requiring and shade‐tolerant trees from the landscaping sites of Stavropol.Methods. The illuminance incident on the lawn surface was measured using a TKA‐LUX light meter from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., every two hours.Results. It is shown that lawns under the crowns of light‐requiring tree species (Larix sibirica), received the highest RLC. During three calendar periods (22.05–15.06–18.09.2017, from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.), its value amounted to 8.2‐9.2% (9.2% – at 1 p.m.); 4.6‐6.8% (6.8%); 7.0‐12.9% (12.9%). The projective cover of the lawns reached 75‐90%. In case of Betula pendula, the RLC values were as follows: 2.6‐3.7% (3.7%); 1.9‐3.2% (3.0%); 3.6‐5.7% (5.6%), with the projective cover amounting to 75‐90%. Under the crowns of shade‐tolerant species, Abies nordmanniana, the RLC values reached 1.0‐1.5% (1.0%), 0.6‐1.5% (0.6%), 0.7‐3.0 (0.7%), with the projective cover of lawns amounting to 10‐25%. For Aesculus hip‐ pocastanum, these values were equal to 0.6‐0.8% (0.6%); 0.6‐0.8% (0.6%); 9.0‐11.5% (11.2%), with dead patches being frequently formed. Projective cover values for shaded lawns correlate with the RLC value (r = 0.89).Conclusions. Under present conditions, ground covers consisting of Vinca minor shrubs and Hedera helix vines can be used in urban greening for intensively shaded sites.

Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of some industrial tree bark extracts

Wood bark is a residue of forestry production that is used as a fuel source. The chemical composition of tree bark is similar to that of the harvested wood, and it contains a variety of useful compounds. To determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different barks, fir (Abies nordmanniana), beech (Fagus orientalis), pine (Pinus sylvestris), poplar (Populus alba), and oak (Quercus robur) barks were selected because they are used for industrial purposes in Turkey. The dried bark powders were extracted using a 65:35 methanol-water mixture (v/v) to determine the total phenolic content, the flavonoid content, and the antioxidant properties (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating, and H2O2 scavenging). The flavonoid components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and extracted by hexane to analyze the volatile components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The poplar bark extracts had the highest total phenolic content, highest total flavonoid content, and highest antioxidant content. The poplar bark extracts were rich in myricetin (87.761 mg/L), which is a flavonoid with rich antioxidant properties. The presence of valuable extracts suggests that barks may have uses as valuable raw materials for chemical applications such as cosmetics, perfumes, and food preservatives.

The composition of woody plants in the cemeteries of various religious communities in Istanbul-Turkey

Cemeteries harbor and protect the diversity of forest species in urban areas. Inventories of species contribute to a valuable understanding of the indigenous biodiversity within the cemeteries. The goal of this study was to compare the composition of tree and shrub species in cemeteries belonging to the Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities in Istanbul, Turkey. Five cemeteries (Karacaahmet - Muslim; Zincirlikuyu - Muslim; Şişli - Greek Orthodox; Balıklı - Armenian; Hasköy - Jewish) were analyzed to identify and interpret similarities in the density of floral species. The importance of preserving some of these species due to their rarity or threat level was established. Effects of management practices among the selected cemeteries were also encountered. Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana, Viburnum tinus, Fraxinus ornus Cerasus mahaleb, Euonymus latifolius and Liquidambar orientalis were important threatened species. Each of the five cemeteries exhibit different vegetation characteristics and species important to the individual religious traditions. The most widespread species at Karacaahmet were Cupressus spp. (46%) and Pistacia terebinthus (15%). At Zincirlikuyu, tree species were almost identical to those at Karacaahmet and included Cupressus spp. (34%) and Pinus spp. (18%). Tree species identified at Şişli included Cupressus spp. (43%) and Buxus sempervirens (16%). At Balıklı, Rosa spp. (46%) was widespread over the entire site. Cupressus spp. (19%) and Euonymus japonica (15%) were the most widespread tree species at Balıklı. Finally, the most prevalent species at Hasköy were Ligustrum lucidium (35%), and Euonymus japonica (18%). The Karacaahmet and Zincirlikuyu exhibited the diversity of plant species. They were followed by Balıklı, Şişli, and Hasköy, respectively. The density of plant species was highest at Zincirlikuyu, followed by Karacaahmet, Hasköy, Şişli, and Balıklı. A centralized system of management that recognizes and respects the differences in religious beliefs, cultures, and site conditions could be beneficial for the Istanbul cemeteries which are natural and cultural heritage bridges from the past to the future.

Cinara (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) species distributed in Turkey and their host plants

This study has been carried out between 2009 and 2018 in order to determine Cinara species and their host plants distributed in some region of Turkey. Cinara belongs to Eulachnini tribes and Lachninae subfamily, which in the light of the latest molecular studies have turned out to be the basal group for the other aphids. Aphids of the Cinara genus (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) includes about 200 species in the World and infest lignified parts, branches, trunks, roots and leaves of Pinaceae (especially Pinus, Cedrus, Abies and Picea )and Cupressaceae trees. Cinara species were identified according to the host plants where they colonize. Turkey distribution of this genus unknown exactly because of lack of enough studies on aphids. In the earlier studies, only 23 Cinara species were known from Turkey. As a result of these studies, 29 Cinara species collected on different plant species (Pinus spp., Cedrus spp., Juniperus spp., Cupressus spp., Plathyclaudus spp., Picea spp. and Abies nordmanniana) in the areas and 7 of them are new records for Turkey. The number of Cinara species occurring in Turkey has risen to 30 with these studies. Their world and Turkey distribution, host plants and population density were given.

Northwest Caucasus forest spreading evaluation by GIS modeling and historical and geographic data analysis

The article presents the results of the GIS modeling of the potential areas of the Northwest Caucasus coniferous and broad leaved forest stand dominants (Abies nordmanniana, Carpinus betulus, Fagus orientalis, Picea orientalis, Quercus species). The constructed models demonstrate the significantly wider potential areas of these species as compared with the real ones and the almost complete coincidence of the potential areas of dark coniferous tree species A. nordmanniana and P. orientalis. The precipitation parameter in the driest month of the year, altitude above the sea level and temperature seasonality make the greatest contribution to the construction of GIS models of the modern area of the dark coniferous and broad leaved tree species. The analysis of the materials on the natural resource management history demonstrated that it is not the climatic changes, but the anthropogenic changes, that has been the main cause of the reduction of the area of the coniferous-broad leaved forests of the Northwest Caucasus since the middle of the 19th century. The northern boundary of the forest belt has shifted significantly from the plains and foothills to the foothill and mountain areas as a result of the economic and military development of the area.

Characterization of Top Leader Elongation in Nordmann Fir (Abies nordmanniana)

Our understanding of the developmental changes that occur during top leader elongation in gymnosperms lags behind that in angiosperms. We developed a semiquantitative method for determining epidermal cell size, by measuring the Feret diameter after cell wall staining of stem epidermal peels. This method allowed a large number of cells to be measured at various locations in the top leader of the Christmas tree Abies nordmanniana. Further, we have identified the growth rate of individual sections of the top leader, and the relationship between cell length and needle arrangement throughout the top leader. At bud break, all stem units begin to elongate simultaneously, but growth ceases from the base upwards during top leader elongation. Long top leaders were characterized by having up to three times as long cells at the base compared to short top leaders, whereas the cell lengths were similar in the apical region independent of the given plant growth capacity. In the basal sector, the level of auxin was much higher, whereas the levels of cytokinins were lower than in the apical sector, causing the auxin/cytokinin ratio to change from about 3 in the apical sector to more than 20 in the basal part. The Fibonacci number changed in the apical sector due to an increased cell number in the stem units and therefore longer distance between the needles. We conclude that the general growth pattern during top leader elongation in A. nordmanniana is similar to angiosperms but differs at the cellular level.

Application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system on biosorption of malachite green using fir (Abies nordmanniana) cones biomass

Removal of malachite green (MG) onto fir (Abies nordmanniana) cones biomass (FCB) as a lingo-cellulosic-based structure material was investigated in the present study. Characterization of FCB was performed using Fourier transform infra red and scanning electron microscobe analyses. Several parameters (biomass dose and particle size, dye concentration, temperature, and pH) were investigated to determine optimal working conditions. Subsequently, FCB yelded a qe of 2.2 mg/g for 50 g/L FCB, in an MG solution of 110 mg/L, pH 3.3, at a temperature of 21 °C, on a 0.2-0.4 mm fraction powder after 146 h of contact. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system modeling was applied to experimental data and results showed that predicted model fitted experimental data with R2 = 0.994. In a nutshell, it can be concluded that FCB shows good potential for treating MG contaminated waters.

Сосновые леса (Pineta kochianae) в Республике Дагестан

Сосновые леса (Pineta kochianae) в Республике Дагестан

STEM TAPER ESTIMATIONS WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR MIXED ORIENTAL BEECH AND KAZDAĞI FIR STANDS IN KARABÜK REGION, TURKEY

ABSTRACT Development of artificial neural network (ANN) models to estimate stem tapers of individual trees in mixed Fagus orientalis and Abies nordmanniana subsp. Equi-trojani stands distributed in Karabuk region of Turkey, and comparison of the ANN models with stem taper equations were aimed in this study. The measurements were obtained from 516 sample trees (238 for Oriental beech and 278 for Kazdagi fir) in mixed stands of Karabuk region. The measurements included diameter at breast height, tree height, diameter at stump height, and diameters at intervals of 1 m along the stem. In total, 45 ANN models and four stem taper equations were developed. Estimation performances of ANN models and stem taper equations were compared using relative rankings according to seven goodness-of-fit criteria. As a result, the ANN models were more successful in estimation of stem taper for both tree species. The most successful ANN model structures were (i) the model using logistic function in hidden layer with 10 nodes and hyperbolic tangent function in output layer for Fagus orientalis, and (ii) the model using logistic function in hidden layer with 10 nodes and linear function in output layer for Abies nordmanniana subsp. Equi-trojani.

Presence of Phytophthora species in Swedish Christmas tree plantations

Phytophthora cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. lacustris, P. megasperma, P. plurivora, P. taxon paludosa and an unknown Phytophthora species were isolated from waterways and soil samples in Christmas tree fields in southern Sweden. In addition, P. megasperma was isolated from a diseased Norway spruce (Picea abies) plant from one of the fields in Svalov. Inoculation tests were sequentially carried out with one isolate from each of the three species P. cryptogea, P. megasperma, and P. plurivora, all known pathogens on conifers. The same three isolates were used to study a few morphological features to confirm the identification, and temperature-growth relationships were carried out to see how well the organisms fit into Swedish climatic conditions. Seedlings of Norway spruce and Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) were inoculated in the roots and the stems. None of the isolates caused extensive root rot under the experimental conditions, but all three species could be re-isolated from both Norway spruce and Nordmann fir. Phytophthora root rot is currently of minor concern for Christmas tree growers in Sweden. However, the Phytophthora isolations from soil and water indicate the presence of this damaging agent, which may lead to future problems.

THE GROWING SPACE UTILIZATION OF MAIN TREE SPECIES IN NORTHERN TURKEY

ABSTRACT Relationships between tree size and density are important to define the growing space utilization in a stand. Although a universal slope for the maximum size-density relationships (MSDRs) has been previously suggested, recent research have highlighted that these relationships are species-specific. Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Trojan fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp.equi-trojani), black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) represent different crown architecture, growth rate and shade tolerance; however, MSDRs have not been developed for these tree species in northern Turkey. In this study, average maximum density (DAM) slopes for these tree species were determined. Results suggested that MSDRs varied among the species, and that their slope differed from the universal slope of -1.605. The MSDRs described in this study are useful for managing stand density in natural stands of the species analyzed.

Do silver fir woolly adelgids (Dreyfusia nordmannianae) facilitate pathogen infestation with Neonectria neomacrospora on Christmas trees (Abies nordmanniana)?

In Europe, the most widely used Christmas tree species, Abies nordmanniana, has a long history of infestation with the adelgid Dreyfusia nordmannianae. Since 2011, the species has furthermore been increasingly damaged by the fungus Neonectria neomacrospora. The objective was to study whether infestations by N. neomacrospora were facilitated by the presence of adelgids in Nordmann fir and to explore the genetic components of this potential interplay. The damage caused by D. nordmannianae and N. neomacrospora in two Nordmann fir clonal seed orchards in Denmark was evaluated in 2014, and an experimental infestation was conducted to test the performance of Nordmann fir somatic embryogenesis-derived trees exposed to N. neomacrospora and D. nordmannianae individually or in combination by setting up an artificial infestation chamber. The genetic correlation between the two diseases was 0.54 at two clonal seed orchards, indicating that the trees susceptible to N. neomacrospora were also susceptible to D. nordmannianae or vice versa. In the experimental test, only trees in the treatment with both D. nordmannianae and N. neomacrospora developed needle loss and dieback symptoms. Thus, both the field evaluations and the experimental test revealed an interplay between D. nordmannianae and N. neomacrospora damage on Nordmann fir trees. Future studies should explore in more detail how D. nordmannianae interacts with N. neomacrospora. Our findings and future studies on this topic could have important implications for suitable breeding programs for Nordmann fir Christmas trees and forest pest management.

Genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction in the susceptibility of Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach to the fungus Neonectria neomacrospora (Booth & Samuels) Mantiri & Samuels

Pronounced clonal variation and moderate to high broad-sense heritability estimates of susceptibility to Neonectria neomacrospora were found in Abies nordmanniana in three sites. Significant genotype by environment (G × E) interaction was detected across sites. Nordmann fir, a widely used Christmas tree species in Europe, has, since 2011, been increasingly damaged by a canker disease caused by Neonectria neomacrospora. The objective was to study the genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction in the susceptibility of Nordmann fir to N. neomacrospora. Damage caused by N. neomacrospora was evaluated using a visual scale in three Nordmann fir clonal seed orchards in Denmark, partly containing the same clones. Damage due to N. neomacrospora was substantial at all three sites, and no clone was completely resistant to N. neomacrospora, but a large genetic variation in the susceptibility was detected among clones. Estimates of single-site individual broad-sense heritability for susceptibility varied between 0.38 and 0.47. The average type-B genetic correlation for damage score across sites was 0.34. Genetic variation was very pronounced, and significant G × E interactions were detected for susceptibility. Further investigations of narrow-sense heritability, expression of the trait in younger material, and identification of the cause of G × E for N. neomacrospora susceptibility in Nordmann fir across different sites are recommended.

Richness and diversity of litter and soil fauna as affected by differences in three fir species

SUMMARY: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between soil and litter properties and the distribution and diversity of microarthropods in Ataturk Arboretum (Turkey). Soil and litter samples were collected from three fir species: Taurus fir (TF - Abies cilicica Carr.), Uludag fir (UF - Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmuelleriana Mattf.) and Caucasian fir (CF - Abies nordmanniana ssp nordmanniana Mattf.). Microarthropods were sampled bimonthly using steel soil corers from May 2012 to March 2013. Redundancy analysis (RDA) detected clear relationships between microarthropods and litter mass and soil moisture. Litter mass at site CF was significantly larger than that at sites UF and TF. The mean annual density of microarthropods per square meter was 62,888 individuals m-2 for site TF, 57,246 individuals m-2 for site UF, and 59,959 individuals m-2 for site CF. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) values were significantly different among the study sites. Species diversity of soil arthropods was higher at site CF than at sites TF and UF. Results show that soil pH, litter mass and soil moisture are the principal attributes determining richness and diversity of microarthropods found under three different fir species.

The impact of density and mixture ratio of melamine on some properties of oriented strand board

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of density and melamine rate on thickness swelling, moisture resistance, modulus of elasticity in bending, bending strength and tensile strength of Oriented Strand Board. For this purpose, Oriented Strand Board panels were produced at three different density (550 - 570 - 590 kg.m-3 in size of 2440 x 1220 x 11 mm) and at five different mixture ratio of melamine in urea formaldehyde resin (0% - 2.5% - 5% - 15% - 20%). Urea formaldehyde and melamine urea formaldehyde included 65% solid content was used of 9.5% ratio relatively dry wood chip weight. At the process of Oriented Strand Board panels, Black pine (Pinus nigra), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Fir wood (Abies nordmanniana) chips were used at a rate of 80%, 15%, and 5%, respectively. Obtained results show that a linear correlation between the value of horizontal bending resistance, modulus of elasticity with panel density and melamine amount. It was understood that the values of longitudinal bending resistance did not show a direct increasing or decreasing in melamine amount and value of density. As it is seen that the values of longitudinal modulus of elasticity increases in proportion with the increase in the density. In perpendicular tensile strength to the surface; it is seen that values of all glue groups and density values which are intended by the standard for density values are covered. As melamine reinforcement ratio increases, average values of free formaldehyde decrease. It was determined that there was no direct correlation between the value of thickness swelling and panel density, and it had a correlation with used glue type.