Nonviable Tumor Research Articles

Anticancer Effect of dl-Glyceraldehyde and 2-Deoxyglucose in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice and Their Effect on Liver, Kidney and Haematological Parameters.

Cancer cells generally exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP generation (the Warburg effect). Compounds that inhibit glycolysis have potential applications in cancer treatment. dl-glyceraldehyde (DLG) and 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) have been proven effective in the inhibition of glucose metabolism. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) in 10-12weeks old Swiss albino mice, weighing between 20 and 30g. The anticancer activity of DLG and 2-DG were determined by tumor volume, tumor weight, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, average survival time, percentage increase in life span and tumor inhibition ratio. The blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis after 9days of treatment to study the effect on liver, kidney and haematological parameters. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney was also performed. One-way ANOVA test and Dunnett's test were used for comparisons of parameters in study groups. Both DLG and 2-DG individually decreased the tumor weight, tumor volume, viable tumor cell count and significantly increased the life span of treated mice, however the combination was found to be better. The biochemical parameters of liver and kidney functions and haematological parameters were restored close to control group as compared with the EAC bearing mice. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney in EAC control group showed large areas of necrosis, congestion and mononuclear cell infiltration but such changes were not observed in liver and kidney sections observed after i.p injection of DLG and 2-DG for 9days. Improvement was much better in the group where combination of these two drugs were used.

Molecular Bioluminescence Imaging as a Noninvasive Tool for Monitoring Tumor Growth and Therapeutic Response to MRI-Guided Laser Ablation in a Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The objective of this study was to quantitatively compare tumor imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and molecular bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and test the feasibility of monitoring the effect of MRI-guided laser ablation on tumor viability by 2-dimensional BLI and 3-dimensional diffuse luminescence tomography (3D DLIT) in an orthotopic rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. This study was approved by the animal care committee. Rats underwent injection of N1S1 cells stably transfected with an empty vector (n = 3) or a heat shock element luciferase reporter (HSE-luc; n = 4) into the liver. All rats underwent MRI to assess tumor establishment and volume and 2-dimensional BLI to assess tumor luminescence at day 7 with subsequent MRI and 2D BLI and 3D DLIT in select animals at days 14 and 21. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided laser ablation of the tumor was performed with preablation and postablation 2D BLI and/or 3D DLIT (n = 2). The tumors underwent histopathologic analysis to assess tumor viability. The MRI scans demonstrated hyperintense T2-weighted lesions at 3 of 3 and 4 of 4 sites in the empty vector and HSE-luc rats, respectively. Two-dimensional BLI quantitation demonstrated 23.0-fold higher radiance in the HSE-luc group compared with the empty vector group at day 7 (P < 0.01) and a significant correlation with tumor volume by MRI (r = 0.86; P < 0.03). Tumor dimensions by 3D DLIT and MRI demonstrated good agreement. Three-dimensional DLIT quantitation demonstrated better agreement with the percentage of nonviable tumor by histopathology than did 2D BLI quantitation after the MRI-guided laser ablation. Bioluminescence imaging is feasible as a noninvasive, quantitative tool for monitoring tumor growth and therapeutic response to thermal ablation in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Use of arterial to equilibrium enhancement washout to predict viability in liver cancers treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

Liver cancers are very common in Korea and Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is commonly used to diagnose them. This study improves the diagnosis of liver cancer by using a novel parametric image combining various phases of dynamic CT imaging. The objective of this study is to investigate the diagnostic value of arterial to equilibrium enhancement washout (AEEW) obtained by image registration and dynamic subtraction in predicting tumor viability in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Forty patients who had forty-seven iodized-oil defect areas (IODAs) in HCCs treated with TACE were included. These patients were divided into two groups, one group with viable tumors (n = 27) and the other group with non-viable tumors (n = 20) in the IODAs. All the patients underwent triple-phase CT before and after TACE. The attenuation differences of the IODAs between the arterial and the equilibrium phases were measured and compared between two groups. Quantitative AEEW color maps of the whole liver were created from the triple-phase CT image by using prototype research software. Two radiologists independently analyzed following two sets of image: one with standard tri-phase CT images and the other with tri-phase CT images and quantitative AEEW color map images. The diagnostic performances in terms of mean sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for identifying viable or non-viable tumors by using quantitative AEEW color map images in addition to tri-phase CT was larger than the performance obtained using tri-phase CT only. In conclusion, quantitative AEEW color map images improve the diagnostic performances of multiphasic CT for determining the viability of the IODA in a HCC treated with TACE.

Evaluation of Antitumor Activity of Mimusops elengi Leaves on Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma-Treated Mice

ABSTRACTContext: Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) Linn. (Sapotaceae) has been used as a folk medicine in wound healing, and the treatment of pain, and inflammation in many parts of India. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to explore the antitumor activity of methanol extract of M. elengi (MEME) in Swiss albino mice against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell line. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of tumor (EAC) cells in mice (n = 12), MEME was administered at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 9 consecutive days. On day 10, half of the mice were dissected and the rest were kept alive for assessment of increase in life span. The antitumor effect of MEME was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameter, and biochemical estimations. In vivo antioxidant parameters were assayed by estimating liver tissue enzyme. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of MEME was measured by using trypan blue exclusion method. Results and Discussion: MEME showed significant (p < .001) decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume, and viable cell count, and increased the life span of EAC bearing mice. Hematological, biochemical profile, and in vivo antioxidant parameters were significantly restored toward normal levels in MEME-treated mice as compared to EAC control. MEME also showed direct cytotoxicity on EAC cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that M. elengi leaves exhibited antitumor activity in Swiss mice, which may be due to its cytotoxic effect and antioxidant properties.

Antitumor potential of Citrus limetta fruit peel in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice

&lt;em&gt;Citrus limetta &lt;/em&gt;Risso (Rutaceae), commonly known as sweet lime in English and &lt;em&gt;Mousambi&lt;/em&gt; in India, has been traditionally used for several medicinal purposes. This study explored the relationship between &lt;em&gt;Citrus limetta &lt;/em&gt;fruit peel and its antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. The antitumor activity of methanol extract of peel of &lt;em&gt;Citrus limetta&lt;/em&gt; fruits (MECL) was evaluated against EAC cell line in Swiss albino mice. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor EAC cells in mice, MECL was administered at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight i.p. daily for nine consecutive days. On the 10th day, half of the mice were sacrificed for the estimation of tumor growth (tumor volume, viable and non-viable tumor cell counts), and hematologic parameters (red blood cells, white blood cells and hemoglobin). The rest were kept alive for assessment of survival parameters, &lt;em&gt;i.e. &lt;/em&gt;median survival time and percentage increase in life span of EAC bearing mice. Intraperitoneal administration of MECL at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for nine days to the carcinoma induced mice demonstrated a significant (P&amp;lt;0.001) decrease in tumor volume, viable tumor cell count, tumor weight and a significant (P&amp;lt;0.001) improvement in hematological parameters and life span as compared to the EAC control mice. The present study establishes marked and dose dependant anti-tumor effect of &lt;em&gt;C. limetta &lt;/em&gt;fruit peel against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss mice.

Evaluation of antitumor activity and in vivo antioxidant status of Anthocephalus cadamba on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma treated mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Family: Rubiaceae) is commonly known as “Kadamba” in Sanskrit and Hindi in India. Various parts of this plant have been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of tumor, wound healing, inflammation and as a hypoglycemic agent. Aim of studyThe purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the antitumor activity and antioxidant status of defatted methanol extract of A. cadamba (MEAC) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) treated mice. Materials and methodsIn vitro cytotoxicity assay has been evaluated by using the trypan blue method. The determination of in vivo antitumor activity was performed by using different EAC cells (2×106 cells, i.p.) inoculated mice groups (n=12). The groups were treated for 9 consecutive days with MEAC at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg b.w. respectively. After 24h of last dose and 18h of fasting, half of the mice were sacrificed and the rest were kept alive for assessment of increase in life span. The antitumor potential of MEAC was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters and biochemical estimations. Furthermore, antioxidant parameters were assayed by estimating liver and kidney tissue enzymes. ResultsMEAC showed direct cytotoxicity on EAC cell line in a dose dependant manner. MEAC exhibited significant (P<0.01) decrease in the tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. The hematological profile, biochemical estimations and tissue antioxidant assay were reverted to normal level in MEAC treated mice. ConclusionExperimental results revealed that MEAC possesses potent antitumor and antioxidant properties. Further research is going on to find out the active principle(s) of MEAC for better understanding of mechanism of its antitumor and antioxidant activity.

Antitumor activity of the methanolic extract of Ammannia baccifera L. against Dalton's ascites lymphoma induced ascitic and solid tumors in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIndia is a rich source of medicinal plants and a number of plant extracts are used against diseases in various systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Only a few of them have been scientifically explored. One of such plants is Ammannia baccifera L., traditionally used as an antitumor agent. Aim of the studyThe objective of the present study was to explore the anticancer activity of the methanol extract of A. baccifera against Dalton's ascites lymphoma (DAL)-bearing Swiss albino mice and in vitro cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Materials and methodsIn vitro cytotoxic effects of A. baccifera was evaluated against HeLa and NIH 3T3 cells using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] method. Anticancer activity of the extract was evaluated in Swiss albino mice against DAL cell line at the doses of 100 and 200mg/kg p.o. The extract was administered to animals for 14 consecutive days. After 12h fasting from last dose, the mice were sacrificed and the anticancer effect of A. baccifera was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters and certain antioxidant biochemical parameters against DAL bearing control group. ResultsThe extract of A. baccifera was cytotoxic to the HeLa cancer cell line but relatively non-toxic to the normal cell line NIH 3T3. A. baccifera extract treatment resulted in significant decreases in tumor volume, viable cell count and tumor weight and enhanced the life span of DAL bearing mice. Hematological parameters such as RBC, hemoglobin and lymphocyte count reverted to normal level in A. baccifera treated mice. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT. The anticancer effects of the A. baccifera extract is comparable with that of the standard drug 5-Fluorouracil. ConclusionThe results showed that the methanol extract of A. baccifera is effective in inhibiting the tumor growth in ascetic models that is comparable to 5-fluorouracil. This plant has potential in the development of anticancer therapy and this study scientifically validated the folklore use of this plant.

Thermochemoradiation Therapy Using Superselective Intra-arterial Infusion via Superficial Temporal and Occipital Arteries for Oral Cancer With N3 Cervical Lymph Node Metastases

To evaluate the therapeutic results and histopathological effects of treatment with thermochemoradiation therapy using superselective intra-arterial infusion via the superficial temporal and occipital arteries for N3 cervical lymph node metastases of advanced oral cancer. Between April 2005 and September 2010, 9 patients with N3 cervical lymph node metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma underwent thermochemoradiation therapy using superselective intra-arterial infusion with docetaxel (DOC) and cisplatin (CDDP). Treatment consisted of hyperthermia (2-8 sessions), superselective intra-arterial infusions (DOC, total 40-60 mg/m(2); CDDP, total 100-150 mg/m(2)) and daily concurrent radiation therapy (total, 40-60 Gy) for 4-6 weeks. Six of 9 patients underwent neck dissection 5-8 weeks after treatment. In four of these 6 patients, all metastatic lymph nodes, including those at N3, were grade 3 (non-viable tumor cells present) or grade 4 (no tumor cells present) tumors, as classified by the system by Shimosato et al (Shimosato et al Jpn J Clin Oncol 1971;1:19-35). In 2 of these 6 patients, the metastatic lymph nodes were grade 2b (destruction of tumor structures with a small amount of residual viable tumor cells). The other 3 patients did not undergo neck dissection due to distant metastasis after completion of thermochemoradiation therapy (n=2) and refusal (n=1). The patient who refused neck dissection underwent biopsy of the N3 lymph node and primary sites and showed grade 3 cancer. During follow-up, 5 patients were alive without disease, and 4 patients died due to pulmonary metastasis (n=3) and noncancer-related causes (n=1). Five-year survival and locoregional control rates were 51% and 88%, respectively. Thermochemoradiation therapy using intra-arterial infusion provided good histopathologic effects and locoregional control rates in patients with N3 metastatic lymph nodes. However, patients with N3 metastatic lymph nodes experienced a high rate of distant metastases.

Antitumor effects of Viscum album L. on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma In vivo

Viscum album L. is a parasitic plant that grows on various trees, commonly known as European mistletoe. In the present study, the antitumor effects of mistletoe have been assessed. The model of choice was Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC), which was inoculated in Swiss female mice. The Viscum album (VA) therapy was applied before and after EAC inoculation, and the results were both compared to EAC inoculated alone and with doxorubicin treated groups. In EAC injected animals, VA significantly increased the WBC count and the granulocytes number; while in the animals receiving VA before EAC administration, the plant extract seems to provide a lesser effect. The antiproliferative effect of VA was stronger in pretreated group, manifested by a lower cellular concentration, and a higher percentage on non-viable tumor cells.

Antitumour activity of Terminalia arjuna leaf against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice

Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Combretaceae), commonly known as ‘Arjuna’, is a large tree occurring throughout the Indian peninsula. This study was undertaken to evaluate the methanol extract of T. arjuna leaf (META) for antitumour activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Twenty-four hours after intraperitonial inoculation of tumour (EAC) cells in mice, META was administered at 100 and 200 mg kg−1 body weights for 9 consecutive days. On day 10, half of the mice were sacrificed and the rest kept alive for an assessment of the increase in life span. The antitumour effect of META was assessed by evaluating tumour volume, tumour weight, viable and non-viable tumour cell counts, median survival time and increase in life span of EAC-bearing hosts. Haematological profiles were estimated. META showed a significant (p<0.001) decrease in tumour volume, tumour weight and viable cell count, and also increased the life span of EAC-bearing mice. Haematological profiles were significantly (p<0.001) restored to normal levels in META-treated mice compared to the EAC control. Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that T. arjuna leaf exhibited remarkable antitumour activity against EAC in Swiss mice.

Antitumour effect of Diospyros cordifolia bark on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing Swiss albino mice

Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. (Ebenaceae), commonly known as Indian ebony, is used traditionally for several medicinal purposes. In this study, the methanol extract of D. cordifolia bark (MEDC) was evaluated for its antitumour effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing Swiss albino mice. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of tumour (EAC) cells in mice, MEDC was administered intraperitoneally at 25 and 50 mg kg–1 bodyweight for 9 consecutive days. On the 10th day, half of the mice were sacrificed to determine the tumour volume, viable and non-viable tumour cell counts, and rest were kept alive for the assessment of median survival time and increase in life span. Haematological profiles were also determined. MEDC exhibited a marked decrease in tumour growth parameters and increased the survival rate of EAC-bearing animals. MEDC normalised the haematological parameters as compared with the EAC control mice. Therefore, this study demonstrated that D. cordifolia bark possessed remarkable antitumour efficacy.

Chemoradiotherapy for maxillary sinus adenoid cystic carcinoma using superselective intra‐arterial infusion via a superficial temporal artery

The efficacy of concurrent intra-arterial infusion chemoradiotherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) has been described in only a few reports. Herein, we report on 2 patients with unresectable ACC of the maxillary sinus treated with this approach. Patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. External beam radiation was administered 5 times a week at 2 Gray (Gy) per fraction for a total of 60 Gy. Chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel and cisplatin was administered by superselective intra-arterial infusion via a superficial temporal artery. After the completion of all treatments in both patients, biopsy specimens of the primary lesions showed complete disappearance of all viable and nonviable tumor cells and new bone formation at the bony walls of the maxillary sinus. Although complications such as mucositis, neutropenia, and anorexia were observed, they were well-tolerated and manageable. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy using superselective intra-arterial infusion is a potential option for patients with unresectable maxillary ACC.

Evaluation of Antitumor Activity of Cuscuta Reflexa Roxb (Cuscutaceae) Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor effect of the chloroform and ethanol extract of the whole plant of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Cuscutaceae) in Swiss albino mice against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line.Methods: The antitumor activity of the chloroform and ethanol extracts of Cuscuta reflexa was evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor in mice at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight orally, respectively, while acute oral toxicity studies were performed to determine the safety of the extracts. Briefly, the EAC cells were injected (i.p.) into ninty six mice (divided into 6 numerically equal groups), and after a one-day incubation period, the extracts were administered to the mice daily for 16 days. On day 21, six animals in each group were sacrificed for observation of antitumor activity and the remaining animals were observed to determine host the life span. Antitumor effect was determined by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count and hematological parameters of the host. The standard antitumor used was 5-fluorouracil.Results: Administration of the extracts resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in tumor volume and viable cell count, but increased non-viable cell count and mean survival time, thereby increasing the life span of the tumor-bearing mice. Restoration of hematological parameters - red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocyte count - to normal levels in extract-treated mice was also observed.Conclusion: The results suggest that the chloroform and ethanol extracts of C. reflexa exhibit significant antitumor activity in EAC-bearing mice that is comparable to that of the reference standard, 5-fluorouracil.Keywords: Cuscuta reflexa, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, 5-Fluorouracil, Tumor volume, Viable cell count.

Antitumor efficacy and amelioration of oxidative stress by Trichosanthes dioica root against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice

Context: Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) is a dioecious climber, traditionally used in India for several medicinal purposes.Objective: The present study assessed the hydroalcoholic extract of T. dioica root (TDA) for antitumor effect and antioxidant influence against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice.Methods: Twenty four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor (EAC) cells in mice, TDA was administered at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight daily for 9 consecutive days. On the 10th day, half of the mice were sacrificed for estimation of tumor proliferation, hematological, and liver antioxidant parameters viz. lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT); and the rest were kept alive for assessment of increase in life span. The antitumor effect of TDA was assessed by evaluating tumor weight, tumor volume, packed cell volume, viable and non-viable tumor cell counts, median survival time and percentage increase in life span of EAC bearing mice.Results and discussion: TDA exhibited dose dependent and significant (p < 0.001) decrease in tumor weight, tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count and extended the life span of EAC bearing hosts. Hematological profiles were significantly (p < 0.001) restored near to normal in TDA treated mice as compared to EAC control. TDA treatment significantly (p < 0.001) modulated the aforesaid liver antioxidant parameters as compared to EAC control.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that TDA possessed promising antitumor efficacy in mice, plausibly mediated by amelioration of oxidative stress by multiple mechanisms.

Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser on Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma Treated Mice

The present study was undertaken is to explore the anticancer activity of the methanolic and aqueous stem extract of the Macrosolen parasiticus in Swiss albino mice against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line. The activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Macrosolen parasiticus was evaluated in Swiss albino mice against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line at the doses of 150 and 300 mg kg-1 body weight orally. Both extracts at both doses were administered for 13 consecutive days. Twenty four hours of last dose and eighteen hours of fasting, the mice were sacrificed and anti cancer effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight and hematological parameters of EAC bearing host. The both the extracts showed significant decrease in (p<0.0001) tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. Haematological profile such as RBC, haemoglobin and WBC count reverted to normal level in treated mice. From the result it was demonstrated that the extract has potent dose dependent anticancer activity and that is comparable to that of cisplatin. Aqueous extract at both doses (150 and 300 mg kg-1) and methanolic extract at 300 mg kg-1 dose showed potent anticancer activity. Further investigation to explore the potential of the aqueous extracts of M. parasiticus in tumor treatment may prove to be worthwhile as a natural source of the drug.

Value of diffusion-weighted imaging in the detection of viable tumour after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: comparison withT2weighted and PET/CT imaging

To evaluate the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in combination with T(2) weighted imaging (T2WI) compared with T2WI alone or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT for detecting viable tumour after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. 50 consecutive patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (≥T3 or lymph node positive) who underwent neoadjuvant CRT and subsequent surgery were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent 3.0 T rectal MRI and PET/CT after completing CRT. For qualitative analysis, two radiologists independently reviewed T2WI alone and DWI with T2WI over a 1-month interval. One nuclear medicine physician reviewed PET/CT images using a five-point scale. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for detecting viable tumour were assessed. For quantitative analysis, the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of the lesions were measured and compared between the viable tumour group and non-viable tumour groups. For detecting viable tumours, DWI with T2WI improved diagnostic accuracies (Reviewer 1 detected 90%; Reviewer 2, 86%) over T2WI alone (Reviewer 1 detected 76%, p=0.5; Reviewer 2, 64%, p=0.013) or PET/CT (48%, p<0.001). The sensitivity of DWI with T2WI (Reviewer 1 detected 98%; Reviewer 2, 91%) was significantly higher than those of T2WI alone (Reviewer 1 detected 77%; Reviewer 2, 64%) or PET-CT (43%, p<0.05). Only for Reviewer 2 was the NPV of DWI with T2WI (43%) significantly different from that of PET/CT (17%, p<0.05). The specificities and PPVs of DWI with T2WI were not improved over those of T2WI alone or of PET/CT (both p>0.05). The mean ADC of the viable tumour group (0.93 × 10(-3) mm(2) sc(-1)) was significantly lower than that of the non-viable tumour group (1.55 × 10(-3) mm(2) sc(-1), p<0.0001). Adding DWI to T2WI is helpful for detecting viable tumours after neoadjuvant CRT compared with T2WI alone or PET/CT in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Evaluation of anticancer activity of ethanol extract of Sesbania grandiflora (Agati Sesban) against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice

The plant Sesbania grandiflora (Fabaceae) is commonly known as "Sesbania" and "agathi" in ayurvedic system of medicine and reputed in the indigenous medicine in India. It is also known as "Agati Sesban" or "humming bird tree" in English. All parts of this unique plant are useful and have a wide spectrum of medicinal properties. The plant has various uses in folk and traditional medicines for headache, swellings, anemia, bronchitis, pains, liver disorders and tumors. The objective of the present study was to explore the anticancer activity of the ethanol extract of Sesbania grandiflora against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing Swiss albino mice. Anticancer activity of ethanol extract of Sesbania grandiflora (EESG) of both leaves and flowers were evaluated in Swiss albino mice against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line at the doses of 100 and 200mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered for 14 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours of last dose and 18 h of fasting, the mice were sacrificed and the anticancer effect of EESG was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological parameters and biochemical parameters of EAC bearing host. Sesbania grandiflora extracts showed significant decrease in (p<0.01) tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC bearing mice. Hematological profile such as RBC, hemoglobin and lymphocyte count reverted to normal level in EESG treated mice. The extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and significantly (p<0.05) increased the levels of GSH, SOD and CAT. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Sesbania grandiflora was effective in inhibiting the tumor growth in ascitic models and that is comparable to 5-Fluorouracil.

Antitumor Activity of Dendrophthoe falcata against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice

The objective of the present study is to explore the anticancer activity of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Dendrophthoe falcata in Swiss albino mice against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line. Anticancer activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of D. falcata was evaluated in EAC Swiss albino mice at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight orally. Both extracts at both doses were administered for 13 consecutive days. After 24 h of the last dose and then eighteen hours of fasting, the mice were sacrificed and antitumor effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts was as- sessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight and hematological parameters of EAC bearing host. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed significant decrease in (p<0.0001) tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. Haematological profiles such as red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin, and white blood cell (WBC) count reverted to normal level in treated mice. The results demon- strated that the extract has potent dose dependent anticancer activity comparable to that of cisplatin. Aqueous extract at both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) and ethanolic extract at 400 mg/kg dose showed potent anticancer activity.

SFE from Bidens pilosa Linné to obtain extracts rich in cytotoxic polyacetylenes with antitumor activity

Bidens pilosa L. is a plant considered medicinal by some South American cultures. It contains polyacetylenes which may be the constituents responsible for its antitumor activity. Extracts obtained by hydroethanol maceration (HCE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were monitored for antitumor activity and the presence of polyacetylenes in the constitution. Both extracts killed concentration-dependently the MCF-7 cells in culture, although the SFE extract presented superior cytotoxic activity. The SFE presented IC50=437 (428–446)μg/mL in 24h of incubation, decreasing to IC50=291 (282–299)μg/mL at 48h. The HCE started causing DNA cleavage at 160μg/mL while the SFE extract started at 40μg/mL, a concentration enough to initiate the in vitro cleavage. The presence of polyacetylenes as the major compounds in SFE was confirmed by TL chromatography combined with UV–vis analyses. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice were used for the antitumor study. Animals were divided in five groups: normal, negative control, positive control (Doxorubicin 0.06mg/kg), test group HCE and test group SFE (100mg/kg b.w. per day). After 9 days of treatment, 50% of randomly chosen animals from each group were sacrificed for the study. The parameters evaluated were: body weight, abdominal circumference, volume of ascitic fluid and tumor cells, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, determination of mean survival time and increased life-span. Both extracts presented antitumor activity, but SFE reduced more the volumes of ascites fluid and the tumor cells (4±1 and 1±0.4mL, respectively), while caused higher mean survival time (17 days) and increased life span (∼31%). The results suggest the importance of the polyacetylenes from B. pilosa as leader molecules to contribute to a new anticancer drug by using the supercritical technology.

Antitumor activity of Sansevieria roxburghiana rhizome against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice

Context: Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. f. (Agavaceae) is a herbaceous perennial plant traditionally used for coughs, rheumatism; as an expectorant, febrifuge, purgative, and tonic.Objective: To evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of S. roxburghiana rhizome (HASR) for antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice.Methods: Twenty-Four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor (EAC) cells in mice, HASR was administered at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for nine consecutive days. On day 10 half of the mice were sacrificed and rest were kept alive for assessment of increase in life-span. The antitumor effect of HASR was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, packed cell count, viable and non-viable tumor cell count, median survival time and increase in life-span of EAC bearing hosts. Hematological profiles and serum biochemical parameters were estimated. Further, antioxidant properties were assessed by estimating lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).Results and discussion: HASR showed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count and increased the life span of EAC bearing mice. Hematological and serum biochemical profiles were restored to normal levels in HASR treated mice as compared to EAC control. HASR treatment significantly (p <0.001) decreased lipid peroxidation and recovered GSH, SOD and CAT towards normal as compared to EAC control.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that S. roxburghiana rhizome exhibited remarkable antitumor activity in Swiss mice that is plausibly attributable to its augmenting endogenous antioxidant mechanisms.