Non-polar Substance Research Articles

Effect of Various Fruit Extracts on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Kallikrein (KLK) Activities.

Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease and causes widespread morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this work was to screen the fruit with high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and kallikrein (KLK) promotion activity by three different extraction methods from 22 kinds of fruits. Results showed that the aqueous extracts of fresh kiwifruit significantly inhibited ACE activity (47.71%), whereas the KLK activity was also inhibited (4.56%). This indicated that the substances inhibiting ACE activity existed in kiwifruit might be small molecular substances such as polyphenols. The nonpolar substance existed in the ethanol extracts of grape inhibited ACE activity significantly. The enzymatic hydrolysates of red grape significantly promoted KLK activity, whereas its ethanol extracts significantly inhibited KLK activity. This results suggested that the components that lower blood pressure and raise blood pressure are generally presented in the same fruit, the former are mostly water-soluble substances, while the latter are generally alcohol-soluble substances. If certain or individual components can be isolated from edible fruits, they may significantly affect blood pressure in humans.

Cholesterol-substituted 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-MA-cholesterol) and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-MA-cholesterol)

Cholesterol is a rigid, crystalline, non-polar natural substance that exists in animal blood and cell membranes. Some of its derivatives are known to form ordered liquid crystalline mesophases under suitable conditions. In this work, we carefully examined the influence of cholesterol substitution on the characteristics of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-MA-cholesterol) and its corresponding polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-MA-cholesterol) synthesized by both chemical and electrochemical polymerization. We found evidence for an ordered lamellar (smectic-like) structure in the EDOT-MA-cholesterol monomer by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and X-ray diffraction techniques. The ordered phase was observed to form on cooling from the isotropic melt at about 80 °C. Due to the insulating and bulky cholesterol side group on the EDOT monomer, we found that there was a maximum charge density for electrodeposition at ∼ 0.155 C.cm−2. A series of electrodepositions were performed from 0 to 0.155 C.cm−2 for probing the change of the charge transport with more charges used for the electrodeposition. We found that the impedance increased in the high-frequency range (above 104 Hz) and decreased in the low-frequency range (below 102 Hz). Three equivalent circuit models were proposed for fitting impedance data at different charge densities for a better understanding of the film growth process. The suppressed cyclic voltammogram (CV) of PEDOT-MA-cholesterol showed that the charge storage capability was essentially eliminated in the thickest films. The limited doping of the films was corroborated by their diminished electrochromic behavior, polaron-dominating absorption in UV-vis, overoxidized S 2p X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) signal of electrodeposited films, and proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) of chemically polymerized samples. Dense film morphologies were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Grazing incident X-ray diffraction (GIWAXS) indicated the disrupted stacking of conjugated chains, which correlated with the decreased conductivity of the PEDOT-MA-cholesterol films. The measurement of the electrical conductivity gave a value of around 3.30 × 10−6 S.cm−1 which is about six orders of magnitude lower than has been seen in PEDOT (∼3 S.cm-1).

Phosphodiester Stationary Phases as Universal Chromatographic Materials for Separation in RP LC, HILIC, and Pure Aqueous Mobile Phase.

Modern analytical chemistry techniques meet the need for greater attention to ecological and economic aspects. It is becoming necessary to seek solutions to reduce harmful waste production, especially in large quantities. High-performance liquid chromatography is a technique widely used in many industries, including mainly pharmaceuticals, and requires an approach to reduce the significant amount of organic solvent waste. One of the green chemistry solutions is using environmentally benign substitutes, such as pure water, supercritical dioxide, and ethanol. Our work focuses on the preparation and application of new stationary phases with embedded hydrophilic groups for separations using pure water in liquid chromatography. Polar-embedded stationary phases are obtained by attaching a phosphodiester group and 4 different hydrophobic molecules. The studies consisted of hydrophobicity measurements, concentration dependence of retention of the organic additive to the mobile phase, and chromatographic separations of polar and non-polar substance mixtures in RP-LC and HILIC systems. Three mixtures were studied: purine alkaloids, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nucleosides. The stationary phases interact differently with the analytes depending on the attached hydrophobic group. It is possible to use pure water to separate each mixture under study. It is also significant that it has been possible to separate a mixture of completely non-polar compounds using pure water for the first time. The research being carried out is crucial in synthesizing new polar-embedded stationary phases, providing work versatility and high environmental performance.

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) Qualitative Analysis for Morphine, Heroin and Codeine used in Doping

Three types of doping drugs, morphine, heroin, and codeine were analyzed qualitatively in urine using GCMS: HP5MS column containing a nonpolar substance, phenylmethyl siloxane, with a temperature range of 90-250ºC and a rate of increase of 10ºC/minute. Diethyl ether was used to extract morphine, codeine, and heroin. The extractions were performed at pH 8, the organic phase was evaporated, followed by derivatization. Morphine and its derivatives were treated with a solution of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide and N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide. The results of the gas chromatographic analysis showed that the retention times of morphine, heroin, and codeine the retention times were 8.01, 7.32, 6.21 minutes, while those of their derivatives were 8.10, 8.10, 7.95 minutes respectively. The identification of each drug using mass spectrometry revealed that their mass spectra were identical to the standard. The mass spectra of the derivatives: morphine-TMS and codeine-TMS showed a resemblance index of 93% respectively compound to the standard, with a detection limit of 2 ug/ml.

Treatment for hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid of shale gas by ceramic membrane-ED-H/L pressure RO process

The ceramic membrane-ED-H/L pressure RO combined process was constructed for the treatment of fracturing flowback fluid, and the mechanism and influencing factors were investigated. The removal efficiency of TDS and COD reached 97.5 % and 31.9 %, respectively, through coagulation-ceramic membrane which was contaminated slightly by TSS due to the “cross-flow” operation. However, according to the analysis of ceramic membrane by FTIR, SEM and EDS, it was indicated the decreasing of membrane flux would be caused by organic and inorganic composite made from PAM, calcium and barium crystals. The removal of organic pollutants was positively correlated with operating voltage in ED. The removal efficiency of and COD reached 79.3 % on 20 V operating voltage. Based on the analysis of organic matter composition by CG-MS and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy, it was showed the removal efficiency of polar substance, such as phenol, was higher than non-polar substance, such as n-butane due to the electromigration. For the removal of the ions, the removal efficiency of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42− and Cl− reached 99.7 %, 99.6 %, 95.8 %, 99.2 %, 99.3 % and 96.4 % respectively, indicating ion valence had a significant influence on ion removal by ED. The concentrated water and diluted water produced by ED were treated by the RO in high- and low-pressure operation, respectively, in order to improve membrane flux. The COD and TDS were about 11.6 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L in diluted water treated by the RO in low-pressure operation respectively, showing membrane flux hardly decreased significantly with high stability and flux.

Characterization of coal fines as potential supplementary cementitous additive for remediation of non-polar substance contaminated soil

South African coal fines as a material was characterized to assess its suitability for use as engineering material. The following physical properties of this material were determined: specific gravity, bulk density, pH, particle size distribution. Physico-chemical properties such as redox potential and electrical conductivity, and microstructural characteristics were done using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectrometry and Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). It was inferred from the physico-chemical and thermogravimetric properties of this coal fines that it could serve as potential material which could act as carbon sink and relate well with organic materials to absorb them from the soil. This is also substantiated by its microstructural characteristics. Coal fines could therefore, be used as absorbent as well as material for stabilizing and solidifying soil contaminated with organic substances in conjunction with cementitious materials for use in production of brick and block as walling materials.

Photocatalytic degradation of hydrocarbons and methylene blue using floatable titanium dioxide catalysts in contaminated water

Abstract Photocatalytic disintegration is a novel approach to eliminate pollution. The method utilizes the semiconductor titanium dioxide to degrade organic molecules in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. In this study, it is shown how the capabilities of several types of catalyst designs degrade the non-polar substance diesel fuel and the polar substance methylene blue. The floating design of foam glass coated with titanium dioxide could reduce the concentration of diesel fuel by 329 mg/L in 16 h; the submerged designs for coated glass fiber and coated steel grit could reduce methylene blue concentration by 96.6% after 4 h and 99.1% after 6 h, respectively. It could be shown that photocatalysis is a promising cost- and energy-efficient method for managing air and water pollution. It can be established as a low-technology method without requiring the use of a conventional source of energy, given an adequate amount of sun hours, or as an additional cleaning stage in water treatment plants using UV-LEDs.

Оцінка біологічної дії похідних 4-гідразинохіноліну

Lipophilicity, biological activity and acute toxicity are important indicators of the viability of drugs. These indicators primarily depend on the chemical structure of the compound, the diversity of functional groups and their quantity. Using ChemDraw, a combinatorial library was created and the lipophilicity and solubility of 4-hydrazinoquinoline oxo acid derivatives were studied. A lipophilic non-polar substance dissolves in the lipid layer of the cell membrane, and the higher the lipophilicity, the greater the ability to penetrate through the cell membrane into substances. In parallel, the solubility of the substances was determined. Virtual studies using PASS Online made it possible to predict biological activity for 4-hydrazinopochid quinoline and their analogues having a methyl group in the 2nd position of azaheterocycles (4-hydrazinoquinaldins). The LD50 value is one of the important characteristics of acute toxicity. The goals of studying acute toxicity are to determine the harmless, toxic, lethal doses of a substance, its ability to cumulate, and also the causes of death of animals. Acute toxicity of lithium (E)-2-(2-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)hydrazinylidene)pentanedioate was experimentally investigated. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was tested on cell division and cell growth of cucumber roots (kind «Konkurent»). The study of the growth-regulating activity of lithium (E)-2-(2-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)hydrazinoylidene)pentanedioate showed that this salt is most active as a cytokine and is classified as a toxicological classification for low toxic substances. Studies on prokaryotes have shown that the pigment-stimulating ability is enhanced in proportion to the concentration of lithium (E)-2-(2-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)hydrazinoylidene)pentanedioate in nutrient media for individual cultures.

Mechanisms of the Diffusion of Nonpolar Substances in a Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid

The structural-dynamic features of ionic liquid-nonpolar substance systems are studied by means of molecular dynamics using Frenkel’s fundamental theory of a liquid and the phonon theory of the thermodynamics of a liquid, in combination with the DL_POLY_4.05 software package. Argon, methane, and benzene molecules serve as the dissolved substances. Model concepts are proposed and analyzed to describe the diffusion of molecules of a dissolved substance in an ionic liquid. It is shown that an increase in the mass of the molecules of a dissolved nonpolar substance correlates with their mobility in a hydrophilic ionic liquid (IL). This determines the diffusion of the components of dmim+/Cl− IL solutions and is responsible for the anomalous behavior of the solubility of nonpolar substances in them.

Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Critonia aromatisans leaves: Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCritonia aromatisans (Asteraceae), commonly known as “Chiople”, is a cultivated species that is used in Mayan traditional medicine to treat inflammation, joint pain and rheumatism. Aim of the studyTo evaluate the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of aqueous and organic extracts prepared from Critonia aromatisans leaves. Materials and methodsMethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, hexanic, and aqueous extracts were obtained from the leaves of C. aromatisans. The anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were tested in vivo to evaluate their ability to reduce the inflammatory response in the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in NIH mice. In addition, to explore the immunomodulatory effects of C. aromatisans, in vitro testing was performed to determine whether C. aromatisans leaf extracts are capable of decreasing macrophage production of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) without affecting macrophage viability. ResultsSingle orally administered doses (100mg/kg or 200mg/kg) of a hexanic extract of C. aromatisans leaves significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (P<0.001) by 76% and 84%, respectively. The effect of the extract in this model was generally comparable to those of the standard drugs used. In the in vitro determination, the extracts reduced the amount of NO mainly at 500 and 1000μg/mL. Hexanic extract and subfractions C, D, E, and F at 50 and 100μg/mL produced the lowest concentration of mediators in culture supernatants (protein) and at the mRNA/gene level by the significant down-regulation of cytokines. These findings explain some of the anti-inflammatory activity of this species. Purification of fractions C and D allowed the complete identification of cyclocolorenone, stigmasterol and stigmasterol derivatives as some of their main components. ConclusionA hexanic extract of C. aromatisans displayed anti-inflammatory effects, validating the traditional practice of Mayan communities wherein an ointment with a petrolatum base, a non-polar substance, is used to treat inflammation. Additionally, C. aromatisans showed strong in vivo and in vitro activity, and one of the mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory response was shown to be inhibition of the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results of this study provide a pharmacological basis for the use of C. aromatisans leaves in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. The presence of stigmasterol and cyclocolorenone could be the responsibles of the anti-inflammatory activity of this specie. Further studies should be done on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cyclocolorenone. The results of this study provide a pharmacological basis for the use of C. aromatisans leaves in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

The internal pressure and cohesive energy density of two inorganic liquids: Bromine and carbon disulfide

The internal pressures, Pint, of two inorganic liquids: bromine and carbon disulfide were calculated from data in the literature and compared with their cohesive energy densities, ced. The values are in the ranges obtained for common organic liquids, but the ratio of ced/Pint for bromine is larger than might be expected for this non-polar but polarizable substance.

Effect of emulsified absorbent for tar removal in biomass gasification process

ABSTRACTTar contained in synthesis gas produced by biomass gasification causes a problem for utilization in downstream applications due to its condensation. According to tar property, it is a complex and various compound hydrocarbons. Some of them are good-dissolved and removed in non-polar substance like oily material while some are in polar substance like water. In this paper, a mixture of water and oil emulsified absorbent, consisting of vegetable oil from canola seed and water without any pretreatment method, is investigated in order to maximize the tar removal performance of both non-polar and polar absorbents. The tar removal performances of the emulsified absorbent and pure vegetable oil were compared by wet and dry tar analysis methods. The results showed that 76.6% of gravimetric tar was removed by pure vegetable oil whereas the best performance was 87.6% of removal in the case of 7.5% emulsified absorbent. For light tar, phenol and naphthalene are mainly trapped due to its high condensation point. For light tar removal, there was no significant difference between pure vegetable oil and 7.5% emulsified absorbent. Therefore, the emulsified absorbent can enhance the gravimetric tar removal performance with no significant change of the light tar removal rate compared with pure vegetable oil.

The Effectiveness of Different Palate Relievers Against a Hot Chili Pepper Sauce

Mexican food is a combination of strong flavors, and of course, spicy ingredients (hot chili peppers). However, not everybody has developed a liking or resistance to hot chili peppers, hence a method for relief from the burning feeling they provoke is necessary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate which palate reliever worked best to mitigate the aftertaste hotness induced by capsaicin, the component responsible for the hot sensation in chili peppers. The hypothesis was that a substance capable of dissolving capsaicin (a nonpolar substance) would be the best palate reliever, making olive oil a prime candidate. Sensory tests were done using 12 untrained panelists with high, medium, and low resistance to hotness, a homemade hot chili pepper sauce, and five palate relievers. Palate relievers with different solubility properties, milk and ice cream (emulsions), olive oil (nonpolar substance), and water and a soft drink (polar substances), were used to alleviate the hotness sensation after trying the hot sauce. Regardless of the panelists’ tolerance towards the hot sauce (low, medium, or high), all rated milk and ice cream to be the best palate relievers and the soft drink to be the worst. The best palate reliever was an emulsion (milk or ice cream) and not olive oil, as was initially hypothesized.

Studies on electrical and thermal properties of dental glass ionomer cement

A commercially available dental Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) was studied after setting at room temperature (300 K) to understand its DC electrical conductivity, dielectric and thermal properties. The dental GIC’s are supposed to have free mobile charge carriers like F- ions. Interestingly this material loses its conductivity above 80°C and behaves like a non-polar substance. The frequency dependent dielectric studies also indicate the loss of mobile charge carriers in the samples annealed at 80°C. The DSC and TGA studies indicate that the material loses H2O exothermically at 100°C. This is attributed to the onset of a secondary setting reaction.

Egg marking in the facultatively queenless ant Gnamptogenys striatula: The source and mechanism

Conflicts over reproductive division of labour are common in social insects. These conflicts are often resolved via antagonistic actions that are mediated by chemical cues. Dominant egg layers and their eggs can be recognized by a specific yet similar cuticular hydrocarbon profile. In the facultatively queenless ant Gnamptogenys striatula, a worker's cuticular hydrocarbon profile signals its fertility and this determines its position in the reproductive division of labour. How eggs acquire the same hydrocarbon profile is as yet unclear. Here, we search for glandular sources of egg hydrocarbons and identify the putative mechanism of egg marking. We found that eggs carry the same hydrocarbons as the cuticle of fertile workers, and that these hydrocarbons also occur in the ovaries and the haemolymph. None of the studied glands (Dufour, venom, labial and mandibular gland) contained these hydrocarbons. Our results indicate that hydrocarbons are deposited on eggs while still in the ovaries. The low hydrocarbon concentration in the ovaries, however, suggests they are produced elsewhere and transported through the haemolymph. We also found that fertile workers regularly deposit new hydrocarbons on eggs by rubbing laid eggs with a hairy structure on the abdominal tip from which a non-polar substance is secreted.

A new method for assessing the effect of residual silanol groups on total retention in reversed-phase HPLC

A new approach is proposed to assess the effect of residual silanol groups (hydrophilicity) on the retention of polar substances in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is shown that the numerical characteristic of the relative position of trend lines in the coordinates logk(B) vs. logk(A) of the relative retention parameters (at different mobile phase compositions) for any stationary phase relative to the stationary phase selected as a standard is preferable to the separation selectivity of the same pair of substances. Full information can be obtained by determining the retention of corresponding adsorbates with two different mobile phase compositions for each column under study. It was shown that the pair of adsorbates p-toluidine-p-cresol exhibits higher sensitivity to a change in the hydrophilicity of stationary phases as compared to the pair aniline-phenol. However, the use of a nonpolar substance as a reference compound is more informative.

Electric-field-induced capillary attraction between like-charged particles at liquid interfaces.

Nanometre- and micrometre-sized charged particles at aqueous interfaces are typically stabilized by a repulsive Coulomb interaction. If one of the phases forming the interface is a nonpolar substance (such as air or oil) that cannot sustain a charge, the particles will exhibit long-ranged dipolar repulsion; if the interface area is confined, mutual repulsion between the particles can induce ordering and even crystallization. However, particle ordering has also been observed in the absence of area confinement, suggesting that like-charged particles at interfaces can also experience attractive interactions. Interface deformations are known to cause capillary forces that attract neighbouring particles to each other, but a satisfying explanation for the origin of such distortions remains outstanding. Here we present quantitative measurements of attractive interactions between colloidal particles at an oil-water interface and show that the attraction can be explained by capillary forces that arise from a distortion of the interface shape that is due to electrostatic stresses caused by the particles' dipolar field. This explanation, which is consistent with all reports on interfacial particle ordering so far, also suggests that the attractive interactions might be controllable: by tuning the polarity of one of the interfacial fluids, it should be possible to adjust the electrostatic stresses of the system and hence the interparticle attractions.

Characterization and identification of an adrenal age-related nonpolar fluorescent substance.

The adrenal cortexes of humans and rodents accumulate lipofuscin with age, but the chemical nature of the substance that produces lipofuscin fluorescence in the gland is not known. Analysis of rat adrenal nonpolar lipids revealed a fluorescence profile with increased intensity in the lipids extracted from older animals (23-24 months > 6 months > 6 weeks). The peak occurred at a wavelength of 470 +/- 5 nm(n = 26) when excited at 340 nm. After sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the fluorescent substance was primarily concentrated in subcellular lipid droplets rather than supernatant or particulate. Prolonged stimulation of rats with ACTH for 7 consecutive days caused 14-51% decreases in the fluorescence levels, with a tendency of return to control levels poststimulation regardless of age. In contrast, the nonpolar lipids of mouse adrenal tumor (Y1) cells, which contain no lipofuscin, did not display this fluorescence in the presence or absence of ACTH. The chromatographic characteristics of the substance in a silica gel-60 column resembled those of authentic retinyl palmitate and cholesteryl oleate. Analysis of the substance by HPLC demonstrated at least three prominent peaks, designated XI-3 in order. X1 and X2 were minor peaks; X3 was the major peak. Whereas none of the peaks comigrated with cholesteryl esters, X1 comigrated with authentic retinyl palmitate. Determination of the fatty acid component of the major fluorescent substance X3 by gas-liquid chromatography disclosed stearic acid. Retinyl stearate was, therefore, synthesized. The fluorescent profiles, HPLC retention time and mass spectrometric fragmentation of purified X3 substance were all identical to those of the synthetic compound. In contrast, the rat liver principally accumulated retinyl palmitate with age. Thus, we conclude that 1) the major nonpolar fluorescent substance accumulated in the rat adrenal with age is retinyl stearate, which may be a fluorophore of adrenal lipofuscin; 2) ACTH action may be related to this accumulation; and 3) the type of retinyl ester accumulated in aged animals is organ specific.

Characterization and identification of an adrenal age-related nonpolar fluorescent substance

Characterization and identification of an adrenal age-related nonpolar fluorescent substance

The critical temperatures and critical pressures of some examples of (a polar substance + a non-polar substance) and of (a polar substance + another polar substance)

Measurements of the critical temperature and critical pressure of [ x C 5 H 11 OH + (1 − x {CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 3 or CH 3 CH(OH)CH(CH 3 )CH 3 or CH 3 COCH(CH 3 )CH 3 or CH 3 CH(CH 3 )OOCCH 3 or CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OOCCH 3 or CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 OOCCH 3 }] were made by visual observation of the disappearance and reappearance of the meniscus. The results are presented on p ( T ), T ( x ), and p ( x ) planes. None of the mixtures forms an azeotrope in the critical region. The deviations of the critical properties from linearity in the mole fraction are also presented. The interaction parameter between pairs of unlike molecules in the mixture have been estimated from the experimental values. The experimental uncertainty in T c and p c is within ± 0.5 K and ±0.03 MPa, respectively.