Non-farm Land Research Articles

Carbon sequestration of city agriculture: between farming and non-farming land

Urban agriculture is multifunctional. The environmental function is one of the agricultural functions. This research focuses on the level of carbon sequestration in food crops and vegetables. Furthermore, we estimate carbon sequestration differences in farming and non-farming land. This study calculates carbon sequestration using destructive methods. Furthermore, food crops carbon sequestration better than vegetable crops. In the same crop, there is more carbon sequestration in farming land when compared to non-farming land. Economically, this carbon sequestration can provide substantial economic value if it is better managed by considering urban spatial planning.

Impact of Rural Livelihood Diversification among Rural Household in Nigeria

Livelihood diversification can be referred to as attempts by individuals and households to raise diverse means of income to survive and improve their standard of living. The key driver of diversification is to increase income because the main source of income is not enough to provide a satisfactory livelihood. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing livelihood diversification in rural household poverty reduction in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 30 rural households in South-Eastern Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the households, and data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version-20). The majority (63.3%) of the respondents were male, and about 50.0% had 5-10 family members. Most of the respondents (36.7%) were between 46-60 years of age. Food security (36.7%) was the major reason for livelihood diversification from all the respondents, followed by income with 33.3%. A statistically significant association was found between non-farm activity and land ownership. The study revealed that income was the main reason to engage in livelihood diversification in the rural household because more income is needed to adequately take care of the large family size. The influencing factor for non-farm activities was the market (demand and supply). A further study of a larger population of households in rural areas is needed to ascertain the extent of rural livelihood diversification.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS AKIBAT PERUBAHAN PERUNTUKKAN TANAH PERTANIAN KE NON PERTANIAN SEBAGAI DASAR PENETAPAN PBB DAN BPHTB

The increase in land transfer and use, such as farm land becomes non farm (housing and industry), rural land becomes urban land which makes its price higher. The increase in the land price (from farm land to urban land) is caused by two factors: there are the land transfer from farm land to non-farm land and business roperty. The increase in land price influences NJOP (taxable item market value) as the basis for the assessment of PBB (Tax on Land and Building).
 The objective of the research was to find out and to analyze the legal consequence of the transfer of the use of land from farm land to non-farm land, to find out and to analyze the impact of the use of land on NJOP, and to find out the basis for imposing PBB.
 The results of the research shows thats it is very common that he person who transfers the land from farm land to non- farm land does not follow the procedure so that it is illegal. 
 Therefore, the regulation is needed to protect irrigated rice fields and the impact of the change in the land use by the increase of the price of the farm land to the non-farm land which eventually increase NJOP and influences the PBB. The imposition of PBB and BPHTB is based on SISMIOP in which its operation is referred to the data and the assessment by optimizing the storing, processing, presenting, distributing, and analyzing information about PBB. 

Fate and distribution of nutrients and heavy metals during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge with implication to land application

Hydrothermal carbonization has been considered effective to reduce sewage sludge volume and provide an opportunity to generate valuable byproducts for a wide range of potential applications. The fate and distribution of nutrients during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge, along with that of heavy metals, is very important for realizing nutrient recovery and reuse by both hydrochar and liquid phase directly as soil amendments and/or organic fertilizer. In this study, we systematically investigated the migration and transformation of nutrients and heavy metals using chemical extractions and reaction severity (Ruyter model) methods at a temperature range of 120–300 °C for 30–180 min. With increasing reaction severity, carbon and nitrogen efficiency of hydrochar showed a liner and exponential decrease respectively, while phosphorus accumulated positively in hydrochar. Nitrogen species in hydrochar are mostly nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycles whereas in liquid phase are predominantly ammonia-N and organic-N. The organic phosphorus in sewage sludge was transformed to inorganic species but non-apatite phosphorus showed an exponential reduction in hydrochar with increasing reaction severity, together with the decrease of orthophosphate in liquid phase. As for heavy metals, hydrothermal carbonization promoted decrease in direct bioavailable fractions (except arsenic) and increase in stable fraction (except cadmium and arsenic) in hydrochar as reaction severity elevated. Since hydrothermal effects led to redistribution of nutrients speciation and immobilization of heavy metals, non-farm land application of both hydrochar and liquid phase seems to be possible and unrestricted. This study provides fundamental knowledges for the construction of sludge management strategies to better nutrients recycling and reclamation.

Power in Policy: Measuring Farmland Loss in Ontario and Testing the Strength of the Greenbelt Act

Farmland in Ontario continues to be under immense pressure from development associated with population growth and urbanization, such as residential subdivisions, commercial developments and aggregate operations. This OMAFRA funded research investigates the strength of the Greenbelt Act in preserving Southern Ontario’s prime agricultural soils by measuring the rate of farmland lost to non-farm land uses from 2000—2017 through official plan amendments. This methodology was applied to 15 counties and regions in southern Ontario and the results provide an assessment on the Greenbelt policy in place. This presentation will report on phase one of this research project (completed) including trends and results from specific jurisdictions and then provide an update on phase two, which extends across the province and is currently underway.

Tax policy and housing prices: evidence from Vietnam using event study approach

This paper examines the effect of tax policy on housing prices in Vietnam for the period from October 2004 to September 2016 using event study approach. The authors find that all five key changes made to the personal income tax, corporate income tax and non-farm land use tax have caused the housing prices to decline on average 6-11% during the event window, but only the impact of the personal income tax changes is statistically significant. The fact that changes in housing prices are mostly seen prior to the effective date of the tax policy change implies that tax policy change indeed has influenced the housing prices in Vietnam. Although this research has not examined the mechanism through which tax policy has influenced the housing prices, the findings offer some implications for the government in terms of using tax policy for controlling housing prices in Vietnam. The research is also of very few papers in this literature that use the event study approach.

Effects of flood irrigation on the risk of selected zoonotic pathogens in an arid and semi-arid area in the eastern Kenya.

To investigate the effects of irrigation on land cover changes and the risk of selected zoonotic pathogens, we carried out a study in irrigated, pastoral and riverine areas in the eastern Kenya. Activities implemented included secondary data analyses to determine land use and land cover (LULC) changes as well as human, livestock and wildlife population trends; entomological surveys to characterize mosquitoes population densities and species distribution by habitat and season; and serological surveys in people to determine the risk of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), West Nile fever virus (WNV), dengue fever virus (DFV), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. Results demonstrate a drastic decline in vegetation cover over ≈25 years particularly in the irrigated areas where cropland increased by about 1,400% and non-farm land (under closed trees, open to closed herbaceous vegetation, bushlands and open trees) reduced by 30–100%. The irrigated areas had high densities of Aedes mcintoshi, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. (important vectors for multiple arboviruses) during the wet and dry season while pastoral areas had high densities of Ae. tricholabis specifically in the wet season. The seroprevalences of RVFV, WNV and DFV were higher in the irrigated compared to the pastoral areas while those for Leptospira spp and Brucella spp. were higher in the pastoral compared to the irrigated areas. It is likely that people in the pastoral areas get exposed to Leptospira spp by using water fetched from reservoirs that are shared with livestock and wildlife, and to Brucella spp. by consuming raw or partially cooked animal-source foods such as milk and meat. This study suggests that irrigation increases the risk of mosquito-borne infections while at the same time providing a protective effect against zoonotic pathogens that thrive in areas with high livestock population densities.

Before the Bulldozer Hits the Ground: Measuring Farmland Loss in Ontario

Rural Ontario is in a constant state of change, as economic, environmental and political pressures impact the viability and resilience of many rural communities. Agricultural areas, in particular, are often negatively impacted by such changes, as this land may be more valuable for development purposes. Farmland is often redesignated to residential, commercial or aggregate land uses, among others, significantly impacting the viability of the agricultural industry. The future sustainability of agriculture in Ontario is dependent upon a stable land base and precise understanding of the availability of farmland. To date, accurate data regarding the amount of farmland being converted to non-farm land uses is not available as existing methods have significant limitations regarding data accuracy, consistency and timing. This research seeks to evaluate the current state of Ontario's farmland in terms of the land available and policies regarding land conservation. In order to ensure that farmland is available, it is necessary to measure the existing land base and determine the quantity of land being lost to development. This study has developed a new methodology for measuring the amount of farmland converted to non-farm land uses through official plan amendments and has been applied to nine regions and counties in southern Ontario. This presentation and poster will detail this new methodology and provide an analysis of the data collected to date. Recommendations regarding policy development, challenges associated with data collection and future research will also be presented.

Geographic disparities in rural land appreciation in a transforming economy: Chile, 1980 to 2007

This paper reports on a research effort to gather and analyze rural land value data during a period of unprecedented growth in Chilean agriculture. This information is important to understand the geographical distribution of gains associated with the transformation of the rural sector during a period of rapid development, trade liberalization and transition toward a predominant emphasis on export earnings in agriculture. A large set of data of rural land transactions for 1980, 1990, 1997 and 2007 were collected from a sample of land registry offices. Results show notable declines in the physical size of transactions, significant average annual rates of increase in real per-hectare values, and a small-parcel premium for rural land associated with non-farm land use. Overall real land values have increased faster than the average annual growth rates in the agricultural sector’s value added, suggesting that land owners have gained proportionately more than other claimants to sectoral income. Tests show significant geographic disparities in annual rates of land appreciation across regions and municipalities. Consistent with differential net gains due to integration into world markets and the geographic heterogeneity of suitability for different land uses, northern areas, with greater emphasis on export-oriented crops, have experienced the highest average rates of annual real per-hectare value growth, in the order of 7 percent, while southern areas, emphasizing traditional crops and pastures/livestock, have experienced growth rates of half that. Geographic disparities are also explained by proximity to urban population and income centers.

Rural settlements dynamics and the prospects of densification strategy in rural Bangladesh.

Given the year on year decrease of rural farmland and various forms of land degradation through the intrusion of non-farm land uses, the government of Bangladesh has drafted the agrarian reform strategies, primarily to protect the agricultural land from encroachment, conversion, and indiscriminate use. The draft Agricultural Land Protection and Land Use Bill since its inception in 2011 is facing serious uncertainties of implementation due to its borrowed nature from the developed contexts and inadequacy to recognize the local complexities. With a particular focus on the densification component of the draft bill, a semester-long design studio was conducted in consultation with the existing villagers to explore the practicability of the draft bill in the villages of Tetultala and Chhoygharia in the south-western coastal Bangladesh. The findings from the two villages hint that in Bangladesh, the unique and evolving nature of rural settlements dynamics that are disintegrating the rural society from farming practices and the farmland, thereby, unsettling the traditional village-morphology. The settlements dynamics vary from those of the western context; hence, there is an emerging need to build locally situated knowledge towards a feasible rural land reform.

A comparative study of growth management effectiveness and urban sprawl in two thoroughbred landscapes in the U.S.

This study compares sprawl development over a 40-year period in Fayette County (Lexington) Kentucky and Marion County (Ocala) Florida, which are centers of the thoroughbred horse industry in the U.S.A. Both sites rely heavily on the local economic benefits of the thoroughbred industry, and have adopted growth management programs to steer development away from soils well-suited to the equine operations, which are highly sensitive to non-farming land uses. The research operationalizes sprawl through population density, housing unit density, roadway length density, and housing unit density measured against roadway density. Although both sites' new construction seems to have avoided prime areas well suited for thoroughbred farming operations, the analysis shows that Lexington has been able to maintain more compact housing development, and new roadways tend to fill with higher density housing. This may be a result of the locally-based growth management program, or a series of other factors, including political economy.

Analysis the Oil Palm Land which can be Converted Into Paddy Fields in Irrigated Areas of Batang Tongar

An increasing number of shift functions of agricultural land into non-farming land, as well as the increasing development of the palm oil plantation area makes food program resilience increasingly difficult to be realized. Fields shift function also occurs in West Pasaman, which is still producing paddy fields converted into plantation. This research aims to analyze the oil palm land which can be converted into paddy fields. The confirmation of oil palm land which can be converted into paddy fields performed by some indicator, such as commitment, physical condition, the range of irrigation water, institutional and the width of the area. Based on the results of the analysis, the recommended oil palm area that can be converted into paddy fields in irrigated areas of Batang Tongar is 2.451 ha (73%) and not recommended area is 540 ha (27%). The unrecommended area caused by uncommitment farmer who change their oil palm area in paddy field and the farmer field which is irrigated in damaged condition so the water cannot be flow into the field.

Forces driving changes in cultivated land and management countermeasures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

The Three Gorges project accelerates economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. This paper aimed to investigate the distribution, changes and features of cultivated land in this area, analyze the forces driving the changes in cultivated land area, and propose the countermeasures for cultivated land management. Transition matrix was used to analyze the features of cultivated land changes, and quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were adopted to research the driving forces according to the features of cultivated land changes. Cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area mainly lay to the northwest of the Yangtze River, especially the upper reaches. The areas of cultivated land increased from 1996 to 1999, then decreased from 2000 to 2006, and finally increased again from 2007 to 2009. The important forces driving changes in cultivated land included government policies, employment and food security, increasing construction land, agriculture structure adjustment, l and rearrangement , inundation. During cultivated land management, firstly, it is necessary to insist on the principle of cultivated land protection, standardize land exploitation and strictly restrict the transformation of cultivated land into non-farming land. Secondly, l and rearrangement must be implemented, which can not only increase the area of the cultivated land, but also improve the quality of the cultivated land. Thirdly, it is feasible to intensify eco-agriculture construction to increase the quantity and quality of cultivated land. Fourthly, it is helpful to improve the traditional agriculture production methods to promote cultivated land quality. Lastly, it is important to propagandize cultivated land protection and realize the enormous pressure of cultivated land shortage, making more people obligated to protect cultivated land.

Tanah untuk Masyarakat Ekonomi Lemah

ABSTRACT: In order to achieve welfare, everyone has a right to have and own land individually including the right n it. However, the reality of Indonesian shows that the gap of ability to have land causing the low income is not able to compete the have. In terms of protecting the have not, the state has a power to interfere as stated in the Land Act as to be a legal basis for it. There is an explicit rule regulating the protection towards the low-income people as mentioned in Article 11 of the Act and there are also regulations substantially in Articles 7, 9, 17 of the Act. In addition, there is a rule for implementation of the Act but Is only limited to the protection of the have not in owning he land for farming and there is no regulation on the ownersip for the land in city and non-farming land. The availability such rules in not balanced with the implementation; hence there are many people that are low-income category have not had the land yet. Land f or Low Income People

Forest cover, use and dietary intake in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

SUMMARY Food insecurity and malnutrition in local populations both result from and drive deforestation. This paper examines the relationships between diet of local people and measures of forest cover and use in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Data on dietary diversity and intake were collected for 270 children and their mothers. Area of tree cover within the vicinity of each household was examined in relation to forest use and diet. Individuals using foods from forest and other non-farm land had higher dietary diversity, consumed more animal source foods and had more nutrient dense diets. They also had more tree cover in a close proximity to the home, suggesting a relationship between tree cover and forest food use. Households reporting trips to the forest had lower area of tree cover within close proximity, suggesting that land close to the home with tree cover such as agroforest and fallow is important for obtaining subsistence products. Although historically there has been little motivation for local people to participate in forest conservation in the East Usambaras, the maintenance of tree cover in the landscape around the home, especially on agricultural and village land, may be important in ensuring continued access to the health benefits potentially available in wild and forest foods.

非農業土地利用の増大に伴う農業への外部不経済発生の把握と予測

This paper clarified and predicted the degree of negative externality on farmers caused by non-farm land use around farm field. We took two types of non-farmland land uses; abandoned farmland and build-up land. First, we clarified how much externality was occurring by questionnaire and interview survey. The result showed that disease and insect control nearby abandoned farmlands were serious problem both on the paddy and upland field. Solar problem and damages from wildlife were recognized serious problems by upland farmers. Second, we estimated the extent of non-farm land use at which most farmers would feel externality by logistic regression model. The result had significance about most variables.

The Optimum Water Management on Tidal Irrigation Land Telang I, South Sumatera

The increasing of food demand and maintaning the national food self supporting program have become the goverment concern. On the other side farm land convertion (especially in Java and Bali) into non-farm land has increased. So, as one of the solution, the goverment has opened many new farm lands outside Java. Most of them are tidal land. Tidal lands need an occurate contruction and water management system. The aim of the study is to determine the water management system for tidal irrigation land (on farming level) by controling water surface according to the cropping pattern. The location of study is Telang I tidal irrigation area, Kabupaten MusiBanyuasin, South Sumatera.

Economic Impact of Restricting Herbicide Use

AbstractThe economic impact of restricting herbicide use is directly related to their real benefits. Farmer and consumer benefits from using herbicides are associated with the differences between a production function in which herbicides are used to control weeds and a similar but lower function for combinations of alternative weed control practices—not including herbicides. The lower function shows production without herbicides for the same dollar value of alternative resources—primarily land and labor. It also shows the additional dollar value of the alternative resources needed to get the same production when herbicides are not used. The latter is implicit in evaluating costs of restricting specific herbicides while maintaining production. In one study, it was estimated that banning the use of 2,4,5‐T on 8 million acres of farm and nonfarm land in 1969 would have increased costs to farmers about $32 million, assuming current levels of production were maintained. However, if substitutes for 2,4,5‐T could not include the related phenoxy herbicides, it was estimated that additional costs to farmers as a result of replacing 2,4,5‐T would have been $44 million. In a related study it was determined that restricting the use of all phenoxy herbicides would increase United States farmers production costs about $290 million. In addition about 20 million more hours of family labor would be used and about 6 million more crop acres would be required.