Non-uniform Model Research Articles

Pressure transient characteristics of non-uniform conductivity fractured wells in viscoelasticity polymer flooding based on oil–water two-phase flow

Polymer flooding in fractured wells has been extensively applied in oilfields to enhance oil recovery. In contrast to water, polymer solution exhibits non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior such as effects of shear thinning and shear thickening, polymer convection, diffusion, adsorption retention, inaccessible pore volume and reduced effective permeability. Meanwhile, the flux density and fracture conductivity along the hydraulic fracture are generally non-uniform due to the effects of pressure distribution, formation damage, and proppant breakage. In this paper, we present an oil–water two-phase flow model that captures these complex non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior, and non-uniform fracture characteristics in fractured polymer flooding. The hydraulic fracture is firstly divided into two parts: high-conductivity fracture near the wellbore and low-conductivity fracture in the far-wellbore section. A hybrid grid system, including perpendicular bisection (PEBI) and Cartesian grid, is applied to discrete the partial differential flow equations, and the local grid refinement method is applied in the near-wellbore region to accurately calculate the pressure distribution and shear rate of polymer solution. The combination of polymer behavior characterizations and numerical flow simulations are applied, resulting in the calculation for the distribution of water saturation, polymer concentration and reservoir pressure. Compared with the polymer flooding well with uniform fracture conductivity, this non-uniform fracture conductivity model exhibits the larger pressure difference, and the shorter bilinear flow period due to the decrease of fracture flow ability in the far-wellbore section. The field case of the fall-off test demonstrates that the proposed method characterizes fracture characteristics more accurately, and yields fracture half-lengths that better match engineering reality, enabling a quantitative segmented characterization of the near-wellbore section with high fracture conductivity and the far-wellbore section with low fracture conductivity. The novelty of this paper is the analysis of pressure performances caused by the fracture dynamics and polymer rheology, as well as an analysis method that derives formation and fracture parameters based on the pressure and its derivative curves.

Investigation into the Multistage Mechanical Damage Behavior of Columnar Jointed Basalts with Different Meso-Constitutive Relations and Model Sizes

Abstract The mechanical characteristics of columnar jointed basalts (CJBs) are generally considered to be subject to size effects. They display complex mechanical behaviors under lateral pressure, which may be related to the variation in the rock's mesoproperties. In this study, many nonuniform CJB models with various rock meso-constitutive relations and model sizes were established, and their influences on the strength and deformation properties, multistage mechanical damage behavior, and acoustic emission characteristics of CJBs were investigated. The results show that, as the residual strength coefficient increases, the compressive strength of CJBs rises, and the equivalent deformation modulus of CJBs decreases or increases slightly; with an increase in the model size, the compressive strength slightly decreases at first and then varies moderately, and the equivalent deformation modulus shows a fluctuating trend. Furthermore, the macro stress–strain relationships can be divided into different stages according to the corresponding damage behaviors. The strains and energy accumulations before peak stress was reached were further analyzed. The results greatly improve our understanding of the collapse process of CJBs and the instability precursors of related structures.

Solids dispersion in high density circulating fluidized beds

Transient local solid tracer concentration distributions were measured by a novel, simple and accurate measurement system with fast response to obtain axial solids dispersion in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed operated at solids fluxes up to 450 kg/m2s and gas velocities up to 8 m/s. Phosphorescent-coated FCC particles were used as the tracer which were activated by high intensity UV light and injected into the return leg of high-density circulating fluidized bed unit. A radially non-uniform axial dispersion model was utilized to determine axial solids dispersion coefficients, and the results were interpreted with the help of hydrodynamic data obtained in the same column. Comparison of the axial dispersion coefficients at different operating conditions revealed that dispersion decreases when solids circulation flux increases to 450 kg/m2s together with the increase in gas velocity to 8 m/s. Low solids dispersion coefficients (Daz < 0.1) at high solids circulation fluxes and high velocities resulted from the disappearance of the net downward flow of particles at the riser walls, signifying the existence of the dense suspension upflow regime.

Real-time non-uniform surface refinement model for lung adenocarcinoma surgery.

Soft tissue models play a crucial role in virtual surgery. However, most existing methods use uniform meshes and overall refinement to construct inhomogeneous soft tissues for virtual lungs. This leads to a complex computation and poor model realism. Therefore, a real-time non-uniform surface refinement model (RNSM) for lung adenocarcinoma surgery is proposed in this paper. First, to better describe the inhomogeneous soft tissues, the tetrahedra are subdivided to different degrees depending on their densities, which reduce the model's complexity while ensuring accuracy. Second, to improve the model accuracy, the model surface is subdivided using the Loop subdivision method. Finally, an optimal algorithm based on deformation radius is designed to enhance the deformation in real-time, in which a linear attenuation method of physical quantities is used to simulate the deformation of the weak deformation regions directly, and the finite element method (FEM) is used for the strong deformation regions. The experimental results show that the model is more accurate and faster than the existing soft tissue models for lung adenocarcinoma surgery simulation.

Study on the non-uniformity of rust layer and residual rebar caused by pitting corrosion in mortar

Rebar corrosion and non-uniformity in remaining rebar and corrosion products are critical factors influencing the durability of reinforced concrete structures. This study investigates pit corrosion non-uniformity by designing mortar- rebar samples of three different cover thicknesses. The non-uniformity of rebar and corrosion products' distribution is explored using μCT techniques, and parameter variation laws are derived under different corrosion levels. This study proposes a novel non-uniform rust layer model based on a sine function, which is compared with the existing linear decreasing, semi-elliptic and Gaussian function models. The proposed model provides high goodness-of-fit results and accurately simulates the morphological properties of actual rust layers.

Flexible Learning Models Utilizing Different Neural Plasticities

The existing models for vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic response (OKR) learning utilize neural circuit structure and capture a few characteristics of these two learning systems. However, it remains unclear how the error signals guide these learning processes. Here, we propose novel dynamic learning models using error feedback in a flexible fashion to account for both VOR and OKR learning. We first used a feedback modulation model and found the error signals play an essential guiding role in gain compensation of wild-type mice. However, this feedback modulation model cannot accurately reproduce gain changes during the recovery period. Therefore, we propose a non-uniform feedback modulation model using flexible plasticity learning rules of different memory sites to take into account the effect of classical linearity models in both training and recovery periods. To further study learning characteristics of gain reduction, we introduce a reversal-phase feedback modulation model and explore the contribution of synaptic plasticity to adaptive learning, in which characteristics and bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the VOR-decrease learning mode can be fully recovered. Taken together, our results suggest that, to explain VOR and OKR learning systems, one needs dynamical models with flexible and multiple components at different or same sites of neuronal circuits.

Performance analysis of PEMEC with non-uniform deformation based on a comprehensive numerical framework coupling image recognition and CFD

Proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC) is widely regarded as an efficient device for producing green hydrogen. Proper clamping pressure during cell assembly can reduce contact resistance while ensuring sealing and safety. Meanwhile, the clamping pressure will cause deformation of the cell components, resulting in increasing mass transfer resistance. However, the evolution law of multi-physical parameters under different clamping pressures has not been fully studied. In this study, a comprehensive numerical framework is proposed for non-uniform deformation and performance analysis of PEMEC. The framework includes three parts: non-uniform deformation model, data transmission based on image recognition, and three-dimensional (3D) multi-phase and multi-physical model. The effects of cell component non-uniform deformation on heat and mass transfer, and electrochemical characteristics are studied. The purity of hydrogen production is also fully taken into consideration. Results show that high clamping pressure causes severe deformation of liquid and gas diffusion layers under the land and a significant decrease in porosity and permeability. In addition, the accumulation of oxygen in the flow channel will weaken the liquid water supply rate and form a high oxygen covered region on the membrane. The current density inhomogeneity in this region will increase significantly with clamping pressure. Although high clamping pressure can obtain low contact resistance and high output hydrogen molar fraction, it also increases mass transfer resistance. An appropriate clamping pressure of 3 MPa is recommended with a lower cell voltage of 2.12 V at 2A/cm2 after considering the physical and chemical properties. The present study can provide helpful guidelines on the design of large-scale electrolyzers.

Study on surface quality of CNTs/2009Al composites in grinding process with a volume fraction ratio of 3%

Composite materials made of aluminum-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs/Al) are often employed in industries like aerospace and national defense that place a high priority on material processing accuracy at the material’s surface. The most popular machining technique for enhancing the surface quality of materials is grinding. This paper built a prediction model for the surface roughness of CNTs/2009Al composites and identified the process of micro-grinding. Using the ABAQUS software, a non-uniform finite element simulation model of the single abrasive grain grinding process of CNTs/2009AL composites was created. An electroplated diamond grinding rod with a diameter of 2 mm was used in the micro-grinding experiment on the CNTs/2009Al composite, and the impact of the grinding parameters on the quality of the machined surface was examined. According to the findings, the feed speed has the least impact on the material’s surface roughness, whereas the spindle speed and grinding depth both have a significant impact. The measurement of the minimal roughness is 0.117 m. A shallower grinding depth, a lower feed rate, and a correspondingly higher spindle speed should be used in order to provide a superior surface quality. According to the prediction model of micro-grinding surface roughness and laser confocal microscope scanning, the primary phenomena of CNTs in the grinding process include pull-out, fracture, and elastic deformation.

Modeling and analysis of assembly variation with non-uniform stiffness condensation for large thin-walled structures

The increase of thickness for large thin-walled structure causes the nonlinear enhancement of local structural stiffness, which leads to that the variation is concentrated on the local assembled area. The strong geometrical nonlinearity exists in the assembly process, which causes the non-uniform constraint for the material in assembled area and the variation of assembled large thin-walled structure is difficultly predicted. In this paper, the large thin-walled structure is partitioned into the assembled area and non-assembled area. The nonlinear stiffness matrix of each area is constructed based on continuum mechanics theory. The large non-assembled area is condensed as the nonlinear stiffness constraint and attached on the small assembled area. The non-uniform stiffness condensation method is developed and a new assembly variation model is proposed for large thin-walled structure with high local stiffness. The initial bending and torsional variations are constructed according to the manufacturing process of thin-walled structure and the assembly variations of two large cylindrical thin-walled structures are calculated. The predicted results by using the non-uniform condensation model are compared with that by the commercial software and the classic method of influence coefficients, in which the accuracy of the proposed model is verified. The proposed model may predict the local variation characteristics of large thin-walled structures effectively and is significant for the analysis of variation propagation in the series assembly process of large thin-walled structures.

High-Performance and Lightweight AI Model for Robot Vacuum Cleaners with Low Bitwidth Strong Non-Uniform Quantization

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a critical role in the operation of robot vacuum cleaners, enabling them to intelligently navigate to clean and avoid indoor obstacles. Due to limited computational resources, manufacturers must balance performance and cost. This necessitates the development of lightweight AI models that can achieve high performance. Traditional uniform weight quantization assigns the same number of levels to all weights, regardless of their distribution or importance. Consequently, this lack of adaptability may lead to sub-optimal quantization results, as the quantization levels do not align with the statistical properties of the weights. To address this challenge, in this work, we propose a new technique called low bitwidth strong non-uniform quantization, which largely reduces the memory footprint of AI models while maintaining high accuracy. Our proposed non-uniform quantization method, as opposed to traditional uniform quantization, aims to align with the actual weight distribution of well-trained neural network models. The proposed quantization scheme builds upon the observation of weight distribution characteristics in AI models and aims to leverage this knowledge to enhance the efficiency of neural network implementations. Additionally, we adjust the input image size to reduce the computational and memory demands of AI models. The goal is to identify an appropriate image size and its corresponding AI models that can be used in resource-constrained robot vacuum cleaners while still achieving acceptable accuracy on the object classification task. Experimental results indicate that when compared to the state-of-the-art AI models in the literature, the proposed AI model achieves a 2-fold decrease in memory usage from 15.51 MB down to 7.68 MB while maintaining the same accuracy of around 93%. In addition, the proposed non-uniform quantization model reduces memory usage by 20 times (from 15.51 MB down to 0.78 MB) with a slight accuracy drop of 3.11% (the classification accuracy is still above 90%). Thus, our proposed high-performance and lightweight AI model strikes an excellent balance between model complexity, classification accuracy, and computational resources for robot vacuum cleaners.

Numerical study of vanadium redox flow battery with gradient porosity induced by electrode compression

In VRFBs with flow fields, the compression and deformation of the porous electrode are non-uniform due to the rib-channel patterns and part of electrode intrudes into the channel, making the transportation of active species within the battery more complex. The impact of non-uniform electrode compression on VRFB performance has not been fully investigated. In this study, a novel non-uniform compression model that incorporates the gradient porosity distribution resulting from electrode compression is proposed. This model aims to account for both the deformation of electrode shape and the non-uniformity of physical properties. The proposed non-uniform compression model surpasses the limitations of conventional uniform compression models by offering enhanced accuracy in predicting charge-discharge behavior and electrolyte flow dynamics. Specifically, this model effectively addresses the under-prediction of electrolyte flow and reactant supply encountered in traditional uniform compression models, while simultaneously preventing the over-prediction of concentration polarization. Increasing the CR has the benefit of reducing ohm and concentration polarization, but it increases pump power loss. Through a trade-off analysis between the advantages and disadvantages of CR, an optimized electrode CR of 28 % is identified, which exhibits the maximum system efficiency of 80.9 %. The proposed model can guide the design of VRFB when considering the influence of compressed electrode.

A non-uniform pressure distribution model on the end face in screw expander and shaft seal leakage characteristics{fr}Etude des paramètres de la Structure sur les fuites d'arbres dans un expandeur à vis basé sur un nouveau modèle de distribution de pression non uniforme sur la face d'extrémité

Pressure distribution on the end face of screw expanders is the primary premise for calculating shaft seal leakage and axial force. Different from other types of expanders, pressure distribution on the screw expander end face is not only affected by operating conditions but also closely related to rotor geometric parameters. To illustrate the leakage characteristics of shaft seal in screw expanders, a non-uniform pressure distribution model on the end face was proposed, and a thermodynamic leakage model in the shaft seal was established. Labyrinth seal, the most widely used sealing assembly, was taken as an example to study the effects of shaft seal parameters on leakage. The influence of four main parameters, namely tooth tip clearance, cavity depth, cavity width, and clearance on the rotor end face, on the leakage of the shaft seal was studied. The results show that pressure on the screw expander end face is non-uniformly distributed, and the average pressure is far less than the highest operating pressure. Moreover, the leakage through the shaft seal rises rapidly with the increase of end face clearance and tooth tip clearance, and a 0.1 mm increment of them can lead to increased leakage up to 108.6% and 52.5%, respectively. And the leakage drops with the increment of cavity width. There is an optimal depth-to-width ratio of about 0.13 for minimum leakage. Clearance on the rotor end face has the most significant influence on the leakage of the seal, followed by the tooth tip clearance, cavity width, and cavity depth.

Research on the Forward Solving Method of Defect Leakage Signal Based on the Non-Uniform Magnetic Charge Model.

Pipeline magnetic flux leakage inspection is widely used in the evaluation of material defect detection due to its advantages of having no coupling agent and easy implementation. The quantification of defect size is an important part of magnetic flux leakage testing. Defects of different geometrical dimensions produce signal waveforms with different characteristics after excitation. The key to achieving defect quantification is an accurate description of the relationship between the magnetic leakage signal and the size. In this paper, a calculation model for solving the defect leakage field based on the non-uniform magnetic charge distribution of magnetic dipoles is developed. Based on the traditional uniformly distributed magnetic charge model, the magnetic charge density distribution model is improved. Considering the variation of magnetic charge density with different depth positions, the triaxial signal characteristics of the defect are obtained by vector synthesis calculation. Simultaneous design of excitation pulling experiment. The leakage field distribution of rectangular defects with different geometries is analyzed. The experimental results show that the change in defect size will have an impact on the area of the defect leakage field distribution, and the larger the length and wider the width of the defect, the more sensitive the impact on the leakage field distribution. The solution model is consistent with the experimentally obtained leakage signal distribution law, and the model is a practical guide by which to improve the quality of defect evaluation.

Magnetic-thermal analysis of distribution transformer: Validation via optical fiber sensors and thermography

Thermal condition monitoring of distribution transformers (DTs) as the most important and expensive equipment of the power grid is undeniable, and by accurate investigation of its thermal status, its failure can be prevented because the insulation condition of the transformer is directly related to the hotspot temperature (HST). In this paper, accurate and nonuniform magnetic-thermal analysis of DT is proposed for precise HST prediction. In the magnetic analysis, the DT is modeled as a 2D axial symmetry and the losses calculation of the windings has been fulfilled as a nonuniform. In the thermal analysis, the DT is modeled as 3D and nonuniform and the conservator and core stacking, which has a considerable effect on the HST, is precisely modeled. By taking advantage of optical fiber sensors (OFSs) in the understudied 500 kVA DT the accuracy of the proposed nonuniform 3D CFD-based modeling during the temperature rise test (TRT) is validated. The empirical evaluation results depict that the presented nonuniform CFD-based thermal analysis for HST prediction is very precise and there is an appropriate vicinity to the experimental values. The error percentage of the proposed 3D CFD-based thermal analysis is 0.11 % (0.1 °C) compared to the OFSs measurements, which demonstrates the precision and effectiveness of the presented modeling. Also, the verification of the results of nonuniform 3D CFD-based thermal analysis in top-oil temperature (TOT) and bottom-oil temperature (BOT) during the experimental TRT is fulfilled via thermography. According to the attained evaluated results, temperatures of 3D CFD-based thermal analysis and thermography in the noted two points are in good accordance with each other. In short, the error percentage is less than 0.65%, which indicates the correctness and proper performance of the proposed nonuniform 3D CFD-based modeling.

UC Secure Private Branching Program and Decision Tree Evaluation

Branching program (BP) is a DAG-based non-uniform computational model for L&#x002F;poly class. It has been widely used in formal verification, logic synthesis, and data analysis. As a special BP, a decision tree is a popular machine learning classifier for its effectiveness and simplicity. In this work, we propose a UC-secure efficient 3-party computation platform for outsourced branching program and&#x002F;or decision tree evaluation. We construct a constant-round protocol and a linear-round protocol. In particular, the overall (online &#x002B; offline) communication cost of our linear-round protocol is <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O( {d( {\ell + log m + log n} )} )$</tex-math></inline-formula> and its round complexity is 2<i>d</i>-1, where <i>m</i> is the DAG size, n is the number of features, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell $</tex-math></inline-formula> is the feature length, and <i>d</i> is the longest path length. To enable efficient oblivious hopping among the DAG nodes, we propose a lightweight 1-out-of-<i>N</i> shared OT protocol with logarithmic communication in both online and offline phase. This partial result may be of independent interest to some other cryptographic protocols. Our benchmark shows, compared with the state-of-the-arts, the proposed constant-round protocol is up to 10X faster in the WAN setting, while the proposed linear-round protocol is up to 15X faster in the LAN setting.

Effective Resistivity in Relativistic Collisionless Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection can power spectacular high-energy astrophysical phenomena by producing nonthermal energy distributions in highly magnetized regions around compact objects. By means of two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we investigate relativistic collisionless plasmoid-mediated reconnection in magnetically dominated pair plasmas with and without a guide field. In X-points, where diverging flows result in a nondiagonal thermal pressure tensor, a finite residence time for particles gives rise to a localized collisionless effective resistivity. Here, for the first time for relativistic reconnection in a fully developed plasmoid chain, we identify the mechanisms driving the nonideal electric field using a full Ohm law by means of a statistical analysis based on our PIC simulations. We show that the nonideal electric field is predominantly driven by gradients of nongyrotropic thermal pressures. We propose a kinetic physics motivated nonuniform effective resistivity model that is negligible on global scales and becomes significant only locally in X-points. It captures the properties of collisionless reconnection with the aim of mimicking its essentials in nonideal magnetohydrodynamic descriptions. This effective resistivity model provides a viable opportunity to design physically grounded global models for reconnection-powered high-energy emission.

History-matching shale reservoir production with a multi-scale, non-uniform fracture network

Numerical simulations of oil/gas production from shale reservoirs often suffer from uncertainties in the description of the fracture system. An integrated stimulation-production framework (referred as the GEOS-TOUGH simulation framework) was developed to enable the use of realistic, non-uniform hydraulic fractures in multi-phase flow simulation. In this work, the GEOS-TOUGH model is further improved by designing a non-uniform secondary fracture model. In this model, the secondary fractures are densely placed parallel to the main hydraulic fracture. The aperture of the secondary fractures is decreasing as the distance from the well increases. The characteristics of the secondary fractures are quantified using four parameters, which are tuned to match the production history at two wells of the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site (HFTS) in Texas, USA. The simulation results show that the secondary fractures are crucial for reservoir production as more than 60% of the hydrocarbons are produced via the secondary fractures. The non-uniform aperture of the secondary fractures have strong influence on oil/gas production because it leads to rapid depressurization and the associated gas exsolution near the horizontal well. With the inclusion of non-uniform secondary fractures and the fracture closure process, the cumulative production of oil and gas can be qualitatively matched with a forward model alone by manual calibration. This study advances knowledge in multiphase production processes and emphasizes the important role of the multiscale fracture network (interconnected non-uniform hydraulic fractures and secondary fractures) in multiphase production. The findings of this study can be used to improve the physical description of the fracture system in reservoir models, which could enhance the applicability and predictability of history matching.

Expected polarization properties of nonmagnetized CCOs

Central compact objects (CCOs) are neutron stars found close to the center of some supernova remnants. A certain number of them are presumably covered by carbon envelopes. Their unpulsed thermal X-ray emission can originate either from the entire surface covered by a carbon atmosphere or alternatively from a nonuniformly emitting hydrogen atmosphere. However, the latter scenario appears unlikely given the available upper limits on the amplitude of pulsations. Here we explore a possibility to further discriminate between the two scenarios using X-ray polarimetric observations. We compute the polarization degree (PD) for nonmagnetized pure-carbon and pure-hydrogen atmospheres with effective temperatures of between 1 and 6 MK and find that it can reach up to 25% and 40% for hydrogen and carbon atmospheres, respectively, in the photon energy band 1–10 keV. However, given the available constraints on possible inhomogeneities of the temperature distribution deduced from models of the X-ray spectrum of the CCO in HESS J1731−347, the integrated PD appears to be very low for both carbon (&lt; 0.25%) and hydrogen (a few percent) compositions in the energy band of 2–8 keV covered by the recently launched Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We therefore conclude that polarization from CCOs is not expected to be detectable by current facilities, but future detection would strongly support nonuniform hydrogen composition models.

Flutter characteristics of bridges under non-uniform wind speed

Increasing the bridge span reduces the aerodynamic stability of a bridge’s structure, and the complex wind environment in mountainous areas makes wind-resistant designs of bridges more difficult. The flutter response of bridges under a uniform flow field has been extensively studied. However, there are still various blind areas regarding the impact of non-uniform inflow on the aerodynamic stability of structures. Because of the increasing complexity of wind fields at bridge sites in mountainous areas, further investigation of the wind resistance characteristics of bridges under inhomogeneous wind fields is required. The non-uniform wind speed distribution model is first summarized in this paper, and the research conditions are set based on it. Considering a simply supported beam bridge and suspension bridge as the research objects, the flutter responses of the two bridges under the set conditions were explored, and their likenesses were compared. The analysis results demonstrate that the flutter stability of the bridge is reduced under non-uniform wind speed; therefore, the non-uniformity of wind speed cannot be completely ignored in the wind resistance design. The degree of influence of wind velocity non-uniformity on structural flutter stability hardly changes with the change in angle of attack (AOA), which can be used to simplify the bridges wind resistance design under a nonuniform inflow.

Multi-peak nonuniform model of rust distribution and corrosion-induced concrete cracking in reinforced concrete slabs

Corrosion-induced concrete cracking is of importance in evaluating service life of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. Rust distribution and steel bar configuration are two of the most parameters affecting not only internal and surface crack patterns, but also evolution of surface crack width. In this paper, a mathematical model based on AsymmetricalGeneralisedvonMises distribution (AGvM model) was proposed to simulate multi-peak asymmetrical nonuniform rust layer around the steel bar's circumference. Besides, an advanced 3D finite element (FE) model was developed incorporating rust distribution obtained from the AGvM model to simulate corrosion-induced concrete cracking. An experimental programme of six RC slabs with three different steel bar configurations and two corrosion levels was conducted to validate the AGvM and the FE models. As a result, it showed that the proposed AGvM model was capable of simulating rust distribution around the steel bar better than the other six existing mathematical models, especially when the rust layer had two peaks and its distribution was highly asymmetrical. Moreover, the 3D FE model could reasonably predict internal and surface crack patterns, as well as evolution of surface crack width of RC slabs. Based on the test results and numerical models, effects of steel bar configurations on corrosion-induced concrete cracking were discussed.