Non-state Sector Research Articles

Voices of Change in Cuba from the Non-State Sector, by Carmelo Mesa-Lago (ed.)

Voices of Change in Cuba from the Non-State Sector, by Carmelo Mesa-Lago (ed.)

Impact of glass ceiling on women career development in non-state banking sector in Colombo

Despite banking industry having more female employees than males, women are still underrepresented in management and senior management levels. This study focused on the effect of glass ceiling factors (GCFs) on women’s career development in non-state banking industry in the Colombo district. Five glass ceiling factors, namely individual, childcare and spouse care, elder care and housework, organizational and cultural factors were considered. The study was guided by three objectives, namely to identify the current level of women’s career development, assess the existing level of GCFs and identify the effect of GCFs on career development of female executives. All female executives employed in the Head Offices of four non-state, licensed commercial banks in Colombo, Sri Lanka were selected for the study. This study revealed significant positive and negative effects of individual factors and organizational factors, respectively on career development of women. Other three factors, namely child care and spouse care, elder care and housework and cultural factors did not show significant relationship on women career development. This study recommends developing self-efficacy by encouraging management to use social modelling, verbal encouragement and constructive feedback. Furthermore, conducting developmental performance appraisals, instead of traditional performance appraisals to increase their personal growth initiatives is suggested.

ІНФОРМАЦІЯ СИСТЕМИ БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКОГО ОБЛІКУ ЯК ПІДҐРУНТЯ ОЦІНКИ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ РЕАЛЬНОГО СЕКТОРУ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to substantiation of bases for calculation, evaluation and analysis of indicators of the real sector of the Ukrainian The relevance of the topic is that maintaining an adequate level of must be based on an adequate and relevant base. The Economic Security Information Base includes a set of indicators grouped by different areas of activity. Systematic statistical information, which is the basis for the formation of such indicators, is integrated into the accounting and financial reporting systems of public and non-governmental entities. In this regard, accounting and financial reporting is a fundamental base on which to assess the of the state and formulate a set of measures to support it. The authors have disclosed approaches to interpreting the concept of the term economic and security of the real economy. The sequence of formation of base for estimation of indicators of the state according to the sequence: of formation of statistical – summary sources of - groups of indicators by sources of information is presented. The regulation of accounting and financial reporting of business entities, which is the basis for the formation of indicators is investigated,. The financial and indicators of production, energy, scientific and technological, food security, as well as the accounting basis for their formation are presented. It is established that the availability of data on the movement of from the primary documents of the subjects of the state and non-state sectors of the economy to the indicators of the of the state will allow to organize the channels of resources in order to obtain at the national level reliable, relevant, adequate, objective and relevant information.

The Reform of Russian Education: Problems. Results. Prospects.

Today the state is focused on the innovative way of development, on the rapid development of the economy, and rapid creation and distribution of new digital technologies. The education system, as a vital area of socio-economic activity, must be reformed in accordance with the requirements of contemporary society. Numerous organizational innovations in the educational sphere of Rossiya have been made in recent years. Characteristic features of the up-to-date system of higher professional education are: liberalization; optimization of the state and non-state sector of education; the introduction of information and communication technologies as well as changes in demand and the degree of accessibility of higher education. For these purposes there should be no doubt that the basis of all are all the necessary conditions for the further reform of Russian education.The Object of Study. The system of higher education in Rossiya.The Subject of Study. Reforming the system of higher education in Rossiya.The Purpose of the Study. Evaluation of the consequences of the introduction of the Bologna System, identifying the causes of the slow progress of reforms.The Theoretical Aspect is based on the concept of Smart-education - education, aimed at obtaining a qualitatively new educational, scientific, social and commercial results in terms of the collective production of knowledge and their multiple sources.The Empirical Aspect of the subject is based on the results of research on the dynamics of spending on education, the number of state and non-state universities, the number of students and positions of Russian universities in international rankings.The Main Theoretical Provisions of the Article. The process of reforming the national system in accordance with the requirements of the Bologna process does not take into account the specifics and features that led to the loss of the accumulated progressive achievements that existed in Russian education. The transition to a new education model is stuck in an intermediate state. At the present stage of the reform of education, the main goal should be a radical update of the content of education and its resource provision. In the USSR, after graduating from higher educational institutions, graduates were sent to work at pre-determined jobs. At the stage of transition of the country to the market, this mechanism was canceled. The supplement to the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” Article 71 (August 2018), introducing quotas for the admission of citizens for targeted training, is designed to ensure competitive conditions for the selection of trained applicants who will enroll in competitive conditions, to train professionals who, after graduating from a higher educational institution, will go to work to the region where they are in demand as specialists. If the graduates did not get a job, they or the company that signs the contract with them will have to compensate for budget expenses.The implementation of these requirements of the Federal Law requires the elimination of contradictory management decisions in terms of graduate level training, adherence to the principle of social justice, provision of sufficient budget financing in accordance with institutional changes and higher flexibility of the entire educational system.The authors consider the organizational mechanism of the system of higher professional education as a system of external and internal relations arising in the course of its functioning and changing depending on the changing goals of the educational model (administrative, collegial and market) of the university and the needs of the labour market at the federal and regional levels.

Corroding consensus-building: how self-centered public diplomacy is damaging diplomacy and what can be done about it

Public diplomacy (PD) is an activity which has become central to the analysis of modern diplomacy. Yet while there are common definitions of PD widely used internationally, practice between states has come to diverge more and more. There is disagreement in the academic literature about what should be included in PD activities, the actors, and boundaries. But there is little analysis of the effects of PD on mainstream diplomacy. This paper, written by a diplomat and sometime practitioner of PD, argues that PD is losing its connection with wider diplomacy which is based on reciprocity and consensus-building. The digital revolution has enabled PD self-promotion which diminishes the necessity for diplomatic partnering. Global rivalries are played out daily for global publics with little room for quiet reflection and compromise. Such self-centered PD has immersed itself in the confusing and divisive nature of online engagement. While the Internet has brought massive benefits and opportunities to both diplomacy and PD, the consensus-building part of true diplomatic engagement is receding. The activities of ISIS and Russia were just the first major collective challenges to diplomacy through new PD techniques. In the past, diplomacy has responded to crises and conflicts and rebuilt its options. Now PD’s chaotic and troubling evolution needs a new response. This should include partners in the non-state sector and the owners of technology platforms. The article takes a practitioner’s perspective and proposes a forum where state and non-state experts could discuss appropriate collective responses by diplomacy so it can reassert options available for consensus-building.

The Factors Affecting the Decision to Participate in Voluntary Social Insurance of Vietnamese Employees: The Case of Tra Vinh Province

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors affecting the decision on participation in voluntary social insurance of non-state sector employees. To propose such recommendations to the Vietnam Government and Social Insurance of Vietnam, to develop a voluntary insurance policy, improve social security for non-state workers in Vietnam. The analysis of factors affecting the decision to participate in voluntary social insurance of Vietnamese employees in the case of Tra Vinh province by using the method of primary data collection of 300 employees in Tra Vinh province; using multivariate regression methods. The study has found 9 factors such as: social security awareness, the attitude of the employees, knowledge of voluntary social insurance of the employees, the social influence of voluntary social insurance, income of employees, social media, voluntary social insurance policy, Adult’s health awareness in old age and moral responsibility affecting the decision to participate in voluntary social insurance of the employees in Tra Vinh province. Then, the authors have proposed implicational policies such as enhancing communication work for employees, building flexible social insurance policies, diversifying types of payments, Focusing on awareness education about Vietnam social security,…contributing to ensuring social security for Vietnamese employees when they reach the retirement age.

Las relaciones entre los sujetos del sector no estatal cubano: el socio-Trabajador por Cuenta Propia en las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias

Los gobiernos están obligados a responder a los crecientes problemas sociales que afectan sus sistemas, a través de sus ordenamientos jurídicos, introduciendo figuras como el Pluriempleo y la Pluriactividad, para evitar la paralización del desarrollo del país y garantizar la protección de los derechos de sus ciudadanos. Cuba se encuentra inmersa en un trascendental proceso de actualización del modelo económico, a raíz del 6to Congreso del Partido Comunista, que responde a la necesidad de enfrentar la crisis económica desatada a partir del llamado «Período Especial», consecuencia directa de la influencia de las situaciones que se generaron en el ámbito internacional. Como corolario de dicho proceso, el gobierno cubano determinó fomentar el desarrollo de proyectos negociales particulares o privados, individuales o colectivos, integrados en el sector no estatal de la economía. Aquí encontramos a los Trabajadores por Cuenta Propia y a las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias. Estas dos formas de gestión tienen sus regulaciones propias, donde se establecen las reglas de su funcionamiento. La legislación que regula el sector de las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias, prevé la posibilidad de que se mezclen estas dos, surgiendo relaciones especiales, las que constituyen el centro de investigación del presente trabajo: el socio- Trabajador por Cuenta Propia.Recibido: 11 junio 2018Aceptado: 09 abril 2019Publicación en línea: 22 julio 2019

The China model view is factually false

ABSTRACTUsing a cross-regional analysis of China, this article shows that the China model view is factually false and the universal model view is factually true. It is the marketization and development of non-state sectors, rather than the strong power of government and the state sector, that have driven the Chinese economy to grow fast and to be increasingly innovative. If China wants to sustain its economic performance, it must stay on the way to continuing marketization. Otherwise, China will fall into stagnation.

Законодавча регламентація та механізми контролю більшовицької влади за діяльністю громадських об’єднань України у першій половині 1920-х років

У публікації, на основі широкої історіографічної та джерельної бази, проаналізовано ключові чинники встановлення більшовицької монополії у суспільно-громадській площині. Показано механізми правової регламентації позадержавного суспільного простору. Доведено, що основною метою встановлених законодавчих норм у сфері функціонування громадських об’єднань було здійснення правлячим режимом контролю за їх діяльністю, залучення їх представників до формування радянського державного апарату.

Державна політика розвитку механізмів саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві

Акцентовано увагу на актуальності питання формування ефективного механізму саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві, що потребує здійснення аналізу наукових досліджень та дасть змогу формувати альтернативні рішення, беручи до уваги міжнародний досвід. Узагальнено інформаційні ресурси, що представляють наукові розробки вітчизняних і закордонних вчених. Визначено сутність міжнародних підходів до формування і реалізації механізмів саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві. Вказано на необхідність свідомої передачі державою частини функцій із нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві недержавному сектору. Зазначено, що у Німеччині, Великобританії, США саме саморегулюючим організаціям належать функції з ліцензійного забезпечення господарської діяльності, яка пов’язана зі створенням будівель та споруд, проведенням професійної атестації. Зауважено, що таку процедуру професійної атестації проходять архітектори, інженери-проектувальники, інженери технічного нагляду та експерти, що дає змогу врегулювати допуск на ринок цих категорій осіб тощо. Доведено, що зазначені організації (т. зв. палати) володіють певними владними повноваженнями, що, як правило, є монопольними повноваженнями держави. Обґрунтовано, що для впровадження світових тенденцій та підтримки напряму подальшого роздержавлення національної системи нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у галузі будівництва необхідно посилити інституційну спроможність організацій саморегулювання та удосконалити законодавче підґрунтя, щоб мати можливість впровадити європейські та кращі світові моделі його організаційної структури.

Quality of information disclosure, property rights, and bank loans: A bank heterogeneity perspective

Using the context of the financial reform and the development of the non-state sector in China in the past decade, we examine the roles that the quality of information disclosure and property rights play in the allocation of different types of bank credit. We find that foreign banks and policy banks exercise “financial discrimination,” and that local commercial banks, large state-owned commercial banks, national joint-stock banks, local city commercial banks, and rural commercial banks not only exercise financial discrimination but also provide significant “financial support” to non-state-owned enterprises by providing more lending opportunities and larger loans. However, when enterprises commit information disclosure violations, the local commercial banks, national joint-stock banks, local city commercial banks, and rural commercial banks reverse their credit decisions and begin to exercise financial discrimination against non-state-owned enterprises. At the same time, large state-owned commercial banks continue to provide financial support to non-state-owned enterprises. We also find that the quality of the information disclosed by enterprises has a moderating effect rather than an intermediary effect on the relationship between property rights and bank loans. Overall, the results of this paper shine new light on the market-oriented reform of the banking industry, and provide new empirical evidence for the presence of financial discrimination in the supply of bank credit. Our findings also have practical implications for solving the financing difficulties of non-state-owned enterprises.

Do institutions matter in the age of governance? The Jewish Agency as a metaphor

ABSTRACT The era of new governance in the last decades reflects the expanded space granted to the two non-state sectors – business and non-profit – in policy-making and implementation. By way of exploring whether and to what extent the institutional approach is still an effective method of analysing public policy, this article investigates the Jewish Agency for Israel as a case study, testing existing definitions for non-governmental organisations (NGOs and QUANGOs). The difficulty in finding the most appropriate definition serves as testimony to the feebleness of the institutional approach and the existing definitions for non-state players, and raises the need for new theoretical interpretations.

China's Productivity Problem

China's Productivity Problem Loren Brandt (bio) Nicholas Lardy's The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China? is an excellent sequel to his 2014 book Markets Over Mao: The Rise of Private Business in China. Combined, the two books offer a compelling narrative that is often advanced by academic economists working on China. In this review, I briefly summarize this larger narrative and highlight a few issues. Up through the global financial crisis beginning in 2008, China's rapid growth owed much to market-liberalizing reforms that freed up prices and resources, lowered entry barriers facing nonstate firms, opened up China to the rest of the world, and facilitated the reallocation of resources between agriculture and non-agriculture and the state and nonstate sectors. Estimates by my colleague Xiaodong Zhu show that during the first three decades of reform, rapid growth in total factor productivity (TFP) was the source of more than three-quarters of the 8.1% annual growth in GDP per capita.1 Especially important were productivity gains in the nonstate (largely private) sector, followed by those coming from the reallocation of labor and capital from the state to the nonstate sector where returns were higher. Even after three decades of reform, however, huge inefficiencies in resource allocation persisted. Per capita GDP on a purchasing power parity basis was also only 20% of that in advanced countries, and the level of productivity was probably even lower in international comparison. The implication is that China had a decade or two in which 8% growth was still in its future. In the wake of the global financial crisis, a halt—if not a reversal—in liberalizing reforms in most sectors led to a marked slowdown [End Page 170] in economic growth.2 Drawing heavily on estimates of profits, rates of return on assets, and leverage in the state and nonstate sectors to make his case, Lardy links the decline in growth to policy once again favoring the state sector. Although Zhu's estimates of productivity growth only extend to 2007, recent estimates by David Dollar (2017) and Chong-en Bai and Qiong Zhang (2017) that extend through 2015 suggest TFP growth after 2008 that is only a quarter to a half of prior levels.3 Harry Wu's recent estimates (2018) for a slightly shorter period suggest negative productivity growth after 2007.4 China's declining growth after the financial crisis appears to be a productivity problem. How has state policy contributed to this decline? Lardy goes through a long list of the ways in which the state has reasserted itself, but on the basis of his analysis, it is not possible to rank or quantify how important they are. Much more structure and formal modeling are required, but in terms of productivity, three margins are key. First, expansion of the state sector, in which productivity is lower, at the expense of the private sector would have resulted in lower productivity growth. Second, productivity growth in the state sector might have declined, thereby pulling down TFP growth in the aggregate. And third, productivity growth in the private sector may have fallen. Data presented in The State Strikes Back suggests that the problem is not the expanding weight of the state sector in GDP. On the production side, the share of state-owned firms continued to fall in industry, and has also likely declined in services. In the small but rapidly growing business services sector, for example, the share of the private sector rose significantly. On the expenditure side, a fall in the state's share of investment (see p. 19, Figure 1.1) [End Page 171] more than offset a slight rise in the percentage of GDP going to capital formation, implying that capital formation by the state as a share of GDP also fell. Productivity growth in the state sector may have fallen, however. I am less comfortable than Lardy in inferring changes in productivity on the basis of profitability estimates—the link is highly imperfect.5 But given that the state sector is the source of at most a third of GDP, the decline in productivity in the state sector required to explain the...

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING IN UKRAINE

The article provides analysis of the general theoretical approaches to the definition of the «post-conflict peacebuilding» concept in global political science. It contains the analysis of the formation and development of the concept by international institutions (the UN and the EU) and individual researchers, considers the features of the concept and the basic definition criteria, highlights several most relevant concepts and approaches. The material actualizes the lack of in-depth research on this topic in the world and in Ukraine. In addition to that, it states the modern problems in the identification and differentiation of concept ‘post-conflict peacebuilding” in the international science. A particular attention was paid to various formulations of the concept of “post-conflict peacebuilding” in Ukraine. The national basis for the research and for the formed concepts, highlighted the principles of creating a definition was examined. The main acquisitions and developments of both sectors on this issue are analyzed, the presence/absence of a clear definition is indicated based on the consideration of governmental documents and statutes/visions of non-governmental organizations. The work identifies the main actors who are involved in the conceptualization of the concept and the promotion of research on the topic. It highlights the documents that mention the problem of peacebuilding. Further to this, it determines the focus of the public sector and indicates the change in the status of Ukraine in the research field. Was made an attempt to determine the practical forms of implementation of the concept in Ukraine. The study determines the mechanisms and forms of testing the concept of post-conflict peacebuilding in Ukraine in practice. Additionally, was assembled a list of organizations that are actively involved in developing the modern concept of post-conflict peacebuilding in Ukraine. The study indicates that introducing an integrated approach for analyzing the problem, coordinating the state and non-state sectors on the issue of peacebuilding is essential. It provides the problems and shortcomings of the research and testing methods. Besides, the paper determined the perspectives for further research on the issue of post-conflict peacebuilding.

Voices of Change in Cuba from the Non-State Sector by Carmelo Mesa-Lago

Reviewed by: Voices of Change in Cuba from the Non-State Sector by Carmelo Mesa-Lago Omar Everleny Pérez Villanueva Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Voices of Change in Cuba from the Non-State Sector. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. 176 pp. El libro Voces del cambio en el emergente sector no estatal en Cuba, coordinado por el prestigioso profesor Carmelo Mesa-Lago en el que participó un colectivo integrado por Roberto Veiga, Lenier González, Sofía Vera y Aníbal Pérez, es una investigación seria, donde se utilizan instrumentos de medición para un tipo de resultados que es una práctica corriente en las ciencias sociales. Aunque hubiera sido interesante haber obtenido una mayor muestra, el haber realizado ochenta entrevistas para esta obra no lo demerita, los que hacen este tipo de trabajo saben los obstáculos que se atraviesan cuando se intenta hacer una encuesta en Cuba. La obra mencionada es de gran utilidad para los que se adentran en este importante tema, y ha servido de guía para los trabajos que se han elaborado con esta temática. El desarrollo del sector no estatal en Cuba es una necesidad para el desarrollo que se pretende obtener en el documento aprobado por las autoridades cubanas acerca de las líneas estratégicas de Cuba hasta el 2030. Es harto conocido y demostrado en la realidad contemporánea que la discusión no estriba ya en dos conceptos que se presentan como antagónicos, el capitalismo y el socialismo. Hay ejemplos notorios de países de economías de mercado, donde las empresas públicas han resultado ser muy eficaces, y otros de economías socialistas, donde el mercado y las empresas privadas han resultado decisivos en los resultados económicos previstos, como son los casos de China y Vietnam. No hay que satanizar más lo privado o más ampliamente lo no estatal, en el futuro económico de Cuba, como muchos autores o políticos lo siguen presentando así en la actualidad. Lo esencial es coordinar todas las fuerzas posibles que contribuyan a la creación de riquezas, que repartidas entre todos, si el Estado es capaz de hacerlo, puedan contribuir a incrementar el bienestar de todos. Si se sigue en esa discusión del papel omnipresente de la empresa estatal como la única capaz de llevar a Cuba hacia el desarrollo económico, nos quedaremos mucho tiempo en esa discusión, olvidándonos de tantos años de quehacer económico. En las más de 200 páginas de la obra, divididas en cada uno de los actores del sector estatal como los cooperativistas, cuentapropistas, arrendatarios, se ofrecen opiniones muy certeras de la realidad actual cubana y salen conclusiones acertadas de las dificultades que atraviesa este sector para su desarrollo, sesgadas por la opinión de los hacedores de política, que hay que evitar la concentración de la propiedad y de la riqueza de estos actores. Como expresó el colega y economista Pedro Monreal, "en Cuba parecería ser que el combate es a la riqueza y no a la pobreza, como es habitual en el mundo actual." Coincido plenamente con una de las conclusiones que expresa la obra [End Page 361] "Probablemente, la reforma estructural más importante de Raúl Castro ha sido la apertura del sector no estatal en Cuba," donde ya tienen una participación del 30 por ciento de la fuerza laboral del país y probablemente aporten al presupuesto nacional el 10 por ciento de los ingresos al mismo. Se demuestra en el libro que las llamadas cooperativas no agrícolas (CNA)—llamadas así para distinguirla de aquellas que existían antes en la agricultura—, aún tenían una poca participación en la economía cubana, con sólo 367 entidades operando, la mayor parte en la parte occidental, y casi todas en los servicios tales como restaurantes y servicios de reparación de enseres o técnicos, muy pocas en la industria o en la construcción, y plagadas de enormes dificultades para conseguir los insumos que necesitan. En general esta obra debe leerse con detenimiento, y adem...

Labor Market Dynamics in Urban China and the Role of the State Sector

This paper studies the effect of state-owned enterprises on the dynamics of the Chinese urban labor market. Using longitudinal monthly panel data, we document very low dynamics in the labor market, especially in the state sector. We develop and calibrate an equilibrium search and matching model with three differences between the state and the non-state sector: labor productivity, labor adjustment cost, and workers' bargaining power. Counterfactual analysis shows that the lack of dynamics is mainly driven by the strong bargaining power of state-sector workers. Eliminating the differences between the two sectors substantially reduces the unemployment rate and long-term unemployment rate.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Vietnam Economy

Foreign Direct Investment has positive impacts on developing economies, however without proper and effective policies in attracting and management of foreign investment, there can be negative impacts as well. This study attempts to provide a picture of foreign investment in Vietnam over the past time. The main research method used in the article is statistics analysis and Input-Output analysis method using data from Vietnam General Statistics Office, along with some contemporary policy discussion. A comprehensive statistical investigation shows that while FDI sector consistently accounts for about 20% of Vietnam GDP since 1995, this sector is becoming dominating in importing and exporting relatively to State and other non-State sectors. Besides, policies exercised by the Government are both showing signs of unfair treatment between FDI and domestic sectors and showing loopholes exploited by FDI firms (such as tax avoidance and price transfer). From the Input-Ouput analysis, we discovered that the sector which needs State investment the most—domestic sector with highest spillover effects to income and lowest to import—is begin neglected in favor of FDI sectors. Consequently, this has created a fragmented domestic economy that is assembly-based and not fully utilising its manufacturing potentials. Some recommendations drawn from the study are: increase effectiveness of policy in attracting and using foreign investments; ensure fairness in treatment between foreign and domestic firms; create incentives to boost domestic manufacturing; priorities foreign capitals which have positive spillover effects and technology transfer.

Social insurance participation among rural migrants in reform era China

This study examines the effects of stability in employment and migration on rural migrants’ access to social insurance. Special attention is given to the interaction between the employment contract and the employment sector and between the employment contract and the migrants’ local–nonlocal rural hukou status. Using data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration survey in China, the analysis reveals that having a stable contract and high job stability are positively correlated with social insurance coverage among rural migrants, whereas a stable migration experience and the intention to settle in the host city do not increase the likelihood of having social insurance coverage. Having a stable contract plays an important role in closing and even reversing the coverage gap between local and non-local rural migrants by significantly boosting the latter’s chances of obtaining social insurance. However, the beneficial effects derived from having a stable contract in improving the likelihood of obtaining social insurance have been significant in the state sector but quite limited in the non-state sector. Astonishingly, this has unintendedly increased the coverage disparity between the two employment sectors, except for the housing provident fund. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Structural Changes in Chinese Economy: Progress and Challenges

This article presents a review of the progress in economic restructuring in the Chinese economy. It explores the role of consumption versus investment in economic growth, trends in inequality, growth of the state and non-state sectors, and balancing between short-term and long-term development goals. It also discusses the major challenges in China’s economy and hence Chinese policymakers’ possible responses in the coming decade.

Governing multisectoral action for health in low-income and middle-income countries: an agenda for the way forward

Drawing on experiences reviewed in the accompanying supplement and other literature, we present an agenda for the way forward for policy-makers, managers, civil society and development partners to govern multisectoral...