Non-standard Use Research Articles

Frequency and predictors of insufficient chemotherapy use among stage I-III breast cancer patients by molecular subtype.

154 Background: Identification of distinct molecular subtypes has expanded the treatment options for breast cancer, however, chemotherapy remains the common and effective treatment for each subtype. The objective is to compare the frequency and predictors of insufficient chemotherapy use among two subtypes of stage I-III breast cancer patients: luminal A and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: We analyzed data from a CDC funded project - Enhancing Cancer Registry Data for Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) collected by Louisiana Tumor Registry. Women aged < = 70 years, diagnosed in 2011 with stage I-III luminal A or TNBC breast cancer, tumor size > 1cm, were included (N = 1,189). Insufficient chemotherapy (i.e. no chemotherapy use, nonstandard regimen use, and low relative dose intensity (RDI < 85%)) was evaluated respectively. Potential predictors included age, race, insurance, marital status, census tract-poverty, AJCC stage, grade, tumor size, lymph node status, and Charlson comorbidity. Stepwise model selection with p-value for entry at 0.2 and for stay at 0.25 was used to select the most relevant predictors. Results: The frequencies of no chemotherapy use were significantly different (p < .0001) between luminal A (42%, N = 913) and TNBC patients (9%, N = 241). Older age, white race, no insurance, lower stage or grade, and without lymph node involvement were related with no chemotherapy for luminal A patients; older age, not married, and high poverty for TNBC. There were 36% of luminal A and 40% of TNBC patients receiving nonstandard regimen (p = 0.27). Predictors of nonstandard regimen use were increased age, insurance, stage, and grade for luminal A and high poverty level and stage for TNBC. Reduced RDI occurred in 9% luminal A and 10% TNBC patients (p = 0.61). Small cases precluded the prediction model for low RDI. Conclusions: Luminal A patients are less likely to receive chemotherapy than TNBC patients. Low social economic status factors are associated with no chemotherapy use and nonstandard regimens use, especially for TNBC patients.

“ Experiment Is Each Scroll of White Pages Joined Together”: Reading Punctuation, Mathematics, and Science in Myung Mi Kim’s Dura

With its mathematical vocabulary, innovative geometrical form, lyric density, and funky deployment of punctuation, Dura exemplifies Kim’s interest in poetic experimentation. This article investigates how Kim negotiates two foci through Dura : on the one hand, employing experimental linguistics that grant punctuation, mathematical notations, and scientific vocabulary multiple signifying possibilities, while on the other, pushing forth a political project that speaks to the continuing issue of radical social inequalities. Punctuation, mathematics, and science all operate under a rubric of efficiency. Punctuation enables more effective forms of communication, while mathematical and scientific advances enable inventions that provide greater comfort, easier transport, faster communication, and other improvements. But Kim’s lyric style in Dura questions the logic of efficiency that undergirds modes of standardization and perceived trajectories of advancement. Hence, the use of experimental punctuation and nonstandard use of mathematical and scientific language enable Dura to stage a trenchant critique of driving forces behind colonialism and empire.

Using Open Geographic Data to Generate Natural Language Descriptions for Hydrological Sensor Networks.

Providing descriptions of isolated sensors and sensor networks in natural language, understandable by the general public, is useful to help users find relevant sensors and analyze sensor data. In this paper, we discuss the feasibility of using geographic knowledge from public databases available on the Web (such as OpenStreetMap, Geonames, or DBpedia) to automatically construct such descriptions. We present a general method that uses such information to generate sensor descriptions in natural language. The results of the evaluation of our method in a hydrologic national sensor network showed that this approach is feasible and capable of generating adequate sensor descriptions with a lower development effort compared to other approaches. In the paper we also analyze certain problems that we found in public databases (e.g., heterogeneity, non-standard use of labels, or rigid search methods) and their impact in the generation of sensor descriptions.

Trends in Cervical Cytology Screening and Reporting Practices: Results From the College of American Pathologists 2011 PAP Education Supplemental Questionnaire.

The College of American Pathologists periodically surveys laboratories to determine changes in cytopathology practices. We report the results of a 2011 gynecologic cytology survey. To provide a cross-sectional survey of gynecologic cytology practices in 2010. In 2011, a survey was sent to 1604 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists gynecologic cytology interlaboratory comparison education program and proficiency testing programs requesting data from 2010 on the following topics: terminology/reporting, cytotechnologist workload, quality assurance, reagents, and ancillary testing. Six hundred and twenty-five laboratories (39%) replied to the survey. The nonstandard use of "low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion" is used by most laboratories to report the presence of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion with possibility of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Most laboratories also report the presence or absence of cells from the transformation zone. Most respondents do not limit cytotechnologist screening workload during the work shift. Only about one-third of laboratories (188 of 582; 32%) use image-assisted screening devices. Rapid prescreening as a quality assurance measure is used by only 3.5% (21 of 594) of the laboratories. When used for screening, most laboratories use the imager for retrospective review of slides to detect human locator and interpretive errors. Most laboratories receive both liquid-based cytology samples (mainly ThinPrep, Hologic, Marlborough, Massachusetts) and conventional Papanicolaou tests. Expiration dates of liquid-based cytology test vials are not usually recorded. The field of gynecologic cytology is evolving rapidly. These survey results offer a snapshot of national gynecologic cytology practices in 2010.

The role of translators and interpreters in hybrid English–Spanish contexts in the USA

This article presents the findings of a study of English–Spanish mediation in hospital and court settings in the USA. The study is based on two main issues: the linguistic and cultural diversity of Hispanics, and the specialized nature of the health and judicial systems. When encountering new or different health care and judicial systems in the USA, Hispanics often code-switch or borrow terms from English that are more practical for the context, and transfer them to their dominant language. This process creates a unique, non-standard or hybrid form of Spanish that challenges translators and interpreters, whose aim is to facilitate communication between L1 and L2. As qualified individuals trained to use language professionally, they must decide whether to use non-standard language in the pursuit of their communicative goal. The data from observation and interviews with interpreters, as well as the analysis of translations containing speech forms prone to non-standard use, point in the direction of a response based on constraints imposed by the nature of the contexts and ethical and professional guidelines, and not by lack of knowledge or access to lexicon, as some prior studies have proposed. The findings also show that translators and interpreters consciously follow a course of action, which may include educating the target audience by virtue of their choices. This is a deviation from their role as language brokers.

Some non-standard linguistic occurrences in students’ speech

The aim of this study was to investigate often used non-standard linguistic occurrences in students’ speech, in order to foster language culture. The methods used were methods of observation of situations and methods of linguistic analysis of students’ papers. The sample were students of Islamic Pedagogical Faculty of the University in Zenica who have regularly attended classes of the courses Bosnian Language Norm, Bosnian Language and Methodology of Speech Communication I and II in the academic 2011/2012 year. The results showed the presence of a large number of non-standard linguistic occurrences, and in this paper only the following were mentioned: moving vowel articulation; non-standard use of the enclitic is, infinitive, aorist, case of some nouns; and compression and reduction of vowels. Since an exhaustive analysis was not the aim, they were not analyzed separately by linguistic levels. Keywords: standard language, spoken language (speech), non-standard linguistic occurrences, standardization

Biologically informed disciplines: a comparative analysis of bionics, biomimetics, biomimicry, and bio-inspiration among others

This article offers a complementary approach to research and education in biologically informed disciplines through the lens of bionics, biomimetics, and biomimicry terminology. For the purpose of developing this approach, we look at past and current contexts in which the three fi elds have emerged and identify three issues: an absence of common ground that unites the fi elds of bionics, biomimetics, and biomimicry while recognizing their contextual differences, a non-standardized use of the terminology that leads to ambiguity within the fi eld of biologically informed disciplines, an incomplete and disorganized historical and contextual knowledge about the fi eld that inhibits a common starting ground for collaboration, and confuses non-scientists who seek biological understanding. We offer a fundamental understanding of the fi elds from theoretical perspective by bringing together opinions of researchers and practitioners of bionics, biomimetics, biomimicry, bio-inspiration and offering a comprehensive analysis of terms culminating in the introduction of an overarching term ‘biologi

Perspectives: Has Intraoperative Near Infrared Indocyanine Green Video-angiography Replaced Formal Angiography in Aneurysm Surgery?

ll technologic advancements in medicine aim to replace existing instruments with better, cheaper, or more userA friendly tools. More recent examples of such advancements have been widespread in endovascular neurosurgery. However, these technologic improvements, although more common in interventional procedures, have not been isolated to the endovascular realm. The use of near infrared indocyanine green video-angiography (ICGA), first described in 2003 by Raabe et al. (6), has gained widespread acceptance by many vascular neurosurgeons during aneurysm clipping. With a simple application of a modified digital recorder in the surgical microscope, near infrared video-angiography can detect intracranial vascular flow after intravenous injection of indocyanine green in an inexpensive, reliable, and safe manner. In many centers, ICGA has replaced intraoperative angiography because of the cumbersome, time-consuming, expensive, and potentially dangerous nature of intraoperative angiography. However, ICGA remains inferior to postoperative confirmatory angiography in complete evaluation of aneurysm occlusion and parent vessel patency. Over the past 10 years, many studies have been performed in an attempt to quantify when and how ICGA fails to measure up to postoperative angiography. Most of these studies have been underpowered single-center retrospective studies of a nonstandardized use of ICGA, leaving little ability to make any firm claim on specific shortcomings of the technology.

Visualization of advertising media text on TV channels’ websites: creative technologies

The article examines the processes of transition to multimedia broadcasting platforms in the Internet introducing creative technology of advertising media text visualization to a new level. Present-day creative technologies provide non-standard use of verbal and nonverbal communication tools driving the audience to advertising media copies. The problem of studying creative technologies of advertising media copy visualization for channel websites is actually underexplored. Nevertheless a new trend in advertising visualization of ad units and messages in the Internet demands of manufacturers pooled knowledge of the advertising product displayed. Thus conventional terrestrial channels acquire both a new business assignment and additional financial support. The article provides theoretical justification of basic concepts, that is "creativity", "creative idea" and "creative technology." Basic elements dominating in development of visualized advertising are distinguished as the guidelines for creative technologies of advertising media text visualization on channel websites, including an exclusive style and advertising image formation technology. Media content of websites of 6 federal (national) TV channels included in the 1st and 2nd multiplexes of interactive digital television in Russia is specially scrutinized as a potent fact. Multimedia broadcasting platforms are shaped in the new informative and communicative environment conditioned by rapidly progressing innovative technologies, which renders to creative technologies of advertising media text visualization both dynamics of transformations and additional advertising product properties: multimediacity, interactivity, onlinity and hypertextuality.

Pain after pediatric otorhinolaryngologic surgery: a prospective multi-center trial

The purpose of this study was to describe postoperative pain within the first day after pediatric otorhinolaryngologic surgery and to identify factors influencing postoperative pain. Using a prospective evaluation and a Web-based multi-center registry, children ≥4 years of age (n = 365) rated their pain using questionnaires of the project Quality Improvement in Postoperative Pain Treatment for Children including faces numeric rating scales (FNRS, 0-10) for the determination of patient's pain on ambulation and his/her maximal and minimal pain within 8 h after day case surgery or at the first postoperative day for inpatient cases. Additionally, functional interference and therapy-related side effects were assessed. Half of the children were 4 or 5 years of age. The predominant types of surgery were adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy ± ear ventilation tubes. Although analgesics were applied preoperatively, intraoperatively, in the recovery room and on ward, maximal pain within the first day after surgery reached 4.4 ± 3.3 (FNRS). Pain was highest after oral surgery, especially after tonsillectomy and nose surgery. 39% of the children reported pain interference with breathing (39%). The most frequent side effect was drowsiness (55%). Multivariate analysis revealed that maximal pain was independently associated with the non-standardized use of opioids in the recovery room, or use of non-opioid or opioids on ward. Analgesia and perioperative pain management in pediatric otorhinolaryngologic surgery seems to be highly variable. Tonsillectomy and nose surgery are very painful. After otorhinolaryngologic surgery many children seem to receive less analgesia than needed or ineffective analgesic drug regimes.

Market Basket Analysis as a Support Tool for The Management of Public Transport

Abstract The aim of this paper is to characterize a non-standard use of the method of market basket analysis in one of the areas of economy, i.e. public transport. Generally, one of the aims of the market basket analysis method is associating the consumer's market basket – in the case of public transport this being the choice of bus stops in the city area made by passengers. Owing to a new, practical use of this method, it was possible to build an efficient model characterizing the movement of flows of public transport passengers, and assess the degree of transferring (changing lines), thus making it possible to adapt the routes of buses to the needs of people using this particular means of transport, as well as to plot new communication lines. The data analysis was performed using the Statistica statistical package and its SAL application, i.e. the algorithms used in Data Mining.

Использование интенсивности рассеянного веществом рентгеновского излучения в практике рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа

In the present review the works devoted to the theory and use of scattered radiation in practice of X-ray fluorescent analysis are considered and critically discussed. The physical principles of dispersion of x-ray photons in substance are in detail considered, the approximating ratios describing dependences of differential coefficients of coherent and incoherent dispersion for various atomic numbers and wide range of energy and corners are studied. Results of calculations of differential sections of dispersion are compared with experimental results of authors of articles. The special attention is paid to the questions connected with abnormal dispersion and its influence on results of X-ray fluorescent analysis. The most part of considered articles is devoted to various techniques of use of scattered radiation. Expediency of use of intensity of scattered radiation in the regression equations and a way of theoretical amendments is shown. Questions of practical use of the perspective relation ‒ intensity of the fluorescent line of a defined element and a power function of intensity of dispersion are considered. The great interest is caused by works on non-standard use of scattered radiation: to determination of thickness of coverings and easy elements when measurement of fluorescent radiation or is strongly complicated, or in general it is impossible. In conclusion of the review conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made. Key words: X-ray fluorescent analysis, intensity of scattered radiation, differential coefficients of coherent and incoherent dispersion, differential section of dispersion, abnormal dispersion. (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.1.001 A.L. Tsvetyanskii and A.N. Eritenko Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Southern Federal University" , Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation

Areal rainfall intensity distribution over an urban area and its effect on a combined sewerage system

The application of 21 pluviometers over the whole area of Łódź, Poland, enabled an examination of areal distribution of intense rainfalls during 2010–2011. On the basis of collected data the distribution of rainfall intensity was analysed and a circular zone model with exponential shape in all directions has been proposed for describing rain storms. Also, the velocity of storm zone movement between 2 and 30 km/h was determined. Using the SWMM 5.0 software, adapted for non-standard use, runoff from three real catchments and combined storm overflow discharge was examined for selected measured rainfalls. An effect of storm zone range and movement was also studied for the same catchments using model storms. It was confirmed that using data from the city pluviometric network enables significantly better simulation results for CSO overflows to be obtained compared to an option based on a single pluviometric station, especially for large catchments greater than 200 hectares.

Committee Opinion No. 573

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises against the use of magnesium sulfate injections for more than 5-7 days to stop preterm labor in pregnant women. Based on this, the drug classification was changed from Category A to Category D, and the labeling was changed to include this new warning information. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's change in classification addresses an unindicated and nonstandard use of magnesium sulfate in obstetric care. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine continue to support the short-term (usually less than 48 hours) use of magnesium sulfate in obstetric care for appropriate conditions and for appropriate durations of treatment, which includes the prevention and treatment of seizures in women with preeclampsia or eclampsia, fetal neuroprotection before anticipated early preterm (less than 32 weeks of gestation) delivery, and short-term prolongation of pregnancy (up to 48 hours) to allow for the administration of antenatal corticosteroids in pregnant women between 24 weeks of gestation and 34 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days.

Kalb’s Leber und Dienstag’s Schnitzeltag: Zur funktionalen Ausdifferenzierung des Apostrophs im Deutschen

Abstract This paper analyzes the non-standard use of the apostrophe in modern German texts. Traditionally, it is assumed that the apostrophe has a purely phonographic function in German, even though the first examples of non-phonographic apostrophes date back to the 17th century. Still today, spellings with non-phonographic apostrophes, such as die Pizza’s, are considered as mistakes or misspellings. However, the in-depth analysis of these spellings reveals that the vast majority of non-phonographic apostrophes are not used at haphazard. They rather indicate information about the morphological structure of words: they either mark the right border of their left context, the left border of their right context or the morphological border as such. Interestingly, the number of morphologically motivated spellings has increased considerably during the last decades. This can be explained by an extension of possible contexts. In this paper, I argue that the morphographic apostrophe spreads from a prototypical construction, namely the s-genitive of person names, to other contexts, such as nominal plural or denominal adverbs. I furthermore illustrate that both the left and the right context of the apostrophe may serve as a starting point for the propagation of the morphographic apostrophe.

The “Dual Structure” of World History and Contemporary China’s Development Road in the Context of Globalization

The Marxist view of world history provides theoretical evidence for the correct use of the term “globalization.” Many of the facts implied in the popular yet non-standard use of “globalization” reflect our identification of the “transition from history to world history.” However, this has failed to bring about a realization of the structural changes in world history that are taking place in the course of this transition. The “transition from history to world history” has led to the emergence of “international society” and “global society,” which together constitute the “dual structure” of world history. Despite differences in their main structure and interest structure, their development goals and principles, and in their characteristics and patterns, international society and global society are interconnecting and interpenetrating. On the basis of a critique of “globalizing” “world history” and a scientific analysis of the situation and trends in contemporary world history, the “dual structure” theory of world history is a good entry point both for the full application to globalization of the Marxist view of world history and research on its development and for the contemporary development of the Marxist view of world history. At the same time, this theory will also provide methodological support for our exploration of socialist China’s developmental road in a globalizing world.

Automatic Interlocking Table Generation for Non-ideal Railway Yards

Interlocking systems that can be regarded as the main decision making component of fixed block railway signaling systems, are directly responsible for ensuring the safe movements of trains. Software of an interlocking system depends on the interlocking table of the related railway yard. Although there are tools for automatic interlocking table generation, these tools generally do not consider non-ideal situations like non-signaled track or non-standard use of switches or signals. In this study, an efficient automatic interlocking table generation tool was proposed considering these non-ideal situations.

Stiff-Plate Bearing Test Simulation Based on FWD Results

The control of compaction's degree of the lower pavement layers in Poland usually is done by making use of stiff-plate bearing tests. After the subgrade and/or subbase are constructed, there is no further possibility to check if the proper (designed) Ev2 values were achieved during the construction works. Some possible remedy of this problem can come with a nonstandard use of falling weight deflectometer results analysis. This paper presents potential applications of numerical simulations of plate bearing test based on dynamic deflection data and theoretical model of flexible pavement with high modulus asphalt concrete. Considering the combination of dynamic test results with static numerical or theoretical models used as components of inverse procedure the promising estimates of Ev2 can be achieved within non-destructive test frame. The conducted studies show how much the theoretically evaluated Ev2 secant modulus can be reliably characterized from nonstandard testing data with acceptable engineering accuracy.

Branch Pulmonary Artery Jailing With a Bare Metal Stent to Anchor a Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve in Patients With Patched Large Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

Although transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement using the Melody valve (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) has become widely adopted, it has only been formally studied in patients with right ventricle–to–pulmonary artery conduits <22 mm in diameter.1,2 Such patients compose only a small proportion of individuals with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dysfunction, and there is interest and potential utility to broadening the indications for Melody valve implantation. We report nonstandard use of Melody valve in 3 noncandidate patients and discuss salient technical points. ### Patient 1 A 25-year-old man with early surgical correction of pulmonary atresia intact septum during infancy, presented with severe PR and no gradient across the RVOT and branch pulmonary arteries (PAs). Calibration using a compliant balloon showed RVOT diameter of 25 mm, making the patient unsuitable for the Melody valve, using the conventional technique (Figure 1 and online-only Data Supplement video clips I and II). Figure 1. Cineangiogram still frames demonstrate the jailing technique in patient 1. A , Angiogram on 4-chamber view shows the anatomy of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and pulmonary artery (PA) tree. B , RV angiogram after placement of open-cell, bare metal stents shows symmetrical perfusion of the 2 PAs and incomplete apposition of the stents to the RVOT. C , Angiogram shows opening of the cells at the level of the jailed PA before Melody insertion. D , Final angiogram shows reduction of pulmonary regurgitation with a small amount of paraprosthetic leak. ### Patient 2 An 18-year-old man with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect underwent palliative Blalock-Taussig shunt in the immediate postnatal period and subsequently, complete repair without pulmonary valved or nonvalved conduit. A false RVOT aneurysm was closed, using an atrial septal defect occluder. The patient presented with native left PA stenosis, severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR), and worsening functional status. There was no gradient …

不同水肥条件下AM真菌对丹参幼苗生长和营养成分的影响

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.is a medicinal plant and perennial herb with relieving pain promoting blood circulation,and so on.In recent years,to supplying people′s the demand,the area of cultivation Salvia was increasing in Hebei province,but the quality was reducing because of non-standard planting and improper use of fertilizer and pesticides.Therefore,it has become the popular areas of researches to improve yield and quality of Salvia at home and abroad. Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi are a class of beneficial soil microbes.It is well known that AM fungi can enhance the resistance of plants to stressful situations,such as drought,salt,nutrient deficiency,etc.At the same time,AM fungi can form a good symbiotic relationship with the almost ninety percent of vascular plants.Some researches have shown that the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis has significant interactive effects with water and fertilizer.The paper mainly studied the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(Glomus mosseae) on the growth and nutrient of Salvia miltiorrhiza under different soil water and fertilizer conditions with pot experiment in greenhouse.The experimental design include two water treatments(drought stress,40% of soil relative water content;normal water,70% of soil relative water content).The amount of phosphorus included three levels-low phosphorus(0.08 gP/kg soil,P1),normal phosphorus(0.16 gP/kg soil,P2) and high phosphorus(0.24 gP/kg soil,P3).The same condition inoculated differently with Glomus mosseae and non-mycorrhizal inoculation. The results showed that the treatment inoculated with AM fungi significantly promoted growth of host plant and infection rate,but the effect sof inoculation were affected by soil water and P level.Under 40% relative water content and different P levels,the inoculation of AM fungi on host plant has different influence on two water levels,Results as follows.The content of tanshinone in root significantly increased under P1,P2,P3 level;Both the content of tanshinone,Ca,Fe in shoot and Zn in root clearly went up only under P1,P2 level;The content of K,Zn in shoot increse only with P3 level;And the Mn in shoot increased only under P2,P3 level;However,when under P1,P2,P3 level,the content of danshensu in shoot and root,total phenolic and total flavonoids in root significantly reduced;Only with P1,P2 level,the total flavonoids in shoot decreased obviously..Under 70% relative water content,inoculation of AM fungi on Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.has different influence on two water levels as follows.The content of total flavonoids,total phenolic in shoot and root,tanshinone,Fe in shoot and Ca,Mn in shoot all increased under P1,P2,P3 level;The content of danshensu and Zn in root also rised but only under P1,P2 level;The content of Mn in root increased only under P2,P3 level;Cu in shoot,Ca in root and K in shoot significantly increased under P1,P2 and P3 level respectively.The growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.was inhabited by water stress,but the inhibition was alleviated after inoculated with AM fungi.Therefore,AM fungi can form a good symbiotic relationship with Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge..Inoculation of AM fungi on the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.had the best effection under 70% relative water content and P2(0.16 gP/kg soil) level.