Non-specific Prevention Research Articles

The main directions of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases

Infectious pathology continues to occupy one of the leading places in the structure of causes of death worldwide and in developing countries prevails over somatic. The most cost-effective way to prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. However, the use of vaccines cannot be implemented to combat all known infectious diseases, given their massive nature and often occurring polyetiology. In this regard, non-specific prevention is of particular relevance. In order to systematize and generalize the data of the scientific literature on methods and means of non-specific prevention, as well as to assess their effectiveness, a search for literary sources using electronic bibliographic resources was carried out https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and https://elibrary.ru/ according to the keywords «non-specific prevention», «prevention of infections». The analysis of scientific works made it possible to evaluate non-specific prevention from the standpoint of classical epidemiology and the population approach to the organization of epidemiological studies and planning of preventive measures. The measures aimed at the source of infection, the mechanism of transmission and the susceptible organism in relation to different groups of infection are considered. Priority preventive and anti-epidemic measures were identified in relation to infections with aerosol, fecal-oral, contact and transmissible transmission mechanisms, and their effectiveness was evaluated. Special attention is paid to measures for the prevention of zoonotic and natural focal infections, as well as measures for the sanitary protection of the territory of the state from the import and spread of infectious diseases. The applicability of non-specific prevention of infectious morbidity in the conditions of the emergence of new biological threats is considered on the example of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. It is established that the scientifically based tactics and methodology of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases are the property of domestic and world epidemiology, and its effectiveness has been tested by time and does not lose relevance today. The risk of new threats indicates that the improvement of this approach is a promising direction for the prevention of infectious diseases.

Population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus in residents of the Irkutsk Region in the dynamics of the epidemic

Background. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic in the world and in Russia remains the main event. In this regard, the study of the manifestations of the epidemic process of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the patterns of its development are an urgent area of research. In the fight against this viral disease, an important role is assigned to the study of the development of population immunity to the SARSCoV-2 virus, which will make it possible to assess the dynamics of seroprevalence and the formation of post-infectious humoral immunity, forecasting the development of the epidemiological situation, elucidating the characteristics of the epidemic process, and will also contribute to planning activities for specific and non-specific prevention of the disease.The aim: to determine the dynamics of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Irkutsk region during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methods. As a part of the Rospotrebnadzor project of assessing population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Russian Federation, the research has being conducted among the population of the Irkutsk region in the periods from June 23, 2020 to July 19, 2020 (Stage 1), from September 16, 2020 to September 25, 2020 (Stage 2), from December 7, 2020 to December 18, 2020 (Stage 3) and from March 8, 2021 to March 14, 2021(Stage 4), taking into account the reacted one recommended by the WHO. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of tests for human serum or plasma for specific immunoglobulins of class G to the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.The results. The research of the humoral immunity of volunteers shows that during the period of an epidemic rise in the incidence of COVID-19 in the Irkutsk region, a low level of seroprevalence was formed (Stage 1 – 5.8 ± 0.5 %, Stage 2 – 12.1 ± 0.7 %), and in conditions of a long-term maximum increase in the incidence rate – 25.9 ± 1.0 % (Stage 3) and 46.2 ± 1.2 % (Stage 4). A significant proportion (Stage 1 – 82.2 ± 3.2 %, Stage 2 – 86.1 ± 2.3 %) of asymptomatic forms of infection characterizes the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process in the first two stages. High levels of IgG in reconvalescents of COVID-19 persisted for an average of 3 to 5 months.Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Irkutsk region indicate that the seroprevalence level at Stage 4 of the research was 46.2 %. After the disease, on average, 49.5 % of persons did not detect antibodies. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity.

Ефективність використання рослинного імуномодулюючого лікарського засобу при проведенні неспецифічної профілактики гострих респіраторних інфекцій

Було проведене дослідження 68 дітей віком від 4 до 11 років, в якому показано, що застосування екстракту BNO 1030 у передепідемічний період дозволяє знизити ймовірність захворювання на гострі респіраторні інфекції. Після профілактичного застосування екстракту BNO 1030 наступні гострі респіраторні інфекції характеризуються легким і неускладненим перебігом, що, як правило, не вимагає призначення антибіотикотерапії. Установлено, що екстракт BNO 1030 чинить протизапальну дію за рахунок посилення продукції солютабной молекули CD14 і придушення активності фактора транскрипції NF-kB.

Methodology for assessing herd immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Serological monitoring of the study of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of COVID-19 pandemic is a necessary component in epidemiological surveillance, since population epidemiological wellbeing in a context of COVID-19 is determined by state of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The population herd immunity is the limiting factor in spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Information on the state of population immunity is necessary to make a forecast for development of epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19. In this regard, the study of population immunity during the pandemic is necessary to predict development of the epidemic and identify features of epidemic process in any certain region and in the country in general. In May 2020, the Rospotrebnadzor program “Assessment of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Russian Federation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic” was developed taking into account WHO recommendations in the format of a longitudinal cohort study with age stratification: at the first stage, a cohort of volunteers is formed; at the second and subsequent stages, the cohort of volunteers formed at the first stage is subject to examination; the number of stages depends on the epidemiological situation. In addition to age-related randomization while forming a cohort, at the first stage, the principle of population coverage uniformity was observed, the participation of volunteers from one institution was excluded, and the use of donated blood or patient blood from medical organizations was excluded. The survey was carried out among 7 age groups of healthy children and adults, regardless present or absent previous COVID-19 disease. Due to the fact that the population study is carried out in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, the optimal timing for collecting biomaterial at each stage is no more than 5–7 days. Questioning, selection of volunteers, their registration for blood donation, as well as processing of the results at the first stage, as well as the implementation of the second and subsequent stages of the Program are carried out only by using cloud service technology. This Program and the technology for its implementation have been successfully tested in 26 regions of the Russian Federation during the implementation of four stages from June 2020 to March 2021. Thus, at present, Rospotrebnadzor has developed a methodology and created an effectively working system of serological monitoring to assess level of herd immunity in different regions of the Russian Federation to predict the epidemiological situation, develop recommendations, and plan vaccination.

Priority directions for non-specific prevention of tick-borne infections

Objective. An important role in the prevention of diseases, the causative agents of which are transmitted by ixodic ticks (tick-borne encephalitis, ixodic tick-borne borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic erlichiosis) is assigned to non-specific measures. To prevent infection by all pathogens of these infections at the same time, nonspecific preventive measures are of paramount importance. They include the extermination of hungry ticks on the vegetation of relatively small areas of natural biotopes, forest parks, health institutions, recreational areas, summer cottages or gardens; individual protection of the population from ticks and awareness-raising work.
 Materials and methods. The data of official statistics and materials of long-term observation of epidemic process were analyzed.
 Results. Despite the fact that since 2016 according to official data, there is observed a phase of decreased activity of the epidemic process of tick-borne infections, statistical analysis shows that in the forthcoming years an activation of epidemic situation is expected.
 Conclusions. In order to prevent tick attacks, specialists of medical organizations, departments of Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation should intensify sanitary and educational work on non-specific protection of the population. In addition to standard activities, it is important to organize schools, courses for the public, schoolchildren, tourists and other population groups for the prevention of tick-borne infections, including the development of skills for correct tick removal using the Tick Removal Trainer and an algorithm for emergency measures in specific situation.

Нутрицевтики в профилактике, лечении и на этапе реабилитации после новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19)

This review addresses the issues of non-specific prevention of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) using vitamin and mineral complexes, pro-biotics and rebamipide. The data on the possibilities of vitamins A, C, E and microelements selenium and zinc in the prevention and treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection are presented. The possible use of vitamin and mineral complexes in the rehabilitation period, with the devel-opment of post-COVID syndrome, is discussed.

Use of Respiratory Protection Devices by Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The use of face masks has assumed a leading spot among nonspecific prevention measures during the coronavirus pandemic. The effectiveness of this protective measure depends on the specifics of individual use. The purpose of our study was to analyze the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) by medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation of face mask use was based on the results of a survey of medical students at Sechenov University. There were 988 participants in the study: 97.5% used RPE during the pandemic, 89.1% used disposable medical and hygienic face masks, 27.4% used reusable cloth face masks, and 13.2% used respirators. The majority of respondents (75.2%) were found to wear face masks correctly. However, 17.0% of the respondents were found to cover only their mouths with a face mask, while 7.8% reported often shifting their face mask under the chin due to perceived discomfort. Only 25.1% of respondents changed their disposable face mask after 2–3 h of wearing, while 13.0% decontaminated and used it several times. Most cloth face mask users (93.7%) decontaminated their marks, but only 55.7% of respondents did so daily. Face masks were most often worn in medical organizations (91.5%), and 1.4% of respondents did not use respiratory protection anywhere. In conclusion, we consider it necessary to introduce a special module on nonspecific prevention in the discipline of hygiene.

Vaccination willingness, vaccine hesitancy, and estimated coverage at the first round of COVID-19 vaccination in China: A national cross-sectional study

BackgroundVaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an important public health solution. To date, there has been a lack of data on COVID-19 vaccination willingness, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccination coverage in China since the vaccine has become available. MethodsWe designed and implemented a cross-sectional, population-based online survey to evaluate the willingness, hesitancy, and coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine among the Chinese population. 8742 valid samples were recruited and classified as the vaccine-priority group (n = 3902; 44.6%) and the non-priority group (n = 4840; 55.4%). ResultsThe proportion of people’s trust in the vaccine, delivery system, and government were 69.0%, 78.0% and 81.3%, respectively. 67.1% of the participants were reportedly willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccination, while 9.0% refused it. 834 (35.5%) reported vaccine hesitancy, including acceptors with doubts (48.8%), refusers (39.4%), and delayers (11.8%). The current coverage was 34.4%, far from reaching the requirements of herd immunity. The predicted rate of COVID-19 vaccination was 64.9%, 68.9% and 81.1% based on the rates of vaccine hesitancy, willingness, and refusal, respectively. ConclusionsThe COVID-19 vaccine rate is far from reaching the requirements of herd immunity, which will require more flexible and comprehensive efforts to improve the population’s confidence and willingness to vaccinate. It should be highlighted that vaccination alone is insufficient to stop the pandemic; further efforts are needed not only to increase vaccination coverage but also to maintain non-specific prevention strategies.

ASPECTS OF PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AS THE MOST COMMON PATHOLOGY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

The data analyzed in this article relate to each region and each city. Cardiovascular diseases have been identi-fied as the main non-communicable cause of death not only in Crimea, but also in all regions of the Russian Federation. According to who, about 17.5 million people die from cardiovascular diseases every year, which is 31% of all deaths in the world. Many diseases of the heart and blood vessels can be prevented through a vari-ety of non-specific prevention measures. The purpose of this work is to study the most common as-pects of prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the Re-public of Crimea and the Russian Federation. Tasks: Study the statistics of cardiovascular diseases and find out the most common ones. Identify the most common causes of cardiovascular dis-eases. Learn about the risk factors that lead to CVD complica-tions. Consider prophylactic measures to prevent diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Measures aimed at preventing in medical institutions the transmission of Epstein–Barr virus infection (review)

To systematize the existing methods, techniques, and means of non-specific prevention transmission of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in medical institutions, the authors perform a comprehensive analysis of data from domestic and foreign literature. Information was collected using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, RSCI, Cyberleninka. The analysis revealed data confirming the relevance of EBV infection for different areas of clinical medicine. Researchers do not classify EBV as a causative agent of diseases associated with medical care. Measures aimed at preventing transmission of EBV infection similar to those of other illnesses should consider the existing mechanisms of the transmission and the pathogen’s characteristics. The lifetime persistence of EBV in the human body, the presence of the pathogen in various organs and tissues during the active infection, the polymorphism of clinical manifestations of the disease, along with errors in compliance with disinfection and sterilization regimes, create a risk of cross-infection in medical institutions of various profiles. Intensive introduction into medical practice of modern including invasive methods of diagnosis and treatment assisted reproductive technologies; medical equipment contributes to the emergence of new factors of transmission of EBV infection and requires the development of standard protocols for their disinfection and sterilization. To improve medical staff’s competence it is necessary to introduce more widely training activities on preventive and anti-epidemic measures in the system of continuing medical education.

Distribution of SARS-CоV-2 seroprevalence among residents of the Republic of Tatarstan during the COVID-19 epidemic period

In late 2019, there were reports of an outbreak of infection caused by a new strain of beta coronavirus SARSCoV-2, the WHO identified the disease as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In Tatarstan, the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on March 16, 2020, it was an imported case from France. The period of increase in the incidence lasted during the 12th to the 19th week, when the highest rate was recorded, amounting to 16.7 per 100 thousand population. Subsequently, a statistically significant decrease in the incidence was noted. Seroprevalence study was conducted at week 27 (8th week of decline of morbidity).The purpose of the seroepidemiological study was to measure the level and to identify the structure of herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus among the population of the Republic of Tatarstan during the rapid spread of the COVID-19 outbreak.Materials and methods. The selection of volunteers for the study was carried out by the method of questionnaires and randomization by random sampling. The exclusion criterion was active COVID-19 infection at the time of the survey. 2,946 people were examined for the presence of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The age of the surveyed volunteers ranged from 1 year to 70 years and older.Results. The results of the study showed that in the Republic of Tatarstan during the period of COVID-19 incidence, there was a moderate seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2, which amounted to 31.3%, against the background of a high frequency (94.5%) of asymptomatic infection in seropositive individuals who did not have a history of past COVID-19 disease, positive PCR result and ARVI symptoms on the day of the examination. The maximum indicators of herd immunity were established in children aged 7–13 years (42.0%), children 14–17 years old (40.3%), with a simultaneous decrease in seroprevalence in persons aged 70 and older (24.0%). In different regions of the Republic of Tatarstan, there was a wide variation in seropositivity results from the minimum in the Zainsky district (8.6%) to the maximum in the Arsky district (74.3%). In 21 out of 38 surveyed districts, the results were unrepresentative due to the small sample size. In COVID-19 convalescents, antibodies are produced in 83.3% of cases. In persons with a positive result of the PCR analysis carried out earlier, antibodies were detected in 100% of cases. Among the volunteers who had contact with patients with COVID-19, the proportion of seropositive is 37%Conclusion. The dynamics of seroprevalence among the population of the Republic of Tatarstan can be qualified as positive, the results obtained can be used to develop a forecast for the development of the epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19.

Эффективность рекомбинантного интерферона альфа-2b при интраназальном применении для экстренной профилактики COVID-19 у медицинских работников

Healthcare workers are one of the main risk groups for COVID-19 infection and should be provided priority protection. Objective. To examine the development dynamics and epidemic process manifestations of COVID-19 in healthcare workers as well as to assess the efficacy of intranasal human recombinant interferon alpha-2b (Grippferon®) for emergency medicationassisted nonspecific prevention of novel coronavirus infection. Patients and methods. The incidence of COVID-19 in Perm healthcare workers was examined using official statistical data in the epidemic dynamics. The prophylactic efficacy of Grippferon® was assessed in the analytic cohort prospective study, involving 561 healthcare workers of infectious diseases hospital departments. Results. The incidence rate of COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Perm for the examined period from 09.03.2020 to 06.12.2020 was four times higher, than in the general population. Healthcare workers aged 30–59 years were found to be more likely to develop COVID-19. Physicians had the highest risk of infection compared to other medical professionals. The prophylactic efficacy of Grippferon® was shown to be high in physicians and nurses, who were in contact with COVID-19 patients. Conclusion. Recombinant interferon alpha-2b-based medication Grippferon® can be recommended for emergency prevention of novel coronavirus infection to ensure epidemiological safety of healthcare workers and patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key words: COVID-19, incidence rate, healthcare workers, recombinant interferon alpha-2b, Grippferon, intranasal use, prevention

BCG, muramylpeptides, trained immunity (part I): linkages in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic

It has long been known that Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine provides nonspecific protection against many non-mycobacterial infections, which has been discussed in the last decade through the prism of the concept of trained immunity. Within the framework of this concept, a persistent increase in resistance to various pathogens, which occurs after an infectious disease or exposure to certain microbial agents, is associated with epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors. The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention of scientists and practitioners to BCG as an inducer of trained immunity. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested a negative association between the coverage of the population with BCG vaccination and the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A series of independent clinical studies of the effectiveness of this vaccine in non-specific prevention of COVID-19 has been initiated in different countries. Recently, the key role of cytosolic NOD2 receptors in BCG-induced trained immunity has been proven. This actualizes the search for effective immunoactive preparations for prevention of respiratory infections in the pandemic among low molecular weight peptidoglycan fragments of the bacterial cell wall, muramylpeptides (MPs), which are known to be NOD2 agonists. The review highlights the proven and proposed linkages between BCG, MPs, NOD2 and trained immunity in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of the data presented indicates the prospects for preclinical and clinical studies of MPs as potential drugs for nonspecific prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or other respiratory infections in risk groups during the pandemic. First of all, attention should be paid to glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide, approved for clinical use in Russia and a number of post-Soviet countries for the complex treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent respiratory infections.

Probiotic complex Anzymesporin when rearing and fattening of young pigs

Feed additives and means of probiotic and prebiotic action, enzyme drugs, therapeutic and prophylactic additives of complex action aimed at stimulating non-specific immunity, prevention and treatment of mixed gastrointestinal infections and digestive disorders are an alternative to antibiotics. Domestic scientists have developed a new feed probiotic, Enzymsporin, which contains a complex of lyophilized spore-forming bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis in a concentration of 5×10 9 CFU/g, which causes a wide range of product action against pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of the work was to study a new probiotic complex with antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties as an alternative to the use of antibiotic-containing drugs in feeding of growing and fattening young pigs. The effectiveness and feasibility of using the probiotic complex Enzymsporin in the diets of growing and fattening young pigs in a comparative aspect with the antibiotic-containing drug Virginiamycin has been studied. It has been proved on the base of zootechnical, physiological, biochemical and economic research methods that the optimal dosage for the introduction of the probiotic complex Enzymsporin into compound feed for growing young pigs is 0,5 kg/t. We recommend pig breeding farms to input in the diet of growing and fattening young pigs probiotic complex Enzymsporin in the amount of 0,5 kg/t, which helps to stimulate metabolism and leads to better use of feed, increases the livability of livestock and economically justified. The use of probiotic complex has a pronounced biological effect in the growth and livability of piglets during rearing, contributes to increasing the profitability of pig production.

Herd Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the Population in Saint-Petersburg during the COVID-19 Epidemic

The first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in St. Petersburg on March 2, 2020; the period of increase in the incidence lasted for 10 weeks, the maximum rates were recorded in mid-May, and subsequently there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence.Objective: to determine the level and structure of community immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of St. Petersburg during the period of intensive spread of COVID-19.Materials and methods. Selection of volunteers for the study was carried out through interviewing and randomization. The exclusion criterion was active COVID-19 infection at the time of the survey. 2713 people aged 1 to 70 years and above were examined for the presence of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay.Results and discussion. Studies have shown that in St. Petersburg, in the active phase of COVID-19 epidemic, there was a moderate seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2, which amounted to 26 %, against the background of a high frequency (84.5 %) of asymptomatic infection in seropositive individuals who did not have a history of COVID-19 disease, positive PCR result and ARI symptoms on the day of examination. The maximum indicators of herd immunity were established in children 1–6 years old (31.1 %), 7–13 years old (37.7 %) and people over 70 years old (30.4 %). Differences in the level of seroprevalence in the age groups of 18–49 years are statistically significant. The highest level of seroprevalence was found among the unemployed (29.7 %), healthcare workers (27.1 %), education sector (26.4 %) and business sector personnel (25 %). In convalescents, COVID-19 antibodies are produced in 75 % of cases. In individuals with positive result of PCR analysis carried out earlier, antibodies are detected in 70 % of the cases. The results of the study of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 are essential to forecast the development of the epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19.

Search for new plant substances as candidates for development of skin antiseptics

The objective of the study was search of novel extracts derived from some plants growing on the territory of the Russian Federation for application in production of novel antiseptics. Materials and methods . We worked on 24 ready-to-use work solutions of plant-derived extracts. The study was conducted on test surfaces made from smooth materials using test strains of Е. coli (1,257) and Sabin (LSc-2ab), sterile drinking water being used as control. Destruction of at least 99.9 % of the test microorganisms in the given exposure time was considered the efficacy criterion of surface decontamination. Results . A high bactericidal effect was observed in two specimens, namely, in hydroglyceric substrata (3 %) derived from abies and fir. Further studies of virucidal activity of these plants also showed their high efficacy. Conclusion . Search of novel biological substances for developing modern antiseptics is indisputably significant for nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases.

Specific and non-specific prevention of nosocomial infections in ICU of Burn Centre and their place in multimodal control system

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of technologies for controlling purulent-septic infections in a multi-modal system for the prevention of ICP in the ICU of a burn center. Materials and methods . Research on the basis of the ICU of burn center of City Clinical Hospital No. 40 (Yekaterinburg, Russia). To evaluate the effectiveness of the Pseudovac vaccine, a single-center, pilot, prospective, randomized, and parallel study was performed. The observation group consisted of 48 patients, of which 24 patients were included in the experimental group, and 24 – in the control group. The effectiveness was evaluated based on the frequency of hospital infections and colonization caused by P. aeruginosa. We also evaluated the characteristics of antimicrobial therapy with an assessment of the duration of antimicrobial therapy, the number of days free from antibiotic therapy, and the consumption of antibiotics. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of using detergents with probiotic effect and aerosol high-dispersion aerosol of the air-cleaning agent, the number of positive seeding of microorganisms, including pathogens with altered biochemical characteristics before and after treatment of air and hospital environment objects was analyzed. The McNemar test was used to compare relative indicators that characterize related populations. Results and discussions . In the group of unvaccinated patients, there were more hospital infections (83.0 %) than in the experimental group (70.8 %), p = 0.4936. Patients in the control group were infected and colonized with P. aeruginosa strains – 62.5 %, while in the experimental group there were 37.5 %; p = 0.1489. The need to prescribe antibiotics in the groups occurred with approximately the same frequency and was 75.0 and 79.2 % respectively; p = 1.0000. The need for prescribing anti-sinus medications was lower in the experimental group (20.8 %) compared to the control group (41.7 %); p = 0.2129. The consumption of drugs aimed at treating Pseudomonas infection in the experimental group was significantly lower and amounted to 103 compared to 190 NDDD per 1,000 bed days in the control group; p < 0.001. After aerosolization, the number of positive findings on ICU environmental objects decreased by more than two times; p < 0.001. The percentage of microorganisms with altered biochemical characteristics on the significant objects of the Department before treatment was 11.8 % (4), after treatment such microorganisms were not sown. After general cleaning with the use of cleaning probiotics, the share of positive findings in flushes from the Department’s external environment decreased by three times, or from 27 (45.8 %) to 11 (17.2 %), p < 0.001; and the share of microorganisms with altered biochemical characteristics almost four times, or from 9 (15.3 %) to 1 (1.6 %), p = 0.275. Conclusions . 1. In the system of epidemiological control of ICP in the ICU, indoor air aerosolization and cleaning of the hospital environment with the use of probiotics showed high efficiency in reducing the microbial load in the Department. 2. The Pseudovac vaccine did not significantly affect the prevalence of hospital infections in the experimental group. Most notable was a decrease in the consumption of antibacterial drugs and reduce the intake of antibiotics with antidiagonal activity in the vaccinated patients.

Особенности неспецифической профилактики в природных очагах геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом в зимний период

Особенности неспецифической профилактики в природных очагах геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом в зимний период

Non-specific prevention of coronavirus infection

The lecture is devoted to non-specific prevention of coronavirus infection. Various measures are described to prevent the spread of COVID-19 to both the public and healthcare providers. The characteristic of various measures for the disinfection of medical and household waste is given. A detailed description of various personal protection methods with a description of the rules for their use is given. Attention is drawn to the rules for the use of personal protective equipment during a pandemic. Attention is drawn to common errors encountered when using personal protective equipment. The importance of their use in order to prevent the spread of infection outside medical institutions is emphasized.

Comparative clinical efficacy of medicine in non-specific prevention of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in children during the period of seasonal increase incidence

Objective: comparative open-label randomized study of the safety and efficacy of the drugs Alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan + Ascorbic acid + Bendazole («Cytovir-3«) and Umifenovir for prophylactic influenza and acute respiratory viral infectionsin children aged over 6 in organized groups. Materials and methods . 207 healthy children ≥ 6 years old of organized educational groups. According to study protocol they were divided into 2 groups: 102 children were randomizes to receive Alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan + Ascorbic acid + Bendazole (Сytovir-3, Group 1), capsules (JSC MBSPC «Cytomed«, Russia) while 105 children were randomizes to receive Umifenovir 100 mg (Group 2) capsules (Pharmstandart Leksredstva, Russia). The frequency of adverse reactions on drugs and adverse events was assessed while taking drugs and within 3 weeks after. Efficiency was assessed by calculate value of prophylactic efficiency index in comparison groups. Efficacy was analyzed on the basis of the comparative incidence of children included in the study with a total incidence in Saint-Petersburg. Results : the studied drugs showed a high safety profile and match preventive clinical efficacy against influenza and acute respiratory viral infections. Both drugs during prophylactic administration stimulated the production of secretory IgA. A tendency to a decrease in the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in groups of children taking the studied drugs was revealed and compared with general indicators reflecting the integrated epidemic situation of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections in Saint-Petersburg during the study. The data obtained allow us to recommend the use of the drug Alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan + Ascorbic acid + Bendazole («Сytovir-3«) (dosage form – capsules) for the prevention of respiratory diseases in organized children’s groups during the period of seasonal increase in the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory viral infectionsin.