Nonspecific Antigen Research Articles

PD17-10 BOOSTING IMMUNE RESPONSE OPTIMIZES PRIMARY CRYOTHERAY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

You have accessJournal of UrologyProstate Cancer: Localized: Ablative Therapy I (PD17)1 Apr 2020PD17-10 BOOSTING IMMUNE RESPONSE OPTIMIZES PRIMARY CRYOTHERAY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL Al Barqawi, Rodrigo Rodrigues Pessoa*, Mohammed Al-Musawi, Tracey MacDermott, Colin O'Donnell, and Ross Kedl Al BarqawiAl Barqawi More articles by this author , Rodrigo Rodrigues Pessoa*Rodrigo Rodrigues Pessoa* More articles by this author , Mohammed Al-MusawiMohammed Al-Musawi More articles by this author , Tracey MacDermottTracey MacDermott More articles by this author , Colin O'DonnellColin O'Donnell More articles by this author , and Ross KedlRoss Kedl More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000000860.010AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The association of focal therapy and immunotherapy has not been tested widely. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cryoablation (CA) in the generation of detectable specific anti-prostate T and B cell responses, and to identify the differences in the immune response with the use of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant therapy METHODS: Randomized pilot study of patients who elected to undergo whole-gland cryotherapy. Patients were assigned to either CA alone or CA followed by GM-CSF. The Impact of therapy on the development of T and B cell responses against tumor-related antigens was studied using Elispot (frequency of T cell specific for prostate specific antigens) and Serametrix (ELISA) assays, respectively. Fold changes in response to treatment were calculated by normalization of post-treatment ELISPOT values against the mean pre-cryoablation response. Student t-tests were used to determine if there was a difference in the pre-procedure baseline measures for each biomarker. Subsequently, we then ran two t-tests between all the treatment patients and all the controls at 4 weeks and at 12 weeks across all the biomarkers. Patient-specific fold changes (decrease) in serum PSA were determined by normalizing post-surgery PSA to pre-surgery levels RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were randomized to either CA alone or CA + GM-CSF. At 4 weeks after surgery, patients receiving GMSCF demonstrated an average fold change in cancer antigen-related antibodies of 2.8% above their mean baseline values, whereas controls averaged an 18% fold-change below mean baseline (p< 0.05). At 12 weeks post-surgery, the mean for all GMCSF-treated patients increased to 25% above baseline, while the average of control group patients remained 9% below baseline (p< 0.05). Patients treated with GMCSF displayed, on average, higher ELISPOT readings for the 4 and 12 week times points (527 vs 481 for PSA and 748 vs 562 for PAP). Although not statistically significant, a trend towards a higher magnitude of PSA fold change was observed in the treatment arm compared to the control group at 180-days after surgery (p=0.1) CONCLUSIONS: GMCSF appeared to broadly elevate antibodies against prostate-specific and nonspecific antigens. Prostate antigen specific T cell responses were more enhanced over non-prostate specific responses, preferentially in the group who received GMCSF. Our findings are early indicators of the potential therapeutic effect of immunotherapy in association with cryotherapy for the treatment of PCa Source of Funding: none © 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 203Issue Supplement 4April 2020Page: e373-e373 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Al Barqawi More articles by this author Rodrigo Rodrigues Pessoa* More articles by this author Mohammed Al-Musawi More articles by this author Tracey MacDermott More articles by this author Colin O'Donnell More articles by this author Ross Kedl More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Thrombocytopenia; Frequency and Association at the Time of Diagnosis in Dengue Fever, Peshawar

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT:&#x0D; OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in dengue fever at the time of diagnosis and to see its association with age and gender.&#x0D; METHODOLOGY: It was a descriptive retrospective study of dengue cases admitted to the Medical Unit of Naseer Teaching Hospital Peshawar during the 2019 outbreak was performed. Only confirmed dengue by serology (IgM) or dengue NS1 (Non-Specific Antigen 1) by Immunochromatographic Technique (ICT) cases were analysed. Complete Blood Count (CBC) was done for all the cases on admission and prevalence of thrombocytopenia on admission was extracted from the records. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data and to calculate Odds Ratio of a gender or age group to have thrombocytopenia at the presentation of dengue fever.&#x0D; RESULTS: A total of 69 confirmed dengue cases were admitted in Naseer Teaching Hospital in the 2019 outbreak. Out of these 69 cases, 51 (73.9%) were males and 18 (26.1%) were females. The ages of these patients ranged from 10-58 years. Fifty-one (51) patients were more than 20 years of age and eighteen (18) were 20 years or less. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count&lt;150,000×109/L) was present in 57 (82.6%) patients. Patients older than 20 years of age were more likely to have thrombocytopenia at presentation of dengue fever OR=16, (p=0.0003), whereas difference amongst genders in this regard was not statistically significant OR=1.07, (p=0.09).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: There is a high frequency of thrombocytopenia (82.6%) in early dengue fever. Patients older than 20 years are more likely to have thrombocytopenia in early dengue fever.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; KEYWORDS: Dengue Fever, Acute Febrile Illness, Thrombocytopenia

Generation of monoclonal antibodies against phosphorylated α-Synuclein at serine 129: Research tools for synucleinopathies

The majority of α-synuclein (α-syn) within Lewy bodies (LBs) has been reported to be phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129-α-syn), suggesting a central role for phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related synucleinopathies. Various studies have investigated the effect of α-syn phosphorylation but have failed to reach a consensus as to whether this modification accelerates or inhibits α-syn aggregation. Nevertheless, pS129-α-syn is a reliable marker of α-syn aggregates and is widely evaluated in biomarkers and post-mortem studies. While several antibodies specific for pS129-α-syn exist, their reactivity with non-specific antigens appears to be a common challenge. To gain valuable insights into the role of α-syn phosphorylation in disease pathogenesis, antibodies that are highly specific to pS129-α-syn are necessary. In this study, we describe the generation of three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 5B9, 6H5 and 9G1) using hybridoma technology. These were thoroughly characterized and validated in combination with our previously generated mAb (PS129), and the commercial ab51253 (Abcam). We demonstrated that our mAbs are highly specific for pS129-α-syn and do not cross react with wild-type α-syn. Results from staining of post-mortem human brain tissue showed that our mAbs detect pS129-α-syn pathology in patients with synucleinopathies. This study highlights three new antibodies as excellent and highly specific research tools to explore the role of pS129-α-syn inclusions in synucleinopathies.

EMPLOYMENT OF INDIRECT DOT-ELISA FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTI-PARAMPHISTOMUMEPICLITUM ANTIBODIES IN RUMINANTS

Paramphistomosis is one of the major parasitic diseases causing heavy economic losses to livestock production. Diagnosis of disease in early stage is very important for minimizing the losses through effective treatment. The conventional methods of diagnosis such as detection of eggs in faeces by sedimentation and floatation techniques have limitations while modern serology based tests like enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay requires well equipped laboratory. The immature and adult Paramphistomumepiclitum were collected from rumen of slaughtered goat and buffaloes in slaughterhouses fromBareilly, Delhi, Dehradun and Ludhiana. Collected parasites were thoroughly washed in normal saline and processed separately for antigen preparation. Parasites were homogenized in 0.1M PBS pH=7.4, sonicated in Soniprep-150 for 8 min (4 cycles of 2 min each) and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 15 min at 4C. The supernatant obtained was filtered through 0.22m Millex–GV filter (Millipore, France) and stored in small aliquots of 0.5 ml each at -20C to be used as somatic antigen for ELISA test. Sera were collected at monthly interval from rabbits immunized by somatic P. epiclitum antigen for determining the titre variation with time and for Dot-ELISAtests. Indirect Dot-ELISA was standardized using antigen concentration ranging from 5μg/μl – 10ng/μl and goat anti-rabbit HRPO conjugate dilutions. P. epiclitum antigen was used for coating nitro cellulose membrane (NCM) pad on combs for DotELISA and kept overnight at 4˚C. The combs were then incubated in 3% lactogen in PBS, pH=7.4, at 37˚C for 1 hr for blocking the non-specific antigen binding sites. Subsequently, the combs were incubated in rabbit anti-P. epiclitum sera in dilution range 1:50 – 1: 90000 at 37˚C for 1 hr followed by three washings in PBS of 2 min each. The combs were then incubated in goat anti-rabbit HRPO conjugate at 37˚C for 1 hr again followed by 4 washings in PBS of 2 min each. The combs were then incubated in substrate 3, 3'- Diamino-benzidine hydrochloride (5 mg/10 ml PBS + 10μl 0.06% H O ) for 2 2 5- 15 min. Development of dark brown spot indicated positive reaction after using various control. The optimum antigen concentration was found to be 100ng/μl and optimum conjugate dilution was found to be 1:500. Anti-sera collected from rabbits at the interval of 30 and 60 days showed a maximum titre of 1:40,000. The experimentally infected sheep sera were taken at weekly interval from four sheep, which were examined against adult somatic P. epiclitum antigen following concentrations 50-75 ng/µl and conjugate dilution 1:500 to 1:1000 and sera dilution at 1:600 and 1:800. Sheep sera showed reaction after 2 weeks post infection. A total of 200 sera samples were examined by indirect Dot-ELISA. Overall percent positive incidence rate was recorded to be 33 percent. The highest percent positivity (38.66%) was found in buffaloes followed by 31.7% in sheep, 26.66% in cattle and 25% in goats. In the present study, a rapid and simple test (Dot-ELISA) was developed for the diagnosis of paramphistomosis. The findings are helpful for detection of paramphistomum antibodies in naturally infected animals and can be used under field conditions.

Serum Metabolites as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Cholangiocarcinoma, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

Early and differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by noninvasive methods represents a current clinical challenge. The analysis of low‐molecular‐weight metabolites by new high‐throughput techniques is a strategy for identifying biomarkers. Here, we have investigated whether serum metabolome can provide useful biomarkers in the diagnosis of iCCA and HCC and could discriminate iCCA from HCC. Because primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor for CCA, serum metabolic profiles of PSC and CCA have also been compared. The analysis of the levels of lipids and amino acids in the serum of patients with iCCA, HCC, and PSC and healthy individuals (n = 20/group) showed differential profiles. Several metabolites presented high diagnostic value for iCCA versus control, HCC versus control, and PSC versus control, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) greater than those found in serum for the nonspecific tumor markers carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA 19‐9) and alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), commonly used to help in the diagnosis of iCCA and HCC, respectively. The development of an algorithm combining glycine, aspartic acid, SM(42:3), and SM(43:2) permitted to accurately differentiate in the diagnosis of both types of tumors (biopsy‐proven). The proposed model yielded 0.890 AUC, 75% sensitivity, and 90% specificity. Another algorithm by combination of PC(34:3) and histidine accurately permitted to differentiate PSC from iCCA, with an AUC of 0.990, 100% sensitivity, and 70% specificity. These results were validated in independent cohorts of 14‐15 patients per group and compared with profiles found in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Conclusion: Specific changes in serum concentrations of certain metabolites are useful to differentiate iCCA from HCC or PSC, and could help in the early diagnosis of these diseases.

Prevalence of Brucellosis and Salmonellosis in goats

Serological survey was done on (100) serum samples of goats. (50) samples were collected from aborted goats and (50) serum from non-aborted goats from area around Baghdad to detect the prevalence of brucellosis and salmonellosis. The serological tests used in the study were the Rose Bengale Plate Test (RBPT) and tube agglutination test (TAT) for brucellosis and the widal plate test for salmonellosis. The prevalence of brucellosis using RBPT were (%) in aborted goats and (%) in non-aborted goats, while the prevalence by using TAT were (%) in aborted goats and (%) in non-aborted goats. The widal plate test gave good results in the diagnosis of salmonellosis in goats, the prevalence of salmonellosis in aborted goats was(%) and in non-aborted goats was(%). It was noticed that the percentage of mixed infection between brucellosis and salmonellosis was (%) in aborted goats and (%) in non-aborted goats and this due to presence of common and non-specific antigens between the two bacteria.

A Case of SLE that Healed Completely after Ten Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

According to the traditional concept of the contemporary Immunology, neither autoimmune diseases nor allergic diseases can be cured completely. Nevertheless, a fortunate coincidence led the author to discover a novel concept that eliminations of the causes of these diseases are possible. In other words, combinations of pathogenic antibodies with responsible cells, namely, cytolytic T lymphocytes in cases of autoimmune diseases and mast cells in cases of allergic diseases, can be decomposed by replacing the pathogenic antibodies with non-specific antibodies.

Noise Spectroscopy Analysis for Estimation of a Specific Biomolecule in a Complex Mixture Using Solid-State Nanopore

This paper presents a noise spectroscopy analysis of the current traces recorded in a functionalized silicon oxide nanopore in presence of specific antigen (Hep-B), nonspecific antigen (BSA), and their complex mixture for the first time. It is observed that though the on and off dwell times can differentiate nonspecific antigen from specific antigen in pure buffer, an approximate quantification of the specific antigen with low-dissociation constant of the receptor–ligand pair, becomes almost impossible in complex mixture. This has been ascribed to the significant overlap in the current blockade sensitivity values between the different concentration ranges of the specific antigen. On the contrary, a noise spectroscopy analysis shows a Lorentzian spectrum in presence of specific antigen with a distinct shift in the roll-off frequency, such that upto 1-nM BSA concentration; it has been possible to estimate the concentration of the specific antigen even for 1-pM Hep-B. However, for BSA concentration greater than 1 nM, the roll-off frequency for a particular concentration of specific antigen starts deviating from its value in pure buffer and overlaps with other concentration range. This problem has been addressed by processing the fractional change in current blockade and roll-off frequency by a partial least square-discriminant analysis based multivariate statistical model. It has been observed that the learning model yields 91.5% correct classification with the solutions, and has been able to predict the concentration of Hep-B quite closely even for a low value of 1 pM in presence of 100 nM concentration of BSA.

P080Correlation between the reject of haploidentical transplants in patients affected by hemoglobinepathies and the presence of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies

Aim Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for both pediatric and adult patients with onco-haematological diseases and non-malignant disorders. It is well known that an HLA-identical family donor is available in about 25% of cases and it is not always possible to promptly identify a voluntary donor in international registries. In the absence of a HLA-matched donor, the transplantation strategy is increasingly orienting towards the choice of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation alternatives, such as the use of haploidentical family donors. The aim of this study was to determinate the presence in the recipients of donor specific anti-Human leukocyte antigen of class I and/or class II antibodies an correlate their potential role with the high rate of graft rejection observed. Methods The plasma or the sera of 23 patients affected by hemoglobinepathies, treated with a haploidentical transplant, were analyzed using the Mixed Antigen assay kit and subsequently, in case of positivity, with the Single Antigen beads assay kit (One Lambda, California) by Luminex technology. Results In the group of 23 transplanted patients affected by hemoglobinopathies, 9 rejected the graft. Among these, 3 (33.3%) showed the presence of DSA, while only 1 out of 14 patients with complete chimerism (7.1%) was positive for Donor-specific HLA Antibody. The presence of non-specific donor anti-Human leukocyte antigen antibodies class I and/or II was also demonstrated in 6 of the 23 patients analyzed, 3 of which were included in the group of 9 who rejected the transplantat (33.3%). Conclusions Our data showed that the presence of specific-donor anti-HLA antibodies represents a parameter associated with a higher percentage of rejection in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed in patients affected by hemoglobinopathies, although a wider cohort of patients needs to be analyzed before drawing any conclusion. With the contribution of Berloni T. Galluccio: 1. Grant/Research Support; Company/Organization; IME Foundation. 2. Consultant; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 4. Scientific/Medical Advisor; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 5. Employee; Company/Organization; Galluccio Tiziana. A. Di Luzio: 1. Grant/Research Support; Company/Organization; IME Foundation. 2. Consultant; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 4. Scientific/Medical Advisor; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 5. Employee; Company/Organization; Di Luzio Andrea. M. Battarra: 1. Grant/Research Support; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 2. Consultant; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 4. Scientific/Medical Advisor; Company/Organization; Andreani Marco. 5. Employee; Company/Organization; Mariarosa Battarra.

Label-Free Biomolecule Detection in Physiological Solutions With Enhanced Sensitivity Using Graphene Nanogrids FET Biosensor.

Recently, graphene nanogrid sensor has been reported to be capable of sub-femtomolar sensing of Hepatitis B (Hep-B) surface antigen in buffer. However, for such low concentration of Hep-B in serum, it has been observed during real-time operation that there is an overlap of around 50% in the drain-source current sensitivity values between different concentrations of the target biomolecule, in the range from 0.1 to 100 fM. This has been attributed to the fact that the concentration of non-specific antigen in serum being significantly higher than that of the target antigen, there is a considerable deviation in the number of captured target antigen for the same concentration. Further, this degree of overlap varies from one set to another set of sensor, depending on the statistical variations in the sensor fabrication process. This phenomenon challenges the quantification of target antigen for ultralow limit in physiological analyte. In this paper, we introduce probabilistic neural network (PNN) for quantification of Hep-B down to 0.1 fM in serum using graphene nanogrids field-effect transistor biosensor. The sensor has been operated in heterodyne mode in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz applied between drain and source to overcome the problem of Debye screening effect. The application of PNN limits the quantification error within 10% in the range of 0.1 to 100 fM in contrast to 77% and 66% using polynomial fit and static neural network models, respectively. Further, the proposed methodology lowers the detection limit of Hep-B in serum by more than three orders of magnitude compared with the state-of-the-art, real-time, label-free sensors.

Graphene Nanoporous FET Biosensor: Influence of Pore Dimension on Sensing Performance in Complex Analyte

Recently, there have been efforts to realize ultra-sensitive electrical biosensors on 3-D graphene nanostructures like nanowalls or nanopores which can enhance the surface area to volume ratio. But, the signal generated from the nanowall/nanopore structures for low concentration of biomolecules is often insufficient for current measurements and might not be reliable, especially for complex physiological analyte. This is the major drawback with respect to practical deployment of such sensors. In this paper, we have explored the impact of pore morphology on the sensing performance of label free, non-faradaic graphene nanoporous field effect biosensor with a view to achieve sub-femtomolar detection limit with an appreciable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in serum. Nine different pore geometries have been fabricated and the sensors have been experimented with Hep-B and Hep-C as specific and non-specific antigen, respectively. It has been observed that the graphene sensor with pore diameter of 35 nm and length of 160 nm has the maximum SNR in serum, in spite of not having the highest surface area to volume ratio and hence in nanoporous graphene structure, design of pore morphology should not be inclined towards increasing the surface area alone. The detection limit obtained with the optimized geometry is 0.1-fM Hep-B in a complex mixture of serum containing 1nM Hep-C as non-specific antigen.

Sensitivity and specificity of phospho-Ser129 α-synuclein monoclonal antibodies.

α-Synuclein (α-syn) is an abundant presynaptic protein that is the primary constituent of inclusions that define Lewy body diseases (LBDs). In these inclusions, α-syn is phosphorylated at the serine-129 residue. Antibodies directed to this phosphorylation site are used to measure inclusion abundance and stage disease progression in preclinical models as well as in postmortem tissues in LBDs. While it is critical to reliably identify inclusions, phospho-specific antibodies often cross-react with nonspecific antigens. Four commercially available monoclonal antibodies, two from rabbits (clones EP1536Y and MJF-R13) and two from mice (81a and pSyn#64), have been the most widely used in detecting pS129-α-syn inclusions. Here, we systematically evaluated these antibodies in brain sections and protein lysates from rats and mice. All antibodies detected pS129-α-syn inclusions in the brain that were induced by preformed α-syn fibrils in wild-type rats and mice. Antibody titrations revealed that clones EP1536Y and 81a comparably labeled inclusions in both the perikarya and neuronal processes in contrast to clones MJF-R13 and pSyn#64 that incompletely labeled inclusions at various antibody concentrations. Except for EP1536Y, the clones produced nonspecific diffuse neuropil labeling in α-syn knockout mice as well as mice and rats injected with monomeric α-syn, with some nonspecific staining titrating with pS129-α-syn inclusions. By immunoblot, all the clones cross-reacted with proteins other than α-syn, warranting caution in interpretations of specificity. Clone EP1536Y uniquely and robustly detected endogenous pS129-α-syn in highly soluble protein fractions from the mouse brain. In summary, EP1536Y had the highest sensitivity and specificity for detecting pS129-α-syn.

A case of rheumatoid arthritis that healed completely after repeated intradermal injections with non-specific antigen preparations

A case of rheumatoid arthritis that healed completely after repeated intradermal injections with non-specific antigen preparations

High Performance Biosensor Based on Electronic Transduction of Refractive Index Using 3D Nanostructured Biogenic Silica

Various nanostructured materials have been deployed in developing biosensors. Nevertheless, achieving sub-attomolar detection limit by label free method is still challenging owing to the different noises during the sensing process. In this paper, we introduce an impedance immunosensor on freely suspended 3D nanostructured biogenic silica block, commonly called Tabashir. The working principle of this sensor is based on the electrical transduction of variations in refractive index after antigen capture. Due to the variation in refractive index, the Tabashir sensor changes the solution lining on the surface and within the pores, which has been converted to a significant variation in bulk conductivity. This screens the impedance measurement from major noise interference like the surface charge fluctuations and antibody-antigen association dissociation transients, resulting in a remarkable steady state impedance sensitivity of around 120% along with distinct shape and cut-off frequencies in the noise power spectral density (PSD) for a trace concentration of 0.1 aM Hep-B virus even in a complex mixture containing high concentration of non-specific antigen. This detection limit is an improvement by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the most sensitive label free electrical biosensor.

A Case of Allergic Dermatitis that Healed Completely After Ten Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

A Case of Allergic Dermatitis that Healed Completely After Ten Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

Two Cases of Atopic Dermatitis that Healed Completely after Several Intradermal Injections with Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

Mutual exchanges between specific and non-specific antibody molecules on receptors on the surface of mast cells should take place after an accumulation of non-specific antibodies in the patients’ bodies. These exchanges will bring about decompositions of combinations of mast cells and specific antibodies. These decompositions equal eliminations of causes of allergic diseases.

A Case of Complication of Bronchial Asthma and Rheumatoid Arthritis both of which Healed Completely after Repeated Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

A Case of Complication of Bronchial Asthma and Rheumatoid Arthritis both of which Healed Completely after Repeated Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

A Case of Infantile Bronchial Asthma That Completely Healed After Repeated Intradermal Injections with A Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

1. Abstract Eliminations of causes of immunological diseases have long been taken for granted as impossible. On the contrary, it has been revealed to be possible. In addition, its method is extremely simple and inexpensive. It is accomplished by decomposing the responsible complex via mutual exchanges of specific and non-specific antibodies. 2. Keywords: Allergic diseases; Mast cells ; Pathogenic antibodies

A Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus that Healed Completely after Repeated Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

A Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus that Healed Completely after Repeated Intradermal Injections with a Non-Specific Antigen Preparation

Graphene Oxide-Polycarbonate Track-Etched Nanosieve Platform for Sensitive Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein.

Solid-state nanopores within graphene-based materials are on the brink of fundamentally changing the sensing of desired bioanalytes through ion trafficking across nanoporous membranes. Here, we report on a two-electrode electrochemical biosensor comprised of a graphene oxide-polycarbonate track-etched nanosieve platform for the rapid and sensitive detection of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein ectodomain (gp140MS). We have covalently linked an engineered high-affinity one-domain soluble CD4 fused to a human domain targeting HIV-1 coreceptor binding site and ferrocene (Fc) (2Dm2m) to the nanosieve platform. An exponential decrease in the ionic current resulted from a partial blockade of the nanosieve due to the specific interactions of gp140MS with the 2Dm2m protein, which was immobilized on the nanosieve platform by biolinkage as a function of applied voltages of 0.1-2.0 V. There was no change in current when a nonspecific antigen bovine serum albumin was tested under identical conditions. This platform had high sensitivity, and when the receptor-binding phenomenon was tested to identify the minimum concentration of target analyte, the lowest detection limit was as short as 8.3 fM and with sensitivity and response times of 0.87 mA mM-1 cm-1 and 12 s, respectively. In addition to this remarkable sensitivity, our nanobiorecognition platform has the advantage of superior stability due to the few layered graphene oxide laminates. It also exhibits exceptional biomolecule binding and higher reusability, sustainability, and ease of fabrication in a soft mechanism. Real samples of HIV positive and negative patients were successfully tested to confirm the virus by the developed platform. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time prosperous pervious remembrance surface has been employed in a nanobiosensing application. In light of the recent great trend of using graphene-based nanopore surfaces created by sophisticated ion-beam methods in sensing and sequencing, this hybrid-surface nanolayer fabricated by the simple vacuum filtration of a few layered graphene oxide laminates may serve as a good alternative in terms of ease of fabrication without expensive instrumental prerequisites.