The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of financial development, trade openness, renewable energy, and nonrenewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in India by analyzing the quarterly data from 1980 to 2020. Quantile ARDL and Wavelet Coherence methods are employed to examine the nexus. In the long and short run, nonrenewable energy consumption, financial development, and trade openness have a positive impact on CO2 emissions. When emissions are already high, it suggests that financial development may also lead to increased CO2 emissions. Moreover, Renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on CO2 emissions irrespective of the emission level that whether it is high or low in the nations, which shows that if financial enhancement increases, carbon emissions decrease. Finally, we test the EKC hypothesis, and the QARDL findings support the EKC in India. Additionally, the wavelet coherence study found a causal relationship between the CO2 emissions and independent variables, and the findings under the Wald test reject the parameter constancy for all variables. To create effective policies for environmental deterioration, the empirical findings of the current analysis can be used as guidelines for policy implications.

The study investigates the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa from 1996 to 2023. The research uses the threshold model methodology to determine the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, based on GDP, non-renewable energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption. The findings show that the influence of the new energy transition threshold on economic growth depends on the levels of gross domestic product, renewable energy consumption, and fossil fuel energy consumption. The study concludes that the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth is non-linear, varying with levels of these factors. The evidence suggests that the behaviours of renewable and nonrenewable energies are similar, which may indicate that the economy is at a single structural level and that structural transformation has not been sufficiently robust. The interaction between renewable and non-renewable energy and economic growth is not restricted to a specific threshold, as each threshold level represents different dimensions of the economic dynamics of the countries. In brief, Heavy reliance on traditional energy sources will result in significant economic resistance, which will negatively impact economic growth. However, with improved renewable energy infrastructure and reduced reliance on traditional or non-renewable energy, this negative impact will transform into a positive effect on long-term economic growth.

The current study has tried to explore the impact of both renewable as well as non-renewable energy consumption on some of the crucial economic determinants like economic growth, export diversification, trade openness, and human capital in the GCC countries during the time period between 1990-2022. The most relevant second-generation panel econometric techniques, incorporating panel unit root tests, cointegration analysis, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), and quantile regression, have been used. The comprehensive empirical analysis reveals that the consumption of renewable energy is quite significantly impacted by structural variables like trade openness and human capital, while on the other hand, non-renewable energy consumption is principally driven by short-run macroeconomic fluctuations, predominantly GDP and export diversification. The findings of this study highlight the importance of strategic policy realignment in the GCC to promote a sustainable energy transition by investing in human capital, enhancing trade openness, and decoupling economic diversification from carbon-intensive sectors. This paper further offers quite critical insights into the nexus between energy and economy and provides actionable policy recommendations for achieving long-term economic as well as environmental sustainability in fossil-fuel-dependent economies.

The revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) has introduced ambitious targets aimed at accelerating the decarbonization of the building sector. In parallel, the forthcoming implementation of the Emission Trading System for buildings and road transport (ETS2) in January 2027 adds a further dimension to the policy landscape. This study investigates three renewable energy retrofit strategies (Scenarios A, B, and C) for a hotel building in northern Italy, assessing their effectiveness in meeting the decarbonization objectives set by the EPBD and ETS2. Scenario A couples photovoltaic generation with an existing gas boiler, Scenario B integrates PV with an electric heat pump for space heating, and Scenario C implements the full electrification of both heating and domestic hot water. The results of the three scenarios are evaluated using selected metrics, such as renewable primary energy consumption (EPren), non-renewable primary energy consumption (EPnren), CO2 emission (CO2), carbon avoidance cost (CAC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and Emission Trading System (ETS)2. The results show that PV deployment alone provides economic benefits but yields limited reductions in CO2 emissions and non-renewable primary energy consumption due to continued reliance on natural gas. The introduction of a heat pump significantly enhances environmental performance, with reduced fossil fuel consumption, increased renewable energy use, and improved cost-effectiveness of carbon avoidance. The ETS2 has no impact in the case of full electrification, as fossil fuel consumption is completely eliminated. Full electrification achieves the greatest emission reductions and the lowest non-renewable primary energy demand while offering the strongest long-term economic performance. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that combining PV systems with building electrification is essential to achieving deep decarbonization, and that fully electrified configurations present the most robust pathway for compliance with emerging ETS2 policies.

This research aims to analyze the conditional effects of migrant remittances on environmental quality, highlighting the crucial role of urbanization and primary energy consumption. This research adopts a dual perspective, using both the ecological footprint and the carbon footprint to assess these effects. The empirical analysis is based on an annual panel dataset of 09 West African countries, covering the period 1985 to 2023. The results obtained using the CS-ARDL, AMG, and Lewbel estimators reveal a negligible effect of migrant remittances on environmental quality. However, quantile regressions show significant effects in countries with the highest ecological footprint levels (50th, 75th, and 95th quantiles). Furthermore, the results indicate that an increase in migrant remittances exacerbates the negative effects of urbanization on the ecological footprint. Looking at the energy channel, the results indicate that these funds deteriorate the ecological footprint through the consumption of non-renewable energy. The renewable energy consumption channel reveals a negligible effect on the ecological footprint. However, these results diverge if we consider the carbon footprint as an indicator of environmental quality. These results call on policy makers to recognize the potential of migrant remittances for sustainable development by integrating an environmental dimension into their management, necessitating sustainable urban planning and an accelerated energy transition to mitigate environmental effects.

This study aims to empirically analyze the effects of renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and population size on carbon emission levels in Indonesia during the observation period from 1990 to 2023. The study employs a quantitative approach using the Error Correction Model (ECM) to identify both short-run and long-run relationships among the variables examined. Prior to model estimation, stationarity tests and cointegration tests using the Engle–Granger and Johansen approaches were conducted to ensure the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship. The estimation results indicate that in the short run, renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, and GDP do not have a significant effect on carbon emissions. In contrast, population size is found to have a positive and significant impact on the increase in carbon emissions. The Error Correction Term (ECT–1) is statistically significant and negative, indicating the presence of a strong adjustment mechanism toward long-run equilibrium. In the long run, all variables are proven to be cointegrated. Non-renewable energy consumption and population growth contribute to higher carbon emissions, while renewable energy consumption plays a role in reducing emissions. GDP also tends to increase carbon emissions unless economic growth is directed toward green and sustainable development.

This study investigates the impact of environmental, social, and economic factors on air pollution and respiratory disease mortality in the G7 countries by autoregressive distributed lag and vector autoregressive models. The analyzed key variables include non-renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, gross domestic product, urbanization, life expectancy, and public health expenditure. This study tested three hypotheses: (i) non-renewable energy use is associated with higher mortality from respiratory diseases, (ii) economic and demographic factors influence respiratory mortality rates, and (iii) public health spending mitigates pollution-related mortality. The findings show that non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are significantly correlated with increased mortality from diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancers of the trachea, bronchus, and lung. While a stable gross domestic product correlates with lower mortality, unplanned urbanization increased deaths. Additionally, life expectancy was linked to higher mortality due to prolonged exposure to environmental risks. Increased public health expenditure reduced deaths associated with air pollution. This study underscores the critical need for integrated public health and environmental policies, particularly in urbanized areas, to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals focused on health, sustainable cities, and climate action. This study furthers the understanding of how targeted interventions in energy, health, and urban policy can collectively reduce respiratory disease mortality and support sustainable development.

This study provides an empirical analysis of the relationship between energy poverty and economic development across Asia from 2000 to 2022. Utilizing a panel dataset of 23 Asian economies, we employ access to electricity as a percentage of the population, access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking as a percentage of the population, and non-renewable final energy consumption per urban capita as proxies for foundational access, household human development, and the energy intensity of economic production, respectively. Through a suite of econometric techniques, including two-way fixed effects, instrumental variable (IV-2SLS), system Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM), and Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models, we uncover nuanced and policy-relevant dynamics. Our findings reveal that while all three dimensions of energy access are significantly and positively correlated with economic development, their magnitudes, transmission mechanisms, and policy implications differ profoundly. Specifically, the analysis highlights a critical divergence between the rapid expansion of electricity access and the persistently slow progress in clean cooking adoption, with the latter imposing substantial, often unseen, costs on health, and human capital formation.

Cheesemaking is an energy-intensive process that relies heavily on heating and cooling operations traditionally powered by fossil fuels and electricity from the national grid. Reducing this dependence and integrating renewable energy sources are essential to align the sector with European decarbonization targets. This study presents the development of a simulation tool for optimizing the energy management of a cheese production facility by integrating solar, wind, and biomass systems. The model evaluates techno-economic and environmental performance under different climatic conditions and operational scenarios. Experimental validation was carried out using a prototype installed at the Polytechnic Institute of Beja (Portugal), achieving a deviation of only 2.3% in renewable energy contribution between simulated and measured data. Results demonstrate that renewable integration can reduce non-renewable energy consumption, achieving weekly profits up to 0.019 €/kg of cheese and carbon emissions as low as 0.0109 kg CO2e/kg. The proposed approach provides a reliable decision-support tool for small- and medium-scale cheese producers, promoting both environmental sustainability and economic competitiveness in rural regions.

This study analyzes the influence of geopolitical risk (GPR), non-renewable energy consumption (NRE), trade liberalization (TR), and industrialization (IDS) on environmental sustainability (SDI) in Indonesia for the period 1980–2023 using the VECM model. The results show that NRE and IDS have a long-term negative effect on SDI, TR has a positive effect, while GPR is insignificant. Granger causality tests indicate a bidirectional relationship between NRE and SDI, while variance decomposition results show that SDI is most influenced by itself and NRE (20%). The IRF analysis reveals that shocks to the main variables can be stabilized around the 30th period, indicating the structural adaptability of the economy and the environment. This finding confirms the existence of a feedback effect between energy and the environment, where dependence on fossil fuels worsens environmental quality. This study recommends a transition to clean energy and strengthening green industrial policies to maintain environmental sustainability.

Effective long-term planning becomes essential as Africa strives to expedite its shift to sustainable energy systems and comprehends how energy consumption and economic growth interact. This study examines the effects of total energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth in eight regional economic communities in Africa—AMU, CEN-SAD, COMESA, EAC, ECCAS, ECOWAS, IGAD, and SADC—between 1996 and 2022. Using panel data from the African regions, the Mean Group and Pooled Mean Group were utilised where applicable as indicated by the Hausman Test. The findings reveal that while both renewable and non-renewable energy consumption influence economic growth, their impacts vary across regions. Total energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth in AMU, CEN-SAD, COMESA, ECCAS, and SADC blocs, but a positive impact on economic growth in ECOWAS and IGAD blocs, and an insignificant impact on the EAC bloc. While non-renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth in the AMU, COMESA, ECCAS, IGAD, and SADC blocs and a positive impact on economic growth in the EAC bloc, renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth in the AMU, COMESA, ECCAS, IGAD, and SADC blocs. These findings highlight the necessity of unique, region-specific energy planning approaches that give system resilience and investments in renewable energy top priority. Specifically, policymakers should expand energy access to underserved areas for the blocs experiencing positive impact of energy consumption, while those blocs experiencing negative impact should put in place policies to reduce energy waste and control energy prices to avoid volatility.

China’s massive reliance on fossil energy consumption is considered as the major hindrance in achieving carbon neutrality and environmental protection goals. However, China is committed to reduce the proportion of non-renewable energy for achieving the dual goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality by 2030 and 2060, respectively. To meet these aspiring goals, China mainly relies on technological innovations and climate protections policies implementations for transforming fossil energy to renewable energy consumption. The present research is intended to assess the impact of environmental policy stringency (EPS) and technological innovations in China’s green energy transitions. Based on the nature of research data, the quantile regression model was applied to precisely explore the drivers of green energy transitions in China from 1990 to 2020 in various quantiles. The finding indices that technology innovation, EPS, and renewable energy index had accelerated the green energy transitions, while, the non-renewable energy consumption exhibited a negative impact. The results also revealed that impact of the solar and hydro installation capacity was significantly increase in the second quantile. The empirical analysis of this study informs several policy directions aimed at facilitating China’s green energy transitions and decarbonizing goals.

Nepal strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This commitment requires the assessment of the existing economic, social, and environmental dynamics to ensure that development is both inclusive and sustainable. Despite the urgent call for action, the factors affecting sustainable development are not adequately studied. This paper aims to analyze the economic aspects by identifying the effects of key economic variables on sustainable development. Specifically, the research empirically examines the impacts of nonrenewable energy consumption, government size, financial development, urban population, and interest rate on Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) recognized by the World Bank as an indicator of sustainable development. The research employs an ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration on annual data for Nepal from 1994 to 2021. The data are sourced from the publications of the World Bank, the International Energy Agency and Nepal Rastra Bank. The result of the ARDL bounds test confirmed the existence of cointegration. Further, the estimated long-run coefficients of the ARDL model indicate a negative and statistically significant effect of energy consumption and financial development on ANS. Government size has a positive impact. However, the urban population and interest rate are negative but insignificant. Nepal should make productive energy use through manufacturing, promote hydropower as a sustainable energy source and implement regulations for financial institutions to encourage productive investments and discourage unproductive consumption. Additionally, the government should allocate funds toward sectors like infrastructure, education, agriculture, and renewable energy sources to promote long term sustainable growth.

This study sought to examine the influence of renewable energy consumption on the growth of Kenya’s services sector. It covered the period from 1987 to 2023. Using the ARDL and ECM approaches, the analysis investigates both short-run and long-run dynamics while controlling for non-renewable energy consumption, labour and gross capital formation. The results reveal that immediate and lagged changes in renewable energy consumption have limited short-run effects on service sector output. However, the first lag of renewable energy consumption exhibits a positive and statistically significant impact in the ECM framework, thereby suggesting delayed benefits from the consumption of renewable energies. On the other hand, lagged non-renewable energy consumption consistently exerts negative and significant effects, thus highlighting the negative short-run influence of non-renewable energy consumption on the growth of the service sector. Labour and gross capital formation show mixed effects, with delayed positive contributions, thus reflecting gradual absorption of workforce and capital into the economy’s productive processes. The ECM term is negative and highly significant, confirming a stable long-run equilibrium relationship with approximately 33.6% of deviations from equilibrium corrected each period. The Post-estimation diagnostics show the robustness of the model throughout the study period. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that Kenya’s services sector exhibits low immediate reliance on energy inputs but benefits from lagged improvements in renewable energy consumption, capital investment and labour integration. The study emphasizes the importance of promoting renewable energy adoption in energizing Kenya’s service economy. This adoption will also accelerate the attainment of Vision 2030’s dreams of a globally competitive economy and achieving SDGs 7 and 8 of clean energy and sustained growth. This study therefore recommends anchoring the service sector’s renewable energy transition within Kenya’s Vision 2030 and the national green growth agenda, emphasizing targeted incentives for clean energy use in ICT, transport and hospitality. By aligning service sector electrification with ongoing energy reforms and digital infrastructure expansion, Kenya can enhance efficiency, reduce operational costs and also foster inclusive, sustainable growth.

This study adds a new dimension to the body of research by analyzing the impact of fiscal decentralization (FD) on ecological footprints (EF) in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the author examined how financing dependency (FD) affects economic efficiency (EE) from 1990 to 2022, considering time series data with the variables of renewable energy consumption (REC), nonrenewable energy consumption (NREC), GDP and trade openness (TOP). Based on the obtained data, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is chosen. To promote environmental sustainability, the regression analysis reveals that NREC, GDP, and TOP improve EF in Pakistan, while FD and REC reduce EF. This study suggests that Pakistan should optimize the integration of strategies that improve ecological quality by providing the lower level of government with access to environmentally aware technological advancements. These findings could be considered as a policy recommendation.

Purpose This study examines the impact of non-renewable energy consumption, green innovation and institutional quality on economic welfare in Türkiye, using data from 1990 to 2021. Design/methodology/approach The dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DARDL) model is employed for the analysis. Additionally, the frequency domain causality (FDC) is used to assess the direction of causality and check the robustness of the study. Economic welfare is measured using principal component analysis (PCA). Findings The results indicate that non-renewable energy positively affects economic welfare in the short run and long run, although only the long-run effect is statistically significant. Similarly, green innovation significantly promotes economic welfare in the long run, but its short-run impact is statistically insignificant. Conversely, institutional quality has a detrimental effect on economic welfare, exhibiting a negative and significant impact in the short and long run. The FDC test results reveal that all variables Granger-cause economic welfare, with a unidirectional causality between non-renewable energy, institutional quality and economic welfare. However, a bidirectional causal relationship exists between green innovation and economic welfare. Practical implications The study provides policymakers with insights into balancing energy use, green innovation and institutional quality for sustainable welfare. Accordingly, policymakers in Türkiye should prioritize green patents. In addition, reducing the permit-process time for renewable energy projects is imperative to incentivize investors, while ensuring institutional reforms are aligned with sound macroeconomic policies for sustainable welfare. Originality/value This is the first study to simultaneously analyze the effect of non-renewable energy, green innovation and institutional quality on economic welfare in Türkiye.

This study addresses the pressing challenge of mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the top ten emitting countries, which are critical to achieving global climate goals yet often analyzed separately. We investigate the intricate relationships between economic growth (GDP), renewable and non-renewable energy consumption (RE, NRE), financial development (FDI), industrial value-added (IVA), and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2021, overcoming the limitations of single-country studies and mixed findings in existing literature. Employing a panel-based Pooled Mean Group-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) model and Granger causality tests, we disentangle short-run and long-run dynamics, revealing that non-renewable energy significantly increases emissions while renewable energy, financial development, and industrial value-added offer mitigating effects. We provide nuanced evidence supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, suggesting a potential pathway toward sustainable growth. Furthermore, Granger causality analysis reveals significant bidirectional relationships, highlighting the interconnectedness of economic and environmental factors. We translate these findings into actionable policy recommendations, emphasizing targeted investments in clean technologies and financial strategies to foster industrial development while simultaneously curbing emissions. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these dynamics within a key group of countries, this research offers critical insights for overcoming the challenges of emissions reduction and achieving sustainable development.

Life cycle assessment of geopolymer materials utilizing construction and demolition waste.

ABSTRACT Inbound tourism is crucial for generating foreign exchange and promoting economic growth. However, it is sensitive to several economic and non-economic factors. Using annual panel data from 2007 to 2019, this study investigates the economic, environmental, and institutional factors that influence inbound international tourism in the world’s top 20 tourist destinations. A key contribution of this research is the inclusion of institutional quality and non-renewable energy consumption in the tourism-related literature. The Granger Causality Test, in conjunction with the panel ARDL model, is applied to examine the data. The Kao confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. Results under the economic tourism dimension indicate that economic growth, trade openness, and population growth have a significant impact on inbound tourism. In contrast, the impact of inflation was found to be negative. Similarly, carbon emissions and non-renewable energy consumption both show notable negative effects in relation to environmental tourism, indicating that environmental degradation deters international tourists. In the institutional tourism dimension, governance quality, control on corruption, political stability, and the absence of violence/terrorism all have a positive impact on tourist arrivals, emphasizing the role of a strong institutional framework in attracting international tourists. Findings demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the demand for international travel and highlight the significance of sustainable economic policies, environmental protection, and institutional integrity in fostering sustained tourism growth.

The use of fossil fuels and the intense industrialization of Pakistan have led to the acceleration of environmental degradation, which increases the cost of health and climate susceptibility. The shift to renewable energy source, technological achievements, and evidence-based policy are necessary to ensure economic stability, forestry protection, and preserve human health. The paper examines the correlation between green energy and sustainability in Pakistan between the years 1990 and 2022 with the help of the ARDL estimation. The explanatory variables are the consumption of renewable energy, industrial output, the importation of technology, the involvement of labor, research and development, tourism, urbanization and non-renewable energy consumption. The dependent variables will be environmental degradation, growth in economy and population health. According to the results of the Model 1 (Environmental Sustainability Model), renewable energy, foreign direct investment, tourism, and technological innovation decrease the environmental degradation, and fossil fuel use and industrial activity increase it. According to Model 2 (Economic Sustainability Model), renewable energy, industrial production, investment, labor force participation, innovation, and tourism are the economic growth enablers, but non-renewable energy also plays a role in the short run. Model 3 (Social Sustainability Model) also shows that population health is enhanced by renewable energy, tourism, labor engagement, and innovation, and it is adversely affected by fossil fuels, investment, and industrial activity. The findings highlight why Pakistan needs to increase its solar, wind, and hydropower. The study is based on the 3Ps theory (People, Planet, Profit) and emphasizes that renewable energy could be adopted to improve the social well-being, decrease ecological stress, and stimulate the economic development in the long term.