Non-renewable Energy Consumption Research Articles

Business Strategies for Managing Non-Renewable Energy Dynamics in Saudi Arabia’s Manufacturing Sector

Understanding the asymmetric relationship between manufacturing output and non-renewable energy consumption is critical for formulating sustainable economic policies, particularly in energy-dependent economies like Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study has two aims. First, it examines how the KSA’s manufacturing sector responds to different energy sources, emphasising non-renewable energy—unlike previous studies that primarily examined general economic growth. Second, it investigates the asymmetric impact of non-renewable energy shocks on manufacturing output. Using yearly data from 1990 to 2022, this study finds that positive shocks to non-renewable energy significantly enhance manufacturing output in both the short and long run, driven by the sector’s reliance on cheap fossil fuels. On the contrary, negative shocks disrupt supply chains, increase energy costs, and reduce output over the same periods. In addition, this study reveals that renewable energy negatively affects manufacturing output due to transition costs and operational inefficiencies. However, gross fixed capital accumulation positively affects industrial production. These findings highlight the need for strategic investments in renewable energy infrastructure to mitigate the negative impacts of non-renewable energy disruptions, enhancing Saudi Arabia’s long-term economic stability. This study also underscores the importance of integrating sustainable development goals (SDGs) into policy frameworks to ensure a balanced and sustainable energy transition.

Recycling of Plastic Waste in the Construction Industry.

This study underscores the importance of sustainable practices by exploring the utilization of recycled plastic within the global construction industry. Plastic recycling has emerged as a crucial strategy that aligns with environmental, social, and economic sustainability indicators. Currently, substantial volumes of plastic waste are either deposited in landfills or incinerated, neglecting the potential to harness its embodied energy and the energy consumed for producing virgin materials. A key advantage of plastic lies in its promising mechanical properties. Concrete mix design is fundamental to a wide range of construction applications, including brick walls, reinforced concrete slabs, and concrete pavements. Despite the adoption of recycled plastic in construction materials in various countries, its widespread implementation remains limited. This is primarily due to the scarcity of experimental research in this area and the absence of a robust waste management system. This research specifically investigates the reuse of two common types of plastic waste: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to mitigate plastic waste accumulation in landfills and enhance the performance of construction materials. The study investigates the use of recycled HDPE and PET as a replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete pavement mixtures. While recycled PET is more prevalent in concrete applications, recycled HDPE has demonstrated exceptional efficiency and durability. The recycling method used in this research is the mechanical recycling method due to its superior effectiveness in comparison with other methodologies. This research assesses the performance of recycled PET and HDPE in concrete pavement, aiming to diminish non-renewable energy consumption by 15-20%, curtail the carbon footprint by 15-30%, and decrease plastic waste in landfills by 20-30% compared to conventional concrete.

Impacts of climate change and non-renewable energy consumption on health in sub-Saharan Africa: transmission channels and policy response

Impacts of climate change and non-renewable energy consumption on health in sub-Saharan Africa: transmission channels and policy response

Exploring the nexus of industrial production and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh through ARDL bounds testing insights

Elevated CO2 emissions are a primary cause of the sustainability challenges, including rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns, faced by Bangladesh and the world. This study examines the intricate relationship between CO2 emissions and various economic and industrial factors in Bangladesh, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test. By analyzing data from 1971 to 2020, the research identifies both short-run and long-run dynamics influencing CO2 emissions. The findings reveal that industrial production and non-renewable energy consumption have a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions, while agricultural activities and fertilizer consumption exhibit a negative effect.The study underscores the need for Bangladesh to transition towards renewable energy sources and improve agricultural practices to mitigate CO2 emissions. Advanced econometric techniques, including the ARDL Bound Test, CUSUM, and CUSUMSQ, are employed to ensure the robustness of the results. The ARDL framework yields key metrics: RMSE = 0.034, MSE = 0.001, AIC = -160.002, BIC = -139.651, R-squared = 0.801, and adjusted R-squared = 0.753, to explore the CO2 emissions nexus in Bangladesh.The study concludes that, while industrial and energy factors significantly contribute to CO2 emissions, enhancing renewable energy use and adopting climate-smart agricultural practices are essential for sustainable environmental management. Policy recommendations include promoting renewable energy adoption, implementing carbon capture technologies, and revising carbon tax policies to achieve long-term sustainability and environmental conservation.

Assessing the Nexus: Climate, Energy, and Geo-Political Risks in Pakistan

In today’s world, environmental degradation is one of the major problems experienced by all the nations. The primary and key objective of this study was to assess the nexus between EFP, GPR, MTEMP, REC and NREC using autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) approach. The time series dataset comprises a period of 1990 to 2022, collected from the Global Footprint Network and World Bank (Open Dataset). The Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) tests confirmed that the dataset was a combination of stationary and non-stationary variables. The results of a bound test of the ARDL models indicate that a long-term cointegration exists between the variables in the model. The study used EFP as a dependent variable while GPR, MEANT, REC and NREC are used as explanatory variables. A percent increase in GPR insignificantly improves EFP by 25.5% while a unit increase in REC improves EFP significantly by 0.063 units. A percent increase in MEANT and NREC significantly reduces EFP by 248% and 46.5% respectively. The ARDL model reveals the significant positive impact of REC on Pakistan's ecological footprint, emphasizing the need of sustainable production and consumption using renewable energy sources. Higher GPR discourage FDI, and domestic investment reducing the production and consumption of commodities leading to the improvement in environmental quality. Rising mean temperatures (MEANT) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) negatively affect the ecological footprint, highlighting climate change challenges and its severity due to the excessive use of fossil fuels. Recommendations include incentivizing eco-friendly practices, addressing temperature-related issues, and promoting renewable energy to steer Pakistan towards a sustainable future. Strengthening environmental regulations and fostering international collaborations are essential components of this comprehensive approach.

Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy, trade openness, GDP, and urbanization on C02 emissions: a panel study of CEE countries

Purpose The growing concern over climate change mitigation has caught the interest of researchers to explore the impact of energy consumption and growth in income on CO2 emissions. This study aims to examine the effect of renewable and nonrenewable energy, trade openness, gross domestic product (GDP) and urbanization on CO2 emissions in Central and Eastern Europe. Design/methodology/approach This research uses panel data for 12 countries of Central and Eastern Europe from 1990 to 2020 and analyses how renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, per capita GDP, trade openness and urbanization affect CO2 emissions using DF–generalized method of moments (GMM) and one-step system GMM methods. Findings The findings highlight that renewable energy consumption, per capita GDP and rapid urbanization have significant effects on CO2 emissions growth across the countries studied. Notably, the rise in renewable energy consumption has a more substantial impact on CO2 emissions growth compared to nonrenewable energy consumption. However, the study finds no significant evidence that nonrenewable energy is associated with reduced CO2 emissions growth. Thus, promoting renewable energy consumption could lead to a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions growth in these countries. Originality/value This study is the first attempt to evaluate the combined impact of renewable and nonrenewable energy, trade openness, GDP and urbanization on CO2 emissions in the context of Central and Eastern Europe.

Evaluating the Impact of Energy Price and Energy Consumption on Environmental Sustainability in Case of Pakistan

Energy prices and energy consumption are pivotal factors influencing environmental sustainability. Fluctuations in energy prices can significantly affect consumer and industrial behavior, impacting the choice of energy sources and overall energy demand. Using annual time series data from 1990 to 2023, this study aims to assess, by Energy Price and Energy Consumption, Environmental Sustainability in Case of Pakistan. For stationary of the variables, the study applied Augmented Dickey - Fuller (ADF) test using unit root. Furthermore, used in order to observe the long-run co-integration between the variables was the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, ARDL Bound test and Error Correction Method. The results show that consumption of renewable energy and energy price help to lower CO2 emissions. Conversely, trade and foreign direct investment as well as non-renewable energy consumption raise CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Moreover, research confirms that EKC exists in Pakistan. The ARD Bound Test results show long run relationships between the variables. The Error Correction Model indicates that, on average, 73.40 percent error will be corrected from short run to long run equilibrium annually. In order to investigate the stability of the projected coefficients, the last study used Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) of Recursive Residuals & Cumulative Sum (CUSUMQ) of Recursive Residual Square. The result shows that it is stable as CUSUM is within 5% level of significance and CUSUMSQ is also within boundaries of 5% significance level. The study recommends that, engage with global initiatives and partnerships focused on sustainable energy practices. Sharing knowledge and resources can help Pakistan adopt best practices and technologies that enhance environmental sustainability.

CO2 Emissions Forecast Based on Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in Türkiye

This study aims to reveal the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Türkiye and the potential to reach the CO2 emission level targeted in the 2030 Paris Agreement. In the first stage, the cointegration relationship was analyzed with the AARDL model approach using annual data for 1965-2022. According to the results of the analysis, in the long run, non-renewable energy consumption increases CO2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption decreases CO2 emissions. In the second phase of the research, three scenarios were prepared for each of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. For nine scenarios, including combinations of these scenarios, CO2 emissions that may occur until 2030 were estimated using the econometric simulation method. According to the estimation results, the low non-renewable energy consumption and high renewable energy consumption scenario was determined as the scenario that can reduce CO2 emissions the most until 2030. However, even in this case, it is understood that more investment in renewable energy will be required since the 2030 CO2 emission reduction target will not be achieved. Therefore, policymakers need to enact policies to increase incentives for renewable energy generation in both the public and private sectors and take steps to improve the necessary infrastructure.

The Role Of Financial Development And Governance In Economic Growth And Environmental Sustainability: Case Of New Zealand

This study examines the relationship between energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), governance, and economic growth, as well as the impact of financial development, governance, and exchange rate fluctuations on CO2 emissions in New Zealand from 1992 to 2022. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, the study provides empirical insights into both the short- and long-term effects of these variables. The findings indicate that both renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption contribute positively to economic growth, with FDI playing a significant role in fostering growth when supported by strong governance. However, natural resource rents have a detrimental long-term effect on economic performance, suggesting that resource dependency may hinder sustainable development. In terms of environmental impact, financial development and governance appear to reduce CO2 emissions, while nonrenewable energy consumption exacerbates pollution. The results emphasize the need for policies promoting renewable energy investment and sustainable resource management to balance economic growth and environmental sustainability. The variables in this study are time series data covering the period from 1992 to 2022. Data on CO2 emissions, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, sourced from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Information on GDP obtained from the national statistics database of New Zealand. The financial development and foreign direct investment data extracted from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) database, while data on governance and natural resource rents retrieved from the World Bank database.

The Role of Economic Growth in Moderating the Impact of Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions in ASEAN-5

The ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) have experienced rapid economic growth, leading to increased energy consumption and carbon emissions. While economic expansion initially increases emissions, it can also facilitate the adoption of cleaner energy sources. This study investigates the moderating role of economic growth in the impact of energy consumption on carbon emissions using panel data from 2001 to 2022. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was employed due to its capacity to analyze both short- and long-term relationships. The results from the ARDL analysis reveal that the consumption of non-renewable energy substantially elevates carbon emissions in both the short and long term. In contrast, the influence of renewable energy consumption on emissions is positive only in the long term. Additionally, non-renewable energy consumption exerts a positive effect on CO2 emissions, which is moderated by both economic growth and the square of economic growth. Conversely, renewable energy consumption contributes negatively to CO2 emissions, similarly moderated by economic growth and its square. These findings correspond with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, which posits that emissions initially rise alongside economic development, only to subsequently decrease as economies shift towards more sustainable technologies. Therefore, policymakers are advised to implement robust environmental regulations, invest in renewable energy initiatives, and promote sustainable economic practices to achieve long-term carbon reduction goals. Moreover, governments should enforce stricter policies on fossil fuel consumption and raise public awareness of environmental preservation.

Asymmetric Effects of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Development in Indonesia

Asymmetric Effects of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Development in Indonesia

How does economic growth moderate the impact of energy consumption on carbon emissions in the evaluation of Sustainable Development Goal 13?

This study aims to examine the impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions while assessing the moderating effect of economic growth. The research focuses on the evaluation of Sustainable Development Goal 13 in Asia-Pacific countries, particularly Indonesia, Australia, and China. The study employs moderated regression analysis using panel data from 2008 to 2024. This methodological approach allows for an in-depth examination of the relationships between energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions. The results indicate that non-renewable energy consumption significantly increases carbon emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption negatively impacts carbon emissions, albeit insignificantly. Additionally, economic growth consistently contributes to higher carbon emissions, both directly and through its interaction with energy sources. The moderation analysis reveals distinct effects: economic growth exhibits quasi-moderation in the relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions, whereas its role in the relationship between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions follows a pure moderation pattern. The study underscores the critical need for transitioning towards more sustainable energy sources to mitigate carbon emissions. Policymakers should focus on reducing dependence on non-renewable energy by accelerating the adoption of renewable energy through targeted incentives, regulatory reforms, and advancements in clean energy technologies.

The Nexus Between Intensive Land Utilization, Energy Efficiency, and Economic Growth: Application of Advanced Econometric Approaches

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to analyze Saudi Arabia's economic transformation, emphasizing the period from 1990 to 2022 and considering the implementation of Vision 2030. Land use, energy consumption, and economic growth are evaluated through the use of a nonlinear ARDL model. Based on the findings, the Saudi economy has shifted from relieving heavily on oil revenues to diversification and sustainability. The economy has been positively impacted by sustainable land use practices and a reduction in nonrenewable energy consumption since Vision 2030, which highlights the early successes of diversification efforts. The study demonstrates a strong link between energy efficiency enhancements and economic performance, highlighting the economic benefits of ongoing energy reforms. However, the Saudi economy's sensitivity to oil prices persists, albeit with a diminished impact post‐Vision 2030. The research emphasizes the importance of strategic land management and investment in energy‐efficient technologies to foster a resilient and diversified economic structure.

Assessing the impact of output growth, renewable energy consumption and financial development on environmental quality: empirical evidence from India

Purpose This study aims to assess the nexus among output growth, renewable energy consumption, financial development and environmental quality (EQ) in the presence of non-renewable energy consumption for India using annual time series data for the period 1980–2021. Design/methodology/approach To conduct an econometric analysis, this study uses the augmented autoregressive distributed lag (AARDL) model, which offers the benefit of simultaneously estimating both long-run and short-run estimators. Furthermore, this study uses the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) test and the Breitung and Candelon (2006) test to explore causal relationships in both time and frequency domains (FDs), aiming to understand the dynamic associations between variables. Findings Using the AARDL model, the authors found that initially, with an increase in output growth, EQ deteriorates, but once output growth reaches a threshold level, EQ improves. Likewise, this study found that financial development enhances EQ. Furthermore, the authors found a unidirectional causality from the load capacity factor (LCF) to output growth, renewable energy consumption and non-renewable energy consumption in the case of time domain analysis, and no feedback causality was documented. In the FD causality approach, this study reveals a causality nexus from LCF to output growth, financial development and renewable energy consumption at low, middle and high frequencies. Practical implications The findings highlight the need for targeted policies to balance economic growth and environmental sustainability in India. Policymakers should promote green technologies and enhance renewable energy use to mitigate the initial negative impact of output growth on EQ. The positive role of financial development suggests that encouraging green financing and sustainable investments can further improve environmental outcomes. The Indian economy needs to prioritise sustainable growth in its financial sector by aligning it with ongoing transformative processes for sustainable development. To achieve the sustainable development goals pertaining to EQ, the Indian economy must diminish its reliance on fossil fuels. In addition, the government of India must provide financial assistance to environmental organisations to foster the LCF. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the dynamic nexus among financial development, output growth, renewable energy consumption and EQ proxied by LCF within the Indian context in the presence of non-renewable energy consumption. Likewise, this study uses the LCF to assess environmental sustainability in India, offering a comprehensive evaluation by integrating both supply and demand dimensions. From a policy perspective, this study highlights the significance of fostering sustainable economic growth, implementing environmentally conscious banking policies, and adopting diversified and ecologically friendly strategies. These policy directions are essential for conserving ecological resources and fostering a more sustainable and resilient development trajectory for India.

Do natural resources, energy consumption, and financial development increase carbon emissions? The role of globalization and green technology

This study investigates the impacts of natural resources, financial development, and non-renewable energy consumption on the quality of the environment by including renewable energy consumption, globalization, and industrialization into the model for full sample countries over the 1985–2019 time spans. This study employs dynamic fixed effects (DFE), dynamic seemingly unrelated regressions (DSUR), and dynamic system generalized method of moments (DSGMM) approaches. The results of the study revealed that globalization and financial development `deteriorate the environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. Similarly, non-renewable energy consumption and natural resource depletion also worsen the environmental quality while increasing the usage of renewable energy improves environmental quality due to emitting less CO2 emissions. It is recommended that these countries' governments should focus on globalization. The government should create regulations that force business sectors to adopt more productive and effective technology. Furthermore, to reduce CO2 emissions in full sample countries, energy efficiency could be achieved through adopting energy-saving initiatives, outsourcing energy infrastructure, foreign direct investment in the renewable energy sector, financial development to encourage green infrastructure, and energy production using renewable energy sources and energy conservation measures.Graphical

Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in selected ASEAN countries

This study analyses the link between economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore, grouped together as ASEAN-4. Our contribution is novel in two ways. Firstly, we employ patent applications in our study which acts as a proxy for technological progress. This allows us to test whether patents form a part of a possible long run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions, or whether patents respond to any disequilibrium in the postulated long run relation. Secondly, since we focus on the long run, we compile a unique dataset that is long enough that can lend itself to use time series methods to identify the plausible long run equilibrium relationships for individual countries, obviating the complexities that the heterogenous set of countries may bring when considered together. Our empirical findings identify GDP to be positively associated with non-renewable energy consumption as well as CO2 emissions. In addition, we find that technological advances positively affect real GDP in the short run.

Comparative Analysis of Neural Network Models for Predicting Battery Pack Safety in Frontal Collisions

Amid concerns about environmental degradation and the consumption of non-renewable energy, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has accelerated, with increasing focus on safety. On the road, battery packs are exposed to potential risks from unforeseen objects that may collide with or scratch the system, which may lead to damage or even explosions, thus endangering the safety of transportation participants. In this study, several predictive models aimed at assessing the safety performances of battery packs are proposed to provide a basis for data-driven structural optimization by numerically simulating the deformation of the battery base plate. Initially, a finite element model of the battery pack was developed, and the accuracy of the model was verified by performing modal analysis with various commercial software tools. Then, representative samples were collected using optimal Latin hypercube sampling, followed by collision simulations to gather data under different collision conditions. Next, the prediction accuracy of three models—PSO-BP neural network, RIME-BP neural network, and RBF neural network—was compared for predicting battery pack bottom shell deformation. Finally, the prediction accuracy of the models was compared based on error functions. The results indicate that these neural network models can accurately predict deformation under frontal collision conditions within the specified limits, with the RIME-BP model yielding the best performance beyond those limits. The developed neural network prediction model is able to accurately assess the mechanical response of battery packs under frontal collision, providing support for data-driven structural optimization. It also provides an important reference for improving the safety and durability of battery pack design.

From pollution to sustainable environment: unlocking the role of energy intensity and renewable energy in highly pollutant nations

Abstract Environmental degradation is among one of the most critical issues of recent times. To address this critical challenge in highly pollutant nations, this research inquires about the role of Energy Intensity (EI) along with Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) and non-REC as controlling indicators in the carbon emissions’ model. The research is significant because it provides potential information to energy policymakers for mitigating the adverse effects of environmental degradation. The Cross-Sectional Dependent (CSD) test is utilized to authenticate the CSD in the variables and the Slope Heterogeneity (SH) test is applied to verify the heterogeneous relationships across the polluted economies. Moreover, CSD-based unit root tests are applied to confirm the stationarity of the series. The CSD-based cointegration test is applied, which cares for both CSD and SH in analysis. Lastly, CSD-based regressions are applied to find the long and short relationships. A period of 1990–2021 is utilized for data analyses as per data availability of all analyzed countries. The results demonstrate significantly increasing effects of EI on emissions leading to mitigated environmental quality. A 1% increase in EI increases emissions by 0.6227%. However, renewable energy significantly mitigates carbon emissions while non-REC is found to significantly escalate carbon emissions. A 1% increase in REC mitigates emissions by 0.2458% and a 1% increase in non-REC raises emissions by 0.65%. This research further confirms the evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) with an income elasticity of 13.1393 and income square elasticity of -0.6209. The results of EI, REC, and non-REC are similar in all estimations while the validity of the EKC is witnessed in two out of three models. The causal relation suggests feedback between emissions and economic progress, EI, REC, and non-REC, which highlights the interdependence of the energy sector and environmental outcomes. This research suggests that governments of the investigated polluted economies should impose taxes on non-renewable energy consumption. The revenues from these taxes should be utilized to subsidize renewable energy consumption. Both initiatives would help reduce energy intensity in these polluted economies to condense the environmental consequences of the energy sector.

Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and ICT on environmental degradation: Evidence from Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation countries

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine how renewable and nonrenewable energies affect environmental degradation in APEC countries in the face of economic growth and information and communication technology (ICT). Specifically, it examines (i) the role of renewable energy consumption in lowering CO2 emissions, (ii) the effect of information communication technology on environmental degradation, and (iii) how economic growth influences environmental degradation. The panel autoregressive distributive lag (PARDL) model and its non-linear variant were employed and findings revealed a two-way causal relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, ICT, and renewable energy and a one-way causal relationship flowing from CO2 emissions to nonrenewable energy. This implies that CO2 predicts economic growth, ICT, and renewable energy as they, in turn, predict it. Furthermore, environmental sustainability improves with greater economic growth, renewable energy, and nonrenewable energy, but not with the changes in ICT. Moreover, environmental degradation declines asymmetrically with changes in renewable energy, as an increase yields a higher magnitude of decline. Therefore, improved economic growth and greater renewable energy consumption levels can be used to achieve environmental sustainability in APEC, and hence, investments in various renewable energies should be promoted alongside economic growth policies to lower pollution and reverse the climate change crisis.

Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Uganda

Back Ground: This paper concerns itself with an investigation on non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth, the case of Uganda. The arguments of a causal relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth have dissenting view. Methods: It used time series data econometric techniques to establish a causal link between variables of study. The Vector error correction and structural vector autoregression, Granger for causal linkage and Johansen co-integration test was carried out to ascertain if there exists a long run relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP. Results: The results support the growth hypothesis between non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in the long run as shown in the VECM. This SVAR shows that these results are not significant. Conclusion: The conclusion therefore is that non-renewable energy consumption in regard to economic growth is mainly attributed to imported fossil fuels particularly diesel that is used in thermal generators to run electricity hence unable to support the growth process over the long run. Novelty: This paper provides insights on how energy drives economic growth and sustainable development. It also captures the impact of investment into overall economic growth that is in line with the contemporary global agenda.