We investigate the initial value problem of a very general class of non-Newtonian compressible fluids in which the viscous stress tensor with shear and bulk viscosity relaxes to its Navier–Stokes values. These fluids correspond to the non-relativistic limit of well-known Israel–Stewart-like theories used in the relativistic fluid dynamic simulations of high-energy nuclear and astrophysical systems. After establishing the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem, we show for the first time in the literature that there exists a large class of initial data for which the corresponding evolution breaks down in finite time due to the formation of singularities. This implies that a large class of non-Newtonian fluids do not have finite solutions defined at all times.