Nonlinear Path Research Articles

Photobiomodulation for pain relief: Model-based estimates of effective doses of light at the neural target

IntroductionPhotobiomodulation (PBM) has been studied since the 1960s as a clinical tool. More recently, PBM has been observed to reduce compound action potential components and hypersensitivities associated with neuropathic pains. However, no definitive description of efficacious light parameters has been determined. Some reasons may be that previous meta-analyses and reviews have focused on emitter output rather than the light at the target tissue and have included data sets that are large but with notable variability (e.g., combining data from various disease etiologies, and data from PBM at various wavelengths). This fact has made it difficult to successfully define the range of effective parameters. MethodsIn this study, photon propagation software was used to estimate irradiance at a target nerve using several published data sets chosen for their narrow criteria to minimize variability. Utilizing these estimates, effective and ineffective light irradiances at the nerve of interest for wavelengths of 633 nm or 808–830 nm were examined and estimated. These estimates are focused on the amount of light required to achieve a reduction in pain or a surrogate measure via a hypothesized nerve block mechanism. ResultsAccounting for irradiance at the target nerve yielded a clear separation of PBM doses that achieved small-fiber nerve block from those that did not. For both the 633 nm group and the 808–830 group, the irradiance separation threshold followed a nonlinear path with respect to PBM application duration, where shorter durations required higher irradiances, and longer durations required lower irradiances. Using the same modeling methods, irradiance was estimated as a function of depth from a transcutaneous source (distance from skin surface) for emitter output power using small or large emitter sizes. ConclusionTaken together, the results of this study can be used to estimate effective PBM dosing schemes to achieve small-fiber inhibition for various anatomical scenarios.

Phygital customer journey: a practice-based approach

PurposeThe study aims to delve into the “phygital customer journey” (PCJ), which merges physical and digital interactions in customer experiences, using a practice-based lens to reveal the underlying dynamics of these blended encounters.Design/methodology/approachFeedback from 60 individuals established the groundwork for a qualitative analysis. They chronicled customer journeys through diaries and used UXPressia software for journey mapping. This strategy enabled a detailed exploration of the PCJ, focusing on customers’ lived experiences and perceptions.FindingsThe study presents an integrative framework for the PCJ, identifying four key elements: hybrid artefacts (the melding of digital and physical tools/interfaces), blended contexts (the seamless integration of digital and physical spaces), circular actions (the non-linear paths of customer engagement) and intertwined emotions (the complex emotional responses to phygital experiences). These elements underscore the intricate and interconnected nature of the PCJ.Originality/valueThis study advances the field by applying a practice-based approach to unravel the complexities of the PCJ, illuminating the nuanced interplay between digital and physical realms. This innovative lens foregrounds the significance of practices in consumer experiences, thereby contributing to a deeper academic and practical understanding of phygital integration.

Comparison of homogeneous anisotropic hardening models in the case of the direct redrawing of a DP600 steel

The use of DP600, an advanced high strength steel, has gained significant attention in automotive industry, especially for complex structures that require multi-step forming operations, leading to non-linear strain path changes. From a numerical modelling perspective, the use of advanced constitutive equations has enabled a precise representation of a large range of behaviors, encompassing reverse and orthogonal strain path changes. Within this context, this study is dedicated to the numerical simulation of a two-step deep drawing process based on distortional plasticity. Two models developed within the Homogeneous Anisotropic Hardening (HAH) framework are considered. This study presents a comparison of the model predictions, calibrated over the same experimental database, in terms of their ability to predict the strain path changes and mechanical behavior of the material during the forming process. Several outputs like the punch load evolution and the strain field are compared with experimental data.

Investigations on the Johnson-Cook Constitutive and Damage-Fracture Model Parameters of a Q345C Steel

Due to the rapid development of high-speed trains, the service safety of vehicle body materials and structures has become a focal point in transport and impact engineering. Numerical simulations on the collision resistance of vehicle materials and structures are crucial for the safety assessment and optimal structural design of high-speed trains but have not been fully investigated due to the lack of damage model parameters. This study focuses on the Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive and damage-fracture models of a typical vehicle material, Q345C steel. A series of mechanical tests are conducted on the Q345C steel, including the quasi-static and dynamic compression/tension tests, quasi-static tension tests at different temperatures, and fracture tests along different stress paths, using the material test system and the split Hopkinson pressure/tension bar. Then, the parameters of the Johnson-Cook constitutive and damage-fracture models are calibrated based on the experimental results. In terms of the damage parameters related to stress paths, a new method of combining experiments and simulations is proposed to obtain the real, local fracture strains of the Q345C steel samples. This method allows the measurements of equivalent plastic strain and stress triaxiality histories under nonlinear stress paths, which are hardly accessible from individual experiments, and facilitates the accurate calibration of stress-path-related damage parameters. In addition, a high-speed plate penetration test is used to validate the J-C parameters, which can be directly implemented in the commercial finite element software Abaqus. The projectile trajectories from the simulation and experiment agree well with each other, demonstrating the reliability of the model parameters for impact scenarios and the efficiency of the experimental procedures utilized for calibration.

Asynchronicities of growth: a process extension to the Uppsala model of internationalisation

We contend that the Uppsala internationalisation process (IP) Model offers the basis, yet unrealised, for a process theory of growth of the internationalising firm. From the Model’s origins, particularly in Penrosean theory, we develop this potential by offering a theory extension that explicates the organisational changes within the firm required to sustain international growth. This repositioning distinguishes us from previous attempts to amend, supplant or extend the IP Model. In developing the theory extension, we specify how we remain faithful to the IP Model’s behavioural assumption ground. We provide a model of the internationalising firm that posits non-linear growth paths. This is due to the challenges of synchronising the external opportunity seeking of the firm as it expands internationally with the internal capacity building required to realise these opportunities. Introducing to the IB field this asynchronicity problem, an absence of temporal concurrence, we show its potential in explaining organisational changes and discontinuities in the internationalising firm’s development as it seeks to grow. By extending the IP Model to offer a theory of growth of the internationalising firm, we provide the basis for further process scholarship on this topic that addresses contemporary concerns and developments.

Not All Who Wander Are Lost: Redefining Career Exploration and Indecision in Undergraduate Students

Inspired by a Tolkien quote, “Not All Who Wander Are Lost,” the authors introduce the concept of career wandering in the context of undergraduate student development. Proposing an alternative to traditional linear career trajectories, we conceptualize a dynamic approach that embraces nonlinear paths, indecision, and adaptability in a rapidly changing labor market. Drawing from our experience as educators, we define career wandering by integrating principles of lifelong learning, flexibility, chance events, and openness to diverse experiences. We explore the implications of career wandering for student affairs professionals, emphasizing the need for supportive, inclusive environments that encourage exploration and holistic student development. Addressing potential critiques, we acknowledge the challenges of equity and accessibility, and the need for intentional institutional support. Ultimately, the career wandering approach aligns with the evolving nature of work and promotes a more inclusive and adaptable model of career development in higher education.

Nonlinear stochastic behavior of soft-core sandwich panels

The nonlinear stochastic behavior of soft-core sandwich panels and the evolution of uncertainty along the nonlinear path are investigated. The paper focuses on the way the geometrically nonlinear and unstable behavior is affected by uncertainty and considers, for the first time, the evolution of uncertainty along the unstable structural response. The structural modeling relies on the EHSAPT and its integration into the geometrically nonlinear stochastic regime. A tailored nonlinear FE model that is based on a variational formulation and an arc-length solution scheme are developed. The stochastic analysis adopts the Perturbation-based SFEM and its generalization for the evolution of uncertainty along the process axis. A numerical study demonstrates the stochastic methodology and explores the impact of uncertainty on the nonlinear structural behavior. The evolution of the stochastic stress resultants at the displaced end is studied along the two axes of evolution. The differences between the two representations and their physical and engineering significance are highlighted revealing significant changes to the uncertainty evolution pattern with the shift from global buckling to localized wrinkling instabilities. The representation of the stochastic results along the process axis also quantifies the level of uncertainty near critical and singular points where conventional analyses diverge.

Application of distortional plasticity framework to EDDQ and TRIP steel sheets: Prediction of latent hardening and its influence on springback

In this study, the recently developed distortional plasticity model (HAH20) was applied to EDDQ and TRIP steel sheets to account for hardening fluctuations induced by loading path changes. Previous non-linear loading path experiments, which were tension-compression, tension-tension, and tension-shear tests, revealed intricate latent hardening in EDDQ steel and a combination of latent hardening and cross loading contraction in TRIP steel. The HAH20 model was calibrated using tension-compression and 90° tension–45° tension tests with adjustment of setting parameters for accurate latent hardening prediction. Then, a comparison between the HAH20 model and the previous distortional plasticity model (HAH14) in the other independent experiments highlights the superiority of HAH20 model due to its description of latent hardening. Furthermore, for TRIP steel, the HAH20 and HAH14 models were applied to predict springback in a U-draw bending test featuring a novel curved blank subjected to reverse and cross loading states simultaneously. The simulation results show that the HAH20 model predicts springback more accurately than the HAH14 model; however, the main reason is the accurate description of reverse loading in the HAH20 model. This is due to the intricate interplay between cross loading contraction and latent hardening in springback.

A Review of Sheet Metal Forming Evaluation of Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS)

This paper presents a review on the formability evaluation of AHSS, enhancing necking-based failure criteria limitations. Complementary fracture/damage constitutive modeling approaches specifically tailored to formability evaluation, validated through numerical and experimental methods, are also subjects of research. AHSS are widely processed through sheet metal forming processes. Although an excellent choice when lightweight, high-strength, and ductility are critical factors, their multi-phase microstructure accentuates forming challenges. To accurately model forming behavior, necking-based failure criteria as well as direct fracture models require improvements. As a necking-based failure model, the conventional forming limit diagram/curve (FLD/FLC) presents limitations in estimating direct fracture (surface cracks, edge cracks, shear cracks), as well as deformation histories under non-linear strain paths. Thus, significant research efforts are being made towards the development of advanced fracture constitutive models capable of predicting fracture scenarios without necking, which are more frequently observed in the realm of AHSS. Scientific community research is divided into several directions aiming at improving the forming and fracture behavior accuracy of parts subjected to sheet metal forming operations. In this review paper, a comprehensive overview of ductile fracture modeling is presented. Firstly, the limitations of FLD/FLC in modeling fracture behavior in sheet metal forming operations are studied, followed by recent trends in constitutive material modeling. Afterwards, advancements in material characterization methods to cover a broad range of stress states are discussed. Finally, damage and fracture models predicting failure in AHSS are investigated. This review paper supplies relevant information on the current issues the sheet metal forming community is challenged with due to the trend towards AHSS employment in the automotive industry.

Quadratic Nonlinear Path Analysis Modeling on Simulation Data

This study aims to analyze quadratic nonlinear paths using the WLS method, perform hypothesis testing, and determine the best model between various sample sizes in the simulated data. The data used in this study is simulated data, where the data is applied to three exogenous variables, one endogenous variable, and one mediating variable with a correlation of 0.9 at various sample sizes (𝑛=100, 300, and 500). The results of this study indicate that there is variationin the various sample sizes that can affect the smoothness of the curve. The larger the sample size value, the better the resulting curve. The results of testing the linear parameter hypothesis show that there is a significant relationship between 𝑋1and𝑌1, 𝑋2and 𝑌1, 𝑋3and 𝑌1, and 𝑋1and 𝑌2at a correlation of 0.9 with a sample size of 100, 300, and 500. The best model is obtained in quadratic nonlinear path analysis with the largest 𝑅2value (95%) compared to the coefficient of determination of other models. The originality of this study is by using a quadratic nonlinear path analysis model and the useof simulation data which is rarely studied by other researchers.

A physically-based mixed hardening model for the prediction of the ductility limits of thin metal sheets using a CPFE approach

An advanced Crystal Plasticity Finite Element (CPFE) approach is developed to accurately predict the ductility limit strains of thin metal sheets. This method uses polycrystalline unit cells to represent the metal sheets at the macroscopic level. The macroscopic behavior of these unit cells is determined based on that of the constituent single crystals using the periodic homogenization multiscale scheme. At the single crystal scale, the constitutive framework follows a finite strain rate-independent formulation, with the flow rule governed by the Schmid law. The evolution of the single crystal yield surface is described through a physically-based mixed hardening model, where isotropic hardening is characterized by a dislocation density-based formulation, while kinematic hardening is described by the nonlinear Armstrong–Frederick model. The unit cell ductility limit strains are predicted by the Rice bifurcation criterion. The reliability of the mixed hardening model in accurately reproducing mechanical behavior is confirmed through simulations of uniaxial tension/compression loading. Then, the developed computational strategy is used to investigate the impact of key microstructural hardening parameters on the initiation of localized necking under linear strain paths. The numerical predictions reveal the significant influence of these parameters on the formability of thin metal sheets. Additionally, the analysis of ductility limits under non-linear strain paths demonstrates a strong dependency of the numerical predictions on strain path changes. The numerical predictions obtained by the developed CPFE multiscale strategy are compared with experimental results from the literature. In summary, the proposed approach provides a reliable tool for accurately predicting the ductility limits of thin metal sheets, offering valuable insights for engineering applications.

Experimental characterization and constitutive modeling of thermoplastic polyurethane under complex uniaxial loading

This paper presents the testing and constitutive modeling of a Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) compound used in commercial applications. The tested specimens were extracted directly from a TPU sphere used in check valves through water-jet cutting. The tests included tensile and compression tests under complex uniaxial loading protocols to capture different nonlinear phenomena, such as stress softening, hysteresis, relaxation, creep, and rate dependence. The material is modeled assuming a nonlinear elastic equilibrium path that may exhibit stress softening (i.e., Mullins effect), and a hysteretic viscoplastic response that presents rate dependence at three different time scales. To achieve this constitutive behavior, a Parallel Rheological Framework model is used. The nonlinear elastic equilibrium path is modeled using the generalized Yeoh hyperelastic model. The stress softening of the equilibrium path is modeled using the Ogden-Roxburgh damage model on the deviatoric response. The hysteretic viscous response is further split into three viscoplastic chains to represent time dependence at three different time scales in a decoupled way. Each viscoplastic chain is modeled using the Bergstrom-Boyce model with its standard evolution law of the creep strain. The model parameters were found using a stochastic optimization scheme to simultaneously fit all the considered tests. The outstanding agreement between the model and the experimental data across a wide range of loading scenarios provides additional insight into the time-dependent behavior and deformation mechanism of TPUs. Moreover, it shows that the mechanical behavior of these materials can be represented by decoupling the nonlinear viscoplastic behavior in different time scales.

Health–environment efficiency of diets shows nonlinear trends over 1990–2011

Understanding the impacts of diets on health and the environment, as well as their association with socio-economic development, is key to operationalize and monitor food systems shifts. Here we propose a health–environment efficiency indicator defined as a ratio of health benefits and four key food-related environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, scarcity-weighted water withdrawal, acidifying and eutrophying emissions) to assess how diets have performed in supporting healthy lives in relation to environmental pollution and resource consumption across 195 countries from 1990 to 2011. We find that the health–environment efficiency of each environmental input follows a nonlinear path along the Socio-Demographic Index gradient representing different development levels. Health–environment efficiency first increases thanks to the elimination of child and maternal malnutrition through greater food supply, then decreases driven by additional environmental impacts from a shift to animal products, and finally shows a slow growth in some developed countries again as they shift towards healthier diets.

Sidewinder-Inspired Self-Adjusting, Lateral-Rolling Soft Robots for Autonomous Terrain Exploration.

Helical structures of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) hold promise in soft robotics for self-regulated rolling motions. The understanding of their motion paths and potentials for terrain exploration remains limited. This study introduces a self-adjusting, lateral-rolling soft robot inspired by sidewinder snakes. The spring-like LCE helical filaments (HFs) autonomously respond to thermal cues, demonstrating dynamic and sustainable locomotion with adaptive rolling along non-linear paths. By fine-tuning the diameter, pitch, and modulus of the LCE HFs, and the environmental temperature, the movements of the LCE HFs, allowing for exploration of diverse terrains over a 600cm2 area within a few minutes, can be programmed. LCE HFs are showcased to navigate through over nine obstacles, including maze escaping, terrain exploration, target hunting, and successfully surmounting staircases through adaptable rolling.

Turning kinematics of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita

Scyphomedusae are widespread in the oceans and their swimming has provided valuable insights into the hydrodynamics of animal propulsion. Most of this research has focused on symmetrical, linear swimming. However, in nature, medusae typically swim circuitous, nonlinear paths involving frequent turns. Here we describe swimming turns by the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita during which asymmetric bell margin motions produce rotation around a linearly translating body center. These jellyfish ‘skid’ through turns and the degree of asynchrony between opposite bell margins is an approximate predictor of turn magnitude during a pulsation cycle. The underlying neuromechanical organization of bell contraction contributes substantially to asynchronous bell motions and inserts a stochastic rotational component into the directionality of scyphomedusan swimming. These mechanics are important for natural populations because asynchronous bell contraction patterns are common in situ and result in frequent turns by naturally swimming medusae.

"My UC Story": A Qualitative Descriptive Study Describing the Patient Journey for Ulcerative Colitis.

Background: Personal perspectives of patients are seldomly reported in the literature, most notably their journey to diagnosis. Literature is heavily focused on the patient journey from a healthcare professional's point of view during the treatment process. The objective of this study is to conduct a qualitative study on a video-sharing site, YouTube, to determine if the patient journey from a subjective perspective is truly linear for those who suffer from ulcerative colitis. Methods: Phrases searched on YouTube included "ulcerative colitis story" and "ulcerative colitis diagnosis story". Video monologues chronicling the patient journey before diagnoses were transcribed using the YouTube transcription function to identify patterns amongst users' experiences. Thematic analysis was used to identify whether certain themes were present in the monologues. Analysis was performed using NVivo 12 QRS International and used line-by-line coding to create an initial codebook that represented the concepts covered in the monologues. Results: We viewed a total of 48 videos and included 29 videos from 2010 to 2020 for qualitative analysis. Overall, three major themes were identified in the patient journey prior to ulcerative colitis diagnosis:1) initial symptoms, 2) initial encounter with the healthcare system, and 3) gastroenterologist referral. Conclusions: The literature depicts the patient journey as a linear path. This qualitative study discovers that the reality of the patient journey is, in fact, non-linear. Many creators did not identify pharmacists in their patient journey; however, we know from the literature that pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professional. With the appropriate tools, pharmacists can help guide patients in prioritizing signs and symptoms to streamline the non-linear path that patients experience.

Functional anatomy of the orbit in strabismus surgery: Connective tissues, pulleys, and the modern surgical implications of the "arc of contact" paradigm.

Oculomotricity is a multidimensional domain characterised by a delicate interplay of anatomical structures and physiological processes. This manuscript meticulously dissects the nuances of this interplay, bringing to the fore the integral role of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and their intricate relationship with the myriad orbital connective tissues as it harmoniously orchestrates binocular movements, ensuring synchronised and fluid visual tracking. Historically, the peripheral oculomotor apparatus was conceptualised as a rudimentary system predominantly driven by neural directives. While widely accepted, this perspective offered a limited view of the complexities inherent in ocular movement mechanics. The twentieth century heralded a paradigm shift in this understanding. With advances in anatomical research and imaging techniques, a much clearer picture of the gross anatomy of the EOMs emerged. This clarity challenged traditional viewpoints, suggesting that the inherent biomechanical properties of the EOMs, coupled with their associated tissue pulleys, play a pivotal role in dictating eye movement dynamics. Central to this revised understanding is the "arc of contact" paradigm. This concept delves deep into the mechanics of eye rotation, elucidating the significance of the point of contact between the EOMs and the eyeball. The arc of contact is not just a static anatomical feature; its length and orientation play a crucial role in determining the effective torque generated by a muscle, thereby influencing the amplitude and direction of eye rotation. The dynamic nature of this arc, influenced by the position and tension of the muscle pulleys, offers a more comprehensive model for understanding ocular kinematics. Previously overlooked in traditional models, muscle pulleys have now emerged as central players in the biomechanics of eye movement. These anatomical structures, formed by dense connective tissues, guide the paths of the EOMs, ensuring that their pulling angles remain optimal across a range of gaze directions. The non-linear paths resulting from these pulleys provide a more dynamic and intricate understanding of eye movement, challenging two-dimensional, linear models of orbital anatomy. The implications of these revelations extend beyond mere theoretical knowledge. The insights garnered from this research promise transformative potential in the realm of strabismus surgery. Recognising the pivotal role of muscle pulleys and the "arc of contact" paradigm allows for more precise surgical interventions, ensuring better post-operative outcomes and minimising the risk of complications. Surgical procedures that previously relied on basic mechanical principles now stand to benefit from a more nuanced understanding of the underlying anatomical and physiological dynamics. In conclusion, this manuscript serves as a testament to the ever-evolving nature of scientific knowledge. Challenging established norms and introducing fresh perspectives pave the way for more effective and informed clinical interventions in strabismus surgery.

Indoor WiFi path loss model to estimate indoor network coverage considering residential design

PurposeNetwork coverage is crucial for the adoption of advanced Smart Home applications. The commonly used log-based path loss model is not able to accurately estimate WiFi signal strength in different houses, as it does not fully consider the impact of building morphology. To better describe the propagation of WiFi signals and achieve higher estimation accuracy, this paper studies the basic building morphology characteristics of houses.Design/methodology/approachA new path loss model based on a decision tree was proposed after measuring the WiFi signal strength passing through multiple housing units. Three types of regression models were tested and compared.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that the log-based path loss model fits small houses well, while the newly proposed nonlinear path loss model performs better in large houses (area larger than 125 m2 and area-to-perimeter ratio larger than 2.5). The impact of building design on path loss has been proven and specifically quantified in the model.Originality/valueProposed an improved model to estimate indoor network coverage. Quantify the impacts of building morphology on indoor WiFi signal strength. Improve WiFi signal strength estimation to support Smart Home applications.

Secure Event-Triggered Sliding Control for Path Following of Autonomous Vehicles Under Sensor and Actuator Attacks

Sensor and actuator attacks, which propagate the injected false data through CAN bus, make real threats to the security of the control of autonomous vehicles. This paper attempts to solve the secure event-triggered path following control problem of autonomous vehicles subject to both sensor and actuator attacks. Firstly, a more general physical security model is established to characterize the impacts of sensor and actuator attacks on measurements and control actions. Then, feedback linearization method based on Lie derivative is exploited to linearize the established nonlinear attacked model. Thus, the nonlinear path following control is transformed into a linear case which will facilitate to the following networked-based analysis and design. Based on the established secure model, the event-triggered control scheme is utilized to alleviate communication burden under sampled-data control framework. Furthermore, the sliding control design is augmented to mitigate the malicious impacts caused by such false data injection attacks due to its inherent robustness to abnormal attack signal. Remarkably, the proposed secure sliding control can be plugged into the original control scheme rather than changing its existing control structure. Criteria for formal stability analysis and controller design are also provided and expressed in terms of some numerically tractable linear matrix inequalities. Finally, both simulation and experimental verification cases are shown to verify the composite control scheme.

The Symmetric and Asymmetric Nexus Between Monetary Policy Interest Rate and Core Inflation in Jordan

Objectives: This study investigates monetary policy's symmetric and asymmetric impacts on core inflation in Jordan. It employs linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models. The research also seeks to assess the relationship between the overnight deposit rate, money supply growth, and real GDP growth on core inflation and to explore potential linear or nonlinear effects. Methods: The study applies ARDL and NARDL models to estimate the relationships above. It utilizes data from the first quarter of 1998 to the first quarter of 2023. Tests for Granger causality are conducted, and the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman (BDS) test is employed to ascertain the presence of nonlinear paths within the study variable. Robustness checks are conducted to ensure parameter stability. Results: The analysis provides compelling empirical evidence supporting a long-term relationship between the overnight deposit rate and core inflation. The Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman (BDS) test confirms the existence of nonlinear dynamics. The ARDL model reveals a linear relationship: a 1% interest rate increase leads to a 0.26% reduction in core inflation in the long run. In contrast, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) analysis unveils an asymmetric effect: a 1% increase in the overnight deposit rate decreases core inflation by 0.43%, while a 1% reduction increases it by 0.37%. Conclusions: These findings have critical implications for monetary policymakers. They underscore the importance of judiciously considering interest rate adjustments to manage inflation dynamics, acknowledging the nonlinear and asymmetric effects inherent in the relationship between the overnight deposit rate and core inflation. When crafting monetary policy strategies, policymakers must consider these nuanced dynamics to address inflation concerns effectively.