Nonlinear Mathieu Equation Research Articles

A comprehensive study of stability analysis for nonlinear Mathieu equation without a perturbative technique

AbstractThe present research focuses on the challenges engineers face in predicting the behavior of nonlinear vibration systems accurately. The nonperturbative method is highlighted as a solution that provides insights into chaos, bifurcation, resonance response, and stability attributes. Specifically, the study delves into the dynamic analysis of the nonlinear Mathieu equation. The research involves a complex and extensive analytical exploration, transitioning from a nonlinear state to a linear one through various stages. The introduced computational method aims to examine the resonance response of the nonlinear Mathieu equation and offer innovative solutions for the Mathieu–Duffing–type oscillator. The nonperturbative approach remains essential in gaining a deeper understanding of nonlinear vibration systems.

Various Dynamical Regimes in a Multiparameter Nonlinear Mathieu Equation with Distributed Delay

Various Dynamical Regimes in a Multiparameter Nonlinear Mathieu Equation with Distributed Delay

Stability analysis of tempered fractional nonlinear Mathieu type equation model of an ion motion with octopole‐only imperfections

The development of laser‐based cooling and spectroscopic methods has produced unprecedented growth in the ion trapping industry. Mathieu equation, a differential equation with periodic coefficients, is employed to develop models of ion motions under the influence of fields. Ion traps with octopole field is described with nonlinear Mathieu equation with cubic term. This article aims at considering motion of ions under the electric potential with negative octopole field with damping caused by the collision of the ions with Helium buffer gas modeled with tempered fractional derivative. Schaefer's fixed point theorem and Banach's contraction principle are employed to establish the existence of unique solution for the considered tempered fractional nonlinear Mathieu equation model of an ion motion. Further, the analysis of stability is performed in the sense of Hyers and Ulam. The feasibility of the obtained theoretical results are numerically confirmed for suitable parametric values, and simulations are performed supporting them.

Subharmonics and superharmonics of the weak field in a driven two-level quantum system: Vibrational resonance enhancement.

We consider a quantum two-level system in bichromatic classical time-periodic fields, the frequency of one of which far exceeds that of the other. Based on systematic separation of timescales and averaging over the fast motion a reduced quantum dynamics in the form of a nonlinear forced Mathieu equation is derived to identify the stable oscillatory resonance zones intercepted by unstable zones in the frequency-amplitude plot. We show how this forcing of the dressed two-level system may generate the subharmonics and superharmonics of the weak field in the stable region, which can be amplified by optimization of the strength of the high frequency field. We have carried out detailed numerical simulations of the driven quantum dynamics to corroborate the theoretical analysis.

Dynamics of a non-linearly damped microresonator under parametric excitation and its application in developing sensitive inertial sensors with ultra-wide dynamic ranges

We model and investigate the response of a nonlinear cantilever beam under principal parametric excitation. The design is initially assessed, optimized, and tuned using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) to ensure the presence of fundamental parametric resonance and the absence of other internal and higher-order parametric resonances. The derived governing differential equation represents a modified generalized parametrically excited dynamic system under principal parametric excitation. The nonlinear dynamic system is developed and presented in the context of resonators with extensive applications in developing sensors, filters, and switches. The quadratic and cubic nonlinearities include second- and third-order deflection, velocity, acceleration terms describing stiffness, damping, and inertial nonlinearities. To explore and investigate the corresponding generalized nonlinear Mathieu equation, the method of multiple-scales along with the reconstitution method are used and modulation equations are obtained and solved to obtain closed-form amplitude and phase equations. The quadratic damping is modeled and approximated using a Fourier series and analytical models are generated in both Cartesian and Polar frames. To further explore the dynamic system and its applications, a resonator is designed to measure external acceleration and investigated for two cases. It is discussed and shown how the external acceleration modifies the dynamic system, the corresponding reduced-order model, and the modulation equations. The external acceleration affects the amplitude, phase, and frequency of oscillation providing means to estimate the input. These results indicate that the proposed resonator design (dynamic system) is able to significantly improve the dynamic range of shock/acceleration sensors.

Onset and limiting amplitude of yaw instability of a submerged three-tethered buoy.

In this paper the dynamics of a submerged axi-symmetric wave energy converter are studied, through mathematical models and wave basin experiments. The device is disk-shaped and taut-moored via three inclined tethers which also act as a power take-off. We focus on parasitic yaw motion, which is excited parametrically due to coupling with heave. Assuming linear hydrodynamics throughout, but considering both linear and nonlinear tether geometry, governing equations are derived in 6 degrees of freedom (DOF). From the linearized equations, all motions, apart from yaw, are shown to be contributing to the overall power absorption. At higher orders, the yaw governing equation can be recast into a classical Mathieu equation (linear in yaw), or a nonlinear Mathieu equation with cubic damping and stiffness terms. The well-known stability diagram for the classical Mathieu equation allows prediction of onset/occurrence of yaw instability. From the nonlinear Mathieu equation, we develop an approximate analytical solution for the amplitude of the unstable motions. Comparison with regular wave experiments confirms the utility of both models for making relevant predictions. Additionally, irregular wave tests are analysed whereby yaw instability is successfully correlated to the amount of parametric excitation and linear damping. This study demonstrates the importance of considering all modes of motion in design, not just the power-producing ones. Our simplified 1 DOF yaw model provides fundamental understanding of the presence and severity of the instability. The methodology could be applied to other wave-activated devices.

Observation of alternately localized Faraday waves in a narrow tank

There are many experimental works and analyses of gravity water surface waves in vibrating high-aspect-ratio rectangular tanks. In most cases, the waves are symmetric or antisymmetric in the direction along the short sides. Here we report an unusual alternately localized Faraday wave (ALFW) in this system which is neither symmetric nor antisymmetric along the short side direction. The peculiar feature is that close to the boundary there are a series of large oscillating regions and flat regions; i.e., the surface barely moves during the experiment. The large oscillating regions and the flat regions appear alternately not only in the direction along the long side of the tank, but also along the short side. The large surface deformation implies strong nonlinearities of the phenomenon. The spectrum of the discrete cosine transformation of the surface profile shows clearly that there are only two dominating modes. However, further analyses reveal that it is not simply a two-mode excitation through external driving, but a one mode excitation, then pumping the other mode excited through strong internal mode interactions in a leading-passive way. We use the phenomenological nonlinear mode competition model, which is a set of coupled nonlinear Mathieu equations, to reproduce the ALFW pattern. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations indicate that both nonlinear internal mode interactions and nonlinear bounding effects account for this phenomenon. Phase locking and amplitude bounding can be reproduced quantitatively by the model. The instability boundary in the parameter space obtained by numerical simulations fits the one obtained by experiments very well.

Nonlinear dynamics and stability analysis of a parametrically excited CNT-reinforced MRE viscoelastic cantilever beam

This paper investigates the dynamic response of a clamped-free CNT-reinforced-MRE beam which is actuated by the combination of a constant and a harmonic time-dependent magnetic field. Using Hamilton’s principle, the equation of motion has been obtained and discretized using the Galerkin method. This procedure transforms the governing PDE equation of motion into a nonlinear ODE equation in the form of the nonlinear Mathieu equation with cubic damping. Then, the method of multiple scales is employed to obtain the dynamic response of the system. Furthermore, a stability analysis is also performed and the effects of a magnetic field on the dynamic response and stability of the system is investigated. The stability analysis shows that as the amplitude of the constant magnetic field is increased, the stable region decreases. Also, a numerical bifurcation analysis has been performed and Feigenbaum diagrams are obtained, indicating that when the constant magnetic field is less than the harmonic one, the system approaches greater amplitudes and undergoes more chaos, and vice versa.

The Dynamics of One Way Coupling in a System of Nonlinear Mathieu Equations

Background: This paper extends earlier research on the dynamics of two coupled Mathieu equations by introducing nonlinear terms and focusing on the effect of one-way coupling. The studied system of n equations models the motion of a train of n particle bunches in a circular particle accelerator. Objective: The goal is to determine (a) the system parameters which correspond to bounded motion, and (b) the resulting amplitudes of vibration for parameters in (a). Method: We start the investigation by examining two coupled equations and then generalize the results to any number of coupled equations. We use a perturbation method to obtain a slow flow and calculate its nontrivial fixed points to determine steady state oscillations. Results: The perturbation method reveals the existence of an upper bound on the amplitude of steady state oscillations. Conclusion: The model predicts how many bunches may be included in a train before instability occurs.

Nonlinear analysis of dynamic stability for the thin cylindrical shells of supercavitating vehicles

The dynamic stability of supercavitating vehicles under periodic axial loading is investigated in this article. The supercavitating vehicle is simulated as a long and thin cylindrical shell subjected to periodic axial loading and simply supported boundary conditions. The nonlinear transverse vibration differential equation is obtained in terms of nonlinear geometric equations, physical equations, and balance equations of cylindrical shells. Mathieu equation with periodic coefficients and nonlinear term is derived by employing Galerkin variational method and Bolotin method. The analytical expressions of the steady-state amplitudes of vibrations in the first- and second-order instable regions are obtained by solving nonlinear Mathieu equation derived in this article. Numerical results are presented to analyze the influence of the sailing speed, ratio of loads, the frequency of axial loads, and the mode of vibration on parametric resonance curves and to show the nonlinear parametric resonance curves incline toward the side where it is greater than the excitation frequency, which significantly extends the range of the exciting region. The presented results indicate the enlargement of the exciting region will cause shrinkage of the safe frequency range of external loads and decrease in dynamic stability of supercavitating vehicle.

Generalized Parametric Resonance

We consider the dynamic response of systems subjected to principal parametric resonant excitation in which the full potential, including nonlinearities, is modulated in a time-periodic manner. This work was motivated by the model of Rhoads et al. [J. Sound Vibration, 296 (2006), pp. 797--829], which was used to describe an interesting bifurcation structure that was experimentally observed in a micro-electro-mechanical system. The goal of the present investigation is to more fully explore this class of systems, described by a generalized nonlinear Mathieu equation, and ascertain general features of their response. The method of averaging is used to derive equations governing the slowly varying amplitude and phase for parametrically excited systems with weak nonlinearity, small damping, and near resonant excitation, allowing for a detailed analysis of the system steady-state response. Results for a general class of models are presented first, followed by details for two examples: (i) generalized parametric ...

Nonlinear Ion Harmonics in the Paul Trap with Added Octopole Field: Theoretical Characterization and New Insight into Nonlinear Resonance Effect.

The nonlinear harmonics within the ion motion are the fingerprint of the nonlinear fields. They are exclusively introduced by these nonlinear fields and are responsible to some specific nonlinear effects such as nonlinear resonance effect. In this article, the ion motion in the quadrupole field with a weak superimposed octopole component, described by the nonlinear Mathieu equation (NME), was studied by using the analytical harmonic balance (HB) method. Good accuracy of the HB method, which was comparable with that of the numerical fourth-order Runge-Kutta (4th RK), was achieved in the entire first stability region, except for the points at the stability boundary (i.e., β = 1) and at the nonlinear resonance condition (i.e., β = 0.5). Using the HB method, the nonlinear 3β harmonic series introduced by the octopole component and the resultant nonlinear resonance effect were characterized. At nonlinear resonance, obvious resonant peaks were observed in the nonlinear 3β series of ion motion, but were not found in the natural harmonics. In addition, both resonant excitation and absorption peaks could be observed, simultaneously. These are two unique features of the nonlinear resonance, distinguishing it from the normal resonance. Finally, an approximation equation was given to describe the corresponding working parameter, q nr , at nonlinear resonance. This equation can help avoid the sensitivity degradation due to the operation of ion traps at the nonlinear resonance condition.

A Theoretical Method for Characterizing Nonlinear Effects in Paul Traps with Added Octopole Field.

In comparison with numerical methods, theoretical characterizations of ion motion in the nonlinear Paul traps always suffer from low accuracy and little applicability. To overcome the difficulties, the theoretical harmonic balance (HB) method was developed, and was validated by the numerical fourth-order Runge-Kutta (4th RK) method. Using the HB method, analytical ion trajectory and ion motion frequency in the superimposed octopole field, ε, were obtained by solving the nonlinear Mathieu equation (NME). The obtained accuracy of the HB method was comparable with that of the 4th RK method at the Mathieu parameter, q = 0.6, and the applicable q values could be extended to the entire first stability region with satisfactory accuracy. Two sorts of nonlinear effects of ion motion were studied, including ion frequency shift, Δβ, and ion amplitude variation, Δ(C(2n)/C0) (n ≠ 0). New phenomena regarding Δβ were observed, although extensive studies have been performed based on the pseudo-potential well (PW) model. For instance, the |Δβ| at ε = 0.1 and ε = -0.1 were found to be different, but they were the same in the PW model. This is the first time the nonlinear effects regarding Δ(C(2n)/C0) (n ≠ 0) are studied, and the associated study has been a challenge for both theoretical and numerical methods. The nonlinear effects of Δ(C(2n)/C0) (n ≠ 0) and Δβ were found to share some similarities at q < 0.6: both of them were proportional to ε, and the square of the initial ion displacement, z(0)(2).

Nonlinear effects in Paul traps operated in the second stability region: analytical analysis and numerical verification.

Paul trap working in the second stability region has long been recognized as a possible approach for achieving high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), which however is still far away from the experimental implementations because of the narrow working area and inefficient ion trapping. Full understanding of the ion motional behavior is helpful for solving the problem. In this article, the ion motion in a superimposed octopole field, which was characterized by the nonlinear Mathieu equation, was solved analytically using Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo (PLK) method. This method equivalently described the nonlinear disturbance by an effective quadrupole field with perturbed Mathieu parameters, a(u) and q(u), which would bring huge convenience in the studies of nonlinear ion dynamics and was, therefore, used for rapid evaluation of the nonlinear effects of ion motion. Fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (4th R-K) indicated the error of PLK for characterizing the frequency shift of ion motion was within 15%.

Stochastic rotational response of a parametric pendulum coupled with an SDOF system

In this paper, parametric excitation of a lumped mass pendulum is investigated when having its pivot point vertically excited. Such a system is described by a sinus type nonlinear Mathieu equation and attention is drawn to the rotational motion of the mass. A single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system is used as a base for the pendulum, floating on ocean waves and being externally excited by them thus falling into the subclass of autoparametric systems. Due to the random nature of waves, a narrow-band stochastic process is used to model the environmental excitation. The effect of dry friction is considered and the interaction between the pendulum's rotational response and the base is studied.

Study of Nonlinear Resonance Effect in Paul Trap

In this article, we investigated the nonlinear resonance effect in the Paul trap with a superimposed hexapole field, which was assumed as a perturbation to the quadrupole field. On the basis of the Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo (PLK) perturbation method, ion motional equation, known as nonlinear Mathieu equation (NME) was expressed as the addition of approximation equations in terms of perturbation order. We discussed the frequency characteristics of ion axial-radial (z-r) coupled motion in the nonlinear field, derived the expressions of ion trajectories and nonlinear resonance conditions, and found that the mechanism of nonlinear resonance is similar to the normal resonance. The frequency spectrum of ion motion in nonlinear field includes not only the natural frequency series but also nonlinear introduced frequency series, which provide the driving force for the nonlinear resonance. The nonlinear field and the nonlinear effects are inevitable in practical ion trap experiments. Our method provides better understanding of these nonlinear effects and would be helpful for the instrumentation for ion trap mass spectrometers.

Stochastic Dynamics of a Parametrically base Excited Rotating Pendulum

This paper studies the rotational motion of a parametrically excited pendulum, dynamics of which is governed by a stochastic nonlinear Mathieu equation. The interest to this problem is based on the fact that this motion may be used to harness wave energy, capturing the heaving motion of waves. Thus a narrow band excitation is used, which is modeled as a harmonic process with random phase modulations. It has been established earlier that a relatively large values of noise intensity deteriorate stability of the rotational motion, leading to vibrations. To obtain robust rotational motion a single-degree-of-freedom filter is used.

Pendulum's rotational motion governed by a stochastic Mathieu equation

This paper considers rotational motion of a nonlinear Mathieu equation with a narrow-band stochastic excitation. The path integration technique is utilized to obtain the joint probability density function of the response, which is used to construct domains of rotational motion in parameter space.

Equilibrium, Stability, and Dynamics of Rectangular Liquid-Filled Vessels

Here we focus on the stability and dynamic characteristics of a rectangular, liquid-filled vessel. The position vector of the center of gravity of the liquid volume is derived and used to express the equilibrium angles of the vessel. Analysis of the potential function determines the stability of these equilibria, and bifurcation diagrams are constructed to demonstrate the co-existence of several equilibrium configurations of the vessel. To validate the results, a vessel of rectangular cross section was built. The results of the experiments agree well with the theoretical predictions of stability. The dynamics of the unforced and forced systems with a threshold constraint is discussed in the context of the nonlinear Mathieu equation.

Periodic solutions and stability for a weakly damped nonlinear Mathieu equation

Periodic solutions are investigated for a weakly damped nonlinear Mathieu equation. The multiple scales perturbation technique is used to determine a third-order solution for a nonlinear Mathieu equation. We derive a first reduced differential amplitude–phase system having periodic components. These equations are used to determine the fixed points. The stability of stationary solutions of this reduced system is analyzed. Numerical solutions are presented, which illustrate the behavior of the steady-state response amplitude as a function of the detuning parameter. Stability analysis is carried out for each case. The effects of these (quadratic and cubic ) nonlinearities on these oscillations are specifically investigated. With this study, it has been verified that the qualitative effects of these nonlinearities are different.