Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Measurement of the electric field of mobile telephone base station antennas in Riobamba (Ecuador), to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human body

Exposure to electromagnetic and radio frequency fields generated by communication technologies such as mobile phones has raised concerns about electromagnetic pollution and its possible health effects. The objective of the study was to measure the electric field coming from cell phone base station antennas and determine through simulation in virtual anatomical models the maximum and average SAR in the whole body and in 10 g in different parts of the human body. The measurements were carried out with a selective non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation meter at 10 sites in the city of Riobamba, Ecuador. The highest maximum and average SAR for whole body was 3.045x10−7 and 3.923 x10−8 W/kg, respectively. While, at 10 g, the maximum SAR reached up to 8.52x10−9 W/kg in arms and the average SAR 2.13x10−9 W/kg in legs. All results are well below the limits established by the ICNIRP, suggesting a low risk of exposure. This work provides valuable information on the levels of exposure to electric fields from mobile telephone base stations and the results collected in this research could serve as a reference for future research, since the sampling method used could be reproduced to study the temporal variation of electric field levels in the city and conduct more comprehensive studies of SAR distribution in the human body.

Impact of radio-frequent radiation to the environment in Republika Srpska

The level of radio frequency radiation is followed by the growth of the new telecommunication technologies and the needs of the user. In order to prevent increasing of exposure over doses of electromagnetic radiation permitted for the general population, it requires to planing the construction of antenna systems and examine the living as well as working environment in their surroundings. City zones are potentially the most vulnerable on the exposure to high-frequency non-ionizing radiation, described below with examples of sensitive locations in Banja Luka such as the vicinity of schools, kindergartens and the hospital center. Review of data and their analysis in order to determine environment contamination level in the Republic of Srpska with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is the primary goal of this study. The measurement methods and theoretical assessment tools used for detection and prediction of these physical pollutants, which tend to grow permanently due to lifestyle, are also presented.

Proactive sanitary-veterinary monitoring of bee families included in a prophylaxis program (active beekeeping season 2023)

The purpose of this work is to monitor the state of bee health through morphoclinical and laboratory examination of bees on samples of live bees and honeycombs with brood for the prevention and control of diseases in bees in order to include them in a study on the impact of the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations on bees. Samples were collected during the active season 2023, and morpho-clinically and laboratory examined according to OIE regulations from 9 private apiaries (PH, AG, TR, CL, VN, IS, DB, VL and IF) from which we collected 18 samples. The laboratory results revealed the existence of some diseases in 6 apiaries (66.67%), as follows: a unique evolution (suspected foulbrood disease in one apiary) (11.11%), five apiaries with mixed conditions (55,56%) (varroosis, nosemosis, chalkbrood, and suspected poisoning), and three apiaries were diagnosed as clinically healthy (33.33%). Studying the influence of nonionizing radiation on bees has wider implications for ecology and the environment, as bees play a crucial role in pollination and maintaining ecosystems. The interaction between bees and electromagnetic radiation is a complex and multifactorial issue that may explain the diversity of conclusions in the available studies. Therefore, studies are needed in Romania to better understand the connection between non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation and the decline of bee populations (Collony Colapse Disorder).

Effects of Exposure to Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz on Structural Changes Associated with Lipid Peroxidation in Prepubertal Rat Testicular Tissue

Objective: The increasing use of electronic devices, accompanied by advancing technologies, has led to heightened exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR). This exposure instigates the accumulation of free radicals and oxidative damage in tissues, consequently impacting biological systems. Notably, the testis is among the tissues adversely affected by EMR. Numerous studies have highlighted the pivotal role of the testis in sperm production, emphasizing the potential implications of any damage on the reproductive system. This study aims to assess the levels of lipid peroxidation through histological evaluation in the testicular tissue of prepubertal male rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation at varying electric field intensities within the 2.45 GHz radiofrequency (RF) range. Methods: The experimental group comprises six subdivisions, including a sham control group, as well as groups exposed to varying electric field strengths (EFS) of 0.6 V/m, 1.9 V/m, 5 V/m, 10 V/m, and 15 V/m, respectively. Excluding the sham control group, the remaining subgroups were subjected to a daily 2.45 GHz RF exposure for 1 hour starting immediately after fertilization. This exposure to different electric field intensities continued for 45 days post-birth. Results: The samples obtained from the RF radiation-exposed rats exhibited elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) values and decreased glutathione (GSH) values in the testicular tissue. Furthermore, a comparative analysis between the microwave radiation-exposed group and the control group revealed distinct histological alterations in the testicular tissue. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings indicate that exposure to microwave radiation at an electric field intensity of 15 V/m can lead to significant histopathological and oxidative parameter changes in Wistar rats. These results underscore the potential effects of such exposure on human health.

Crystalline lens: redox changes in response to the action of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the microwave range, even at non-thermal intensity, causes significant biochemical and physiological changes in living organisms, which are supposed to be associated with its possible oxidative effect. This work is devoted to the study of the mechanism of realization of the EMR effect in the eye lens at the level of redox state elements, based on the fact that this organ is the most suitable model: it functions semi-autonomously and has a well-organized system of antioxidant protection. The transparency of the lens is maintained by preserving the redox balance, in which the homeostasis of thiol compounds of protein and non-protein nature plays an important role. Our experiments were performed on rats using 460 MHz EMR for exposure at non-thermal intensities (power flux density between 10 and 30 µW/cm2). It has been shown that chronic exposure to EMR for up to two weeks caused changes in the redox state of the lens, which manifested in changes in the level of lipid peroxidation processes and the content of thiols of various natures. The substructures of the lens (cortical and nuclear regions) reacted to EMR exposure in different ways. Depending on the EMR intensity, pro- and antioxidant characters were revealed in their reactions. The dynamics of the oxidative reaction of lens substructures were also different under high- and low-intensity exposure. The character of the kinetics of changes in the products of oxidative reactions (malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides) and reducing agents (non-protein and protein SH groups) in the lens of the irradiated organism suggested the role of the enzymatic thiolation-dethiolation system to preserve the redox balance in the substructures of the lens. In addition, the results on changes (kinetics) in the content of various protein SH-groups, i.e., hidden inside the protein molecule and exposed on its surface, during EMR exposure, as well as the data available in the literature, allow us to put forward suggestions about the supramolecular mechanism of homeostasis regulation, in particular, thiol homeostasis regulation in such high-protein structures as the lens, which can be realized by aggregation-disaggregation of protein molecules (crystallins in the case of the lens). Our results can serve as a basis for developing a new non-invasive approach to cataract prevention using low-intensity microwave radiation.

Defined exposure of honey bee colonies to simulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): Negative effects on the homing ability, but not on brood development or longevity

Urbanization and the increasing use of wireless technologies lead to higher emission rates of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in populated areas. This anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation is a form of environmental pollution and a potential stressor on bees or other flying insects. Cities often have a high density of wireless devices operating on microwave frequencies, which generate electromagnetic frequencies e.g. in the 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands commonly used by the wireless technologies. To date the effects of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on the vitality and behavior of insects are poorly understood. In our experiment we used honey bees as model organisms and analyzed the effects of defined exposures to 2.4 and 5.8 GHz on brood development, longevity and homing ability under field conditions. To generate this radiation, we used a high-quality radiation source which generates a consistent, definable and realistic electromagnetic radiation, engineered for this experiment by the Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Our results show significant effects of long-term exposures on the homing ability of foraging honey bees, but no effects on brood development and adult worker longevity. Using this novel and high-quality technical set-up, this interdisciplinary work provides new data on the effects of these widely used frequencies on important fitness parameters of free-flying honey bees.

Immunomodulatory role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in human leukemia monocytic cell line

In daily life, people are usually exposed to radiofrequency radiations (RFR). The effects of RFR on human physiology have been a major source of controversy since the WHO declared that these radiations are a type of environmental energy that interacts with the physiological functioning of the human body. The immune system provides internal protection and promotes long-term health and survival. However, the relevant research on the innate immune system and radiofrequency radiation is scant. In this connection, we hypothesized that innate immune responses would be influenced by exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones in a cell-specific and time-dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, human leukemia monocytic cell lines were exposed to 2318 MHz (MHz) RFR emitted by mobile phones at a power density of 0.224 W/m2 in a controlled manner for various time durations (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min). Systematic studies on cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (SO), pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and phagocytic assays were performed after the irradiation. The duration of exposure seems to have a substantial influence on the RFR-induced effects. It was noticed that after 30 min of exposure, the RFR dramatically enhanced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α level as well as reactive species such as NO and SO generation as compared to the control. In contrast, the RFR dramatically reduced the phagocytic activity of monocytes during 60 min of treatment when compared to the control. Interestingly, the irradiated cells restored their normal functioning until the final 120-min of exposure. Furthermore, mobile phone exposure had no influence on cell viability or TNF-α level. The results showed that RFR exhibits a time-dependent immune-modulatory role in the human leukemia monocytic cell line. Nevertheless, more research is needed to further determine the long-term effects and precise mechanism of action of RFR.

Assessment of protein and DNA polymorphisms in corn (Zea mays) under the effect of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation

Many reports highlight biological responses of crop plants after non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure based on the phenotypic and physiological levels. So, this study aimed to estimate genetic alterations in proteins, isozymes, and DNA banding patterns as well as the extent of nuclear DNA damage of economic corn (Zea mays) under the stress of EMR using accurate and reliable bioassays like sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isozymes (Leucine- aminopeptidase, Esterases, Peroxidase, and Catalases), random amplified polymorphic DNA- polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), and Comet Assay, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis showed distinct polymorphisms (96.66%) between EMR exposed and non-exposed corn seedlings depending on the number and type of bands, their intensities as well as molecular weight which ranged from (60.27 to 192.35 kDa), gain, and loss of bands. The four isozymes generated varies isozymatic polymorphisms based on relative front, zymogram number, and optical intensities. RAPD analysis generated 85 amplified DNA products with high polymorphism values ranged from 90.91 to 100% based on primers, band type, DNA sizes which ranged from 153 to 1008-bp, lose, gain, and intensity of DNA bands. Comet Assay scored highest extent of loosed DNA from nuclei (DNA damage) reached the value of (tailed ratio 20%) at EMR exposed corn nuclei for 5 days compared to non-exposed nuclei which reached the value of (tailed ratio 3%). This study concluded that each EMR exposure time had unique interaction with proteins, isozymes, and DNA of corn cells exhibiting wide range of genotoxic stress and subsequently, adversely effect on growth and yield of this sensitive crop plants.

Residential exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations: a systematic review on biological effects assessment

The effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from cellular base station exposure on human health are discussed in this review. Because of technological development, electromagnetic emissions are present at high levels in human existence. Due to the health risks linked with exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR), its effects are known. The systematic review work was done to identify measured values of non-ionizing radiation (such as power density and electric and magnetic fields) emitted by phones and GSM base stations, along with any potential biological consequences connected with the measured values. In the literature, all measurements of power density, electric fields, and magnetic fields were made using various instruments over a variety of base station distances and times. The findings from the literature showed that the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation's power density, electric field, and magnetic field varied with distance from the tower and were highest at the closest distances. The findings also demonstrate that, in some situations, home exposure levels to base station-emitted non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation are within the limit. In some instances, however, the situation varies, and persons living close to base stations experience health effects from high levels of non-ionizing electromagnetic field exposure. The biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation exposure in homes are summarized in this article. Numerous studies to date have established the dangers of mobile phone base station radiation to people and wildlife. The negative biological effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation were compiled from numerous articles. Residents who are exposed to higher levels of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation at home are more likely to experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, disturbed sleep, discomfort, headache, memory loss, skin problems, visual disturbances, hearing problems, dizziness, muscle pain, DNA damage, and infertility. Some mobile base stations are situated quite close to homes and commercial buildings, putting individuals at risk from the base stations' electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the infrastructure impediment, such as interior obstructions or buildings, the emf changed from location to location. As a result, cellular mobile towers shouldn't be placed closer than 200 meters from residential structures.

Health disorders in workers associated with health risks at workplaces in mining industry in the Arctic (Analytical review)

The review analyzes a range and prevalence of health disorders in workers employed at mining enterprises in the Arctic and exposed to heterogeneous occupational factors. We revealed that working processes typical for basic occupations in under-ground mining involved exposure to a set of heterogeneous harmful and (or) hazardous occupational factors such as intense occupational noise; elevated vibration; aerosols with predominantly fibrogenic effects, dusts and chemicals; high hardness and intensity typical for physical work; non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. It was shown that diseases of the ear and mastoid, vibration syndrome, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, respiratory diseases and diseases of the nervous system prevailed both in the structure of general morbidity and in occupational one typical for miners. To create proper working conditions and to minimize effects of harmful and hazardous occupational factors as well as occupational health risks, it is advisable to perform comprehensive hygienic assessment of introduced equipment, machinery and mechanisms; to establish levels and doses of occupational factors. Engineering and technical, technological, medical and preventive and treatment and health-improving activities should be developed on this basis with special emphasis on such occupational groups as drift miners, drill-operators, blasters, timbermen, operators of cargo handling machinery, drilling unit operators, miners in mining outputs and faces, repairmen, and electric gas welders. It seems extremely vital to apply risk assessment methodology to assess occupational health risks for workers employed in mining operations in the Norilsk industrial region considering climatic features of the Arctic. This assessment is important for substantiating relevant activities aimed at managing such risks and protecting workers’ health.

Нарушения здоровья работников, связанные с факторами риска условий труда в горнодобывающей промышленности арктической зоны (Аналитический обзор)

The review analyzes a range and prevalence of health disorders in workers employed at mining enterprises in the Arctic and exposed to heterogeneous occupational factors. We revealed that working processes typical for basic occupations in under-ground mining involved exposure to a set of heterogeneous harmful and (or) hazardous occupational factors such as intense occupational noise; elevated vibration; aerosols with predominantly fibrogenic effects, dusts and chemicals; high hardness and intensity typical for physical work; non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. It was shown that diseases of the ear and mastoid, vibration syndrome, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, respiratory diseases and diseases of the nervous system prevailed both in the structure of general morbidity and in occupational one typical for miners. To create proper working conditions and to minimize effects of harmful and hazardous occupational factors as well as occupational health risks, it is advisable to perform comprehensive hygienic assessment of introduced equipment, machinery and mechanisms; to establish levels and doses of occupational factors. Engineering and technical, technological, medical and preventive and treatment and health-improving activities should be developed on this basis with special emphasis on such occupational groups as drift miners, drill-operators, blasters, timbermen, operators of cargo handling machinery, drilling unit operators, miners in mining outputs and faces, repairmen, and electric gas welders. It seems extremely vital to apply risk assessment methodology to assess occupational health risks for workers employed in mining operations in the Norilsk industrial region considering climatic features of the Arctic. This assessment is important for substantiating relevant activities aimed at managing such risks and protecting workers’ health.

Applications of Microwaves in Medicine Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives

Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. An overview of recent developments in several areas of microwave applications in medicine, namely microwave imaging, dielectric spectroscopy for tissue classification, molecular diagnostics, telemetry, biohazard waste management, diagnostic pathology, biomedical sensor design, drug delivery, ablation treatment, and radiometry, are summarized. In this contribution, we outline the current literature regarding microwave applications and trends across the medical industry and how it sets a platform for creating AI-based microwave solutions for future advancements from both clinical and technical aspects to enhance patient care.

Exploring the Effects of 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Field Radiation in the Etiology of Endothelial Injury

The present study has been designed to investigate whether non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the 2.45 gigahertz (GHz) band has deleterious effects on vascular endothelium. Twenty-four male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=8 in each group) sham, study (EMR,1 h/day for 30 days), and control. Serum IL-18, IL-1?, TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were similar in each group. In aortic and carotid tissues; TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were found similar in each group whereas IL-18 and IL-1? levels were found elevated in the study group (p= 0.235, p= 0.023 in aorta; p= 0.048, p= 0.039 in carotid respectively). On the histopathological examination of the aortic tissue, significant endothelial and subendothelial damage was found in the study group. As a result of our findings, we have concluded that long-term exposure to EMR in the 2.45 GHz band may cause endothelial injury.

Study on Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation on Pollen Grains at Sub-THz Frequencies

Study on Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation on Pollen Grains at Sub-THz Frequencies

Влияние КВЧ-излучения на частоту микроядер и ядерных аномалий в эритроцитах личинок амфибий

The level of technogenic non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations of various frequencies constantly grows in the biosphere. Therefore, studies of these radiations influence on biological organisms are very actual. The purpose of the work was to study the consequences of prolonged exposure to EHF radiation on the stability of the genome of anurans. Larvae of the green toad (Bufo viridis) were subjected to EMR at four different EHF frequencies (34.52, 34.67, 34.79, and 35.04 GHz with an energy flux density of 4.88, 5.33, 4.94, and 3.76 mW/cm2, respectively) for 120 hours. After irradiation the frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear anomalies (NA) in peripheral blood erythrocytes of tadpoles were studied. EHF radiation with a frequency of 34.52 GHz induced a small and statistically insignificant increase in the frequency of MN and NA. Exposure to EHF radiation at frequencies of 34.67, 34.79, and 35.04 GHz caused a statistically significant increase in the frequency of MN and NA in tadpole erythrocytes. A statistically significant increase of the frequency of MN and NA in anuran larvae erythrocytes after exposure to EHF radiation proves a certain danger of an increasing level of EMR in the biosphere, as well as the need for further studies of the effect of non-ionizing radiation on the genomes of lower vertebrates.

Hygienic problems of using information and computer technology devices by children

There was carried out the analysis of information and computer technologies (ICT), which are the main hygienically significant sources of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation for children and adolescents. Early forecasts (before 2008) about the adverse impact of the ICT electromagnetic field on the health of children and adolescents, the fundamental scientific basis for forecasts and data on their feasibility to date are considered. According to state statistics, forecasts of an increase in morbidity due to EMF exposure to children and adolescents are likely to come true. For the period 1995-2019, 15-17 years children, a steady trend was identified for the gain in cerebral malignant neoplasms, diseases of the nervous system, blood, hematopoietic organs, and individual disorders involving the immune mechanism. The number of recorded malignant neoplasms of the brain in the adolescent contingent allows performing for the first time “case-control” analysis. Uncertainties in assessing the conditionality of the increase in the incidence in children under the influence of non-ionizing ICT electromagnetic radiation are associated with difficulties in determining personal doses. The limits of EMF exposure of the user’s head by a mobile device, which were developed in 1994, are now outdated and it is necessary to change the limits, as the devices and parameters of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation of ICT have changed. It is necessary to confirm the reliability of the hygienic safety factor of EMF remote control in relation to children’s contingents in the conditions of modern and promising information and computer technologies, including taking into account possible synergy under the action of radio frequency EMF, optical screen radiation, sound effects and functional load. Obviously, today what is required is an integrated approach to ensuring the health of children “hygiene in the digital environment”. The article substantiates the foreign standards to affect the design and equipment for information and communication technologies of the educational environment in the Russian Federation, which is one of the important reasons for the deterioration of children’s health.

Microwave-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC for the Determination of Three Biogenic Amines in Beverages.

Microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MADLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector was used for the extraction and determination of three biogenic amines (BAs), including tryptamine, histamine and phenylethylamine in beverages (beer, cherry juice and white spirit). Compared with solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, which is more solvent use with lower extraction efficiency, this MADLLME method obviously shortened analytical time, the rapid heating of aqueous samples with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, a lower solvent use and enhanced extraction efficiency. Because of good extraction for three BAs, [3C6PC14][FeCl4] was used as an extraction solvent. We showed a tunable selectivity of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) toward extracting BAs by changing anion or cation due to the modification of the interaction between the MIL and the BAs. Extraction conditions including the type and volume of extraction solvent, microwave power, microwave-assisted extraction time, sample pH, disperser and interference experiment were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, a good linear relationship was found in the concentration range of 100-2,000ngmL-1 for three BAs with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.995-0.999. The limit of detections (S/N = 3) and limit of quantitations (S/N = 10) were in the range of 3.46-4.96ngmL-1 and 10.44-14.88ngmL-1, respectively. The recoveries of three targets were in the range of 84.3-108.5%, and the relative standard deviations based on the peak areas for six replicate analyses of beverages spiked with 10, 50 and 100ngmL-1 of each biogenic amine were lower than 7.9%. This method has also been successfully applied to analyze the real samples at three different spiked concentrations, and excellent results have been obtained.

How Do Different Physical Stressors' Affect the Mercury Release from Dental Amalgam Fillings and Microleakage? A Systematic Review.

Background: Approximately 50% of dental amalgam is elemental mercury by weight. Accumulating body of evidence now shows that not only static magnetic fields (SMF) but both ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations can increase the rate of mercury release from dental amalgam fillings. Iranian scientists firstly addressed this issue in 2008 but more than 10 years later, it became viral worldwide.Objective: This review was aimed at evaluating available data on the magnitude of the effects of different physical stressors (excluding chewing and brushing) on the release of toxic mercury from dental amalgam fillings and microleakage.Material and Methods: The papers reviewed in this study were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus (up to 1 December 2019). The keywords were identified from our initial research matching them with those existing on the database of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The non-English papers and other types of articles were not included in this review.Results: Our review shows that exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) such as those generated by MRI, electromagnetic fields (EMF) such as those produced by mobile phones; ionizing electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays and non- Ionizing electromagnetic radiation such as lasers and light cure devices can significantly increase the release of mercury from dental amalgam restorations and/or cause microleakage.Conclusion: The results of this review show that a wide variety of physical stressors ranging from non-ionizing electromagnetic fields to ionizing radiations can significantly accelerate the release of mercury from amalgam and cause microleakage.

Evaluation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 900MHz electromagnetic radiations using Trigonella foenum-graecum test system.

Unprecedented growth in the communication sector and expanded usage of the number of wireless devices in the past few decades have resulted in a tremendous increase in emissions of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (EMRs) in the environment. The widespread EMRs have induced many significant changes in biological systems leading to oxidative stress as well as DNA damage. Considering this, the present study was planned to study the effects of EMRs at 900MHz frequency with the power density of 10.0 dBm (0.01W) at variable exposure periods (0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, and 8h per day for 7days) on percentage germination, morphological characteristics, protein content, lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde content (MDA), and antioxidant defense system of Trigonella foenum-graecum test system. The genotoxicity was also evaluated using similar conditions. It was observed that EMRs significantly decreased the germination percentage at an exposure time of 4h and 8h. Fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot did not show significant variations, while the root and shoot length have shown significant variations for 4h and 8h exposure period. Further, EMRs enhanced MDA indicating lipid peroxidation. In response to exposure of EMRs, there was a significant up-regulation in the activities of enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the roots and shoots of Trigonella-foenum graecum. The genotoxicity study showed the induction of chromosomal aberrations in root tip cells of the Trigonella foenum-graecum test system. The present study revealed the induction of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of EMRs exposure in the test system.

SOFTWARE TOOL FOR ANALYSIS OF VOXEL HUMAN BODY MODELS

The paper describes a software tool created to inspect the anatomical structures of any segmented voxel model of the human body for use in numerical analyses of the interaction of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a metallic implant. A voxel model is a three-dimensional representation of the human body model in the form of a numerical array of indices that identify each element as belonging to a particular tissue, organ, or anatomical part. The process of virtual implant placement within these models while maintaining their anatomical limitations is complex and time-consuming. We have created a software tool in the MATLAB environment to simplify and speed up this process. As a representative case, we used the developed tool to identify three implantation sites of pacing electrodes within the cardiovascular system of the available AustinMan and AustinWoman models.