Nonionic Surfactant Triton X-100 Research Articles

A New Visible Spectrophotometric Approach for Mutual Determination of Allopurinol drug in Pharmaceuticals after Cloud Point Extraction

A new spectrophotometric methodology for allopurinol (ALLO) drug determination in pharmaceuticals was a proved. The method is based on formation of allopurinol-CoII complex in alkaline medium. A non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was used for the extraction of this complex at 586 nm. High extraction for complex was maintained under optimized conditions. The linearity was performed form (5.0-35.0) μg mL-1 with correlation coefficient (R2=0.9995). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.393 and 1.308μg mL-1, respectively. This new method was applied successfully for allopurinol determination in pharmaceuticals and maintained acceptable accuracy and precision.

Effect of a Directed Luminous Flux on the Spatial Orientation of Triton X-100 Micelles

The optical properties of colloidal solutions of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 are studied via turbidimetry, optical microscopy, refractometry, and polarimetry. It is shown that its micelles have the form of elongated ellipsoids of revolution, are optically active, retain their orientational order, and move under the action of a directed light flux, depending on the concentration of the solution.

Choline dihydrogen phosphate-based deep eutectic solvent: A suitable bioplatform for lipase extraction

In this work, we have demonstrated the suitability of a novel Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) composed of cholinium dihydrogen phosphate and ethylene glycol at a molar ratio of 1:2 (ChDHP:EG) to extract Candida antarctica lipase B from aqueous solutions of non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 and Tween 80. The binodal curves were firstly explored at temperatures between 298.15 and 333.15 K and the experimental data were correlated by means of empirical models based on exponential and polynomial equations. The tie-lines have been ascertained by means of density and refractive indices measurement, and Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft and Setschenow equations were proposed to correlate these data. The Tween 80-based Aqueous Biphasic System was demonstrated to avoid any deleterious effect on the lipase biocatalytic activity, and more than 80% of the enzyme activity was retained on the DES-rich phase, which proves the suitability of these platforms to be employed in downstream stages in lipase production processes.

Extraction and reimmobilization of used commercial lipase from industrial waste

In industrial application, immobilized lipase are typically not reused and served as industrial waste after a certain process is completed. The capacity on the reusability of the spent lipase is not well studied. This current study embarks on reusing the remaining lipase from the spent immobilized enzyme. Active lipases were recovered using a simple reverse micellar extraction (RME). RME is the extraction process of targeted biomolecules using an organic solvent and a surfactant. This method was the first attempt reported on the recovery of the lipase from the used immobilized lipase. RME of the spent lipase was done using the nonionic Triton X-100 surfactant and toluene. Various parameters were optimized to maximize the lipase recovery from the used immobilized lipase. The optimum forward extraction condition was 0.075 M KCl, and backward conditions were at 0.15 M Triton X-100/toluene (pH 6, 2 M KCl) with recovery of 66%. The extracted lipase was immobilized via simple adsorption into the ethanol pretreated carrier. The optimum conditions of immobilization resulted in 96% of the extracted lipase was reimmobilized. The reimmobilized lipase was incubated for 20 h in pH 6 buffer at 50 °C of water bath shaker. The reimmobilized lipase still had 27% residual activity after 18 h of incubation, which higher thermal stability compared to the free lipase. In conclusion, the free lipase was successfully extracted from the spent immobilized lipase and reimmobilized into the new support. It exhibited high thermal stability, and the reusability of the spent lipase will promote continued use of industrial lipase and reduce the cost of the manufacturing process.

Cloud Point Extraction of Direct Blue 71 Dye using Triton X-100 as Nonionic Surfactant

Abstract A surfactant-mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) method using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) has been developed to remove the dye Direct Blue 71 (DB71) from a waste water. Most of the dye molecules are solubilized in the coacervate phase so that the dilute phase remains free of the dye. The effects of surfactant concentration, temperature and salt concentration on the different dye concentrations were studied to determine the optimal conditions for removing DB71. The concentration of DB71 in the dilute phase was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the separation of phases was complete and the recovery of DB71 was very effective in the presence of NaCl as an electrolyte. The results showed that up to 25 ppm DB71, i.e. more than 95%, can be quantitatively removed by cloud point extraction procedures in a single extraction at optimal conditions. It was also observed that at a dye concentration of 1 ppm, 100% of the blue dye DB71 can be directly removed with a TX-100 concentration of 12% by weight. At higher dye concentrations of up to 30 ppm, 94.7%-100% dye can be removed. The TX-100 concentration was 12 wt%, the salt concentration (NaCl) 0.005 M and the temperature 75°C. It is concluded that the surfactant mediated cloud point extraction method for dye removal can be an alternative to current dye removal methods.

Lab-on-chip analyser for the in situ determination of dissolved manganese in seawater

A spectrophotometric approach for quantification of dissolved manganese (DMn) with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) has been adapted for in situ application in coastal and estuarine waters. The analyser uses a submersible microfluidic lab-on-chip device, with low power (~ 1.5 W) and reagent consumption (63 µL per sample). Laboratory characterization showed an absorption coefficient of 40,838 ± 1127 L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1 and a detection limit of 27 nM, determined for a 34.6 mm long optical detection cell. Laboratory tests showed that long-term stability of the PAN reagent was achieved by addition of 4% v/v of a non-ionic surfactant (Triton-X100). To suppress iron (Fe) interferences with the PAN reagent, the Fe(III) masking agents deferoxamine mesylate (DFO-B) or disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (Tiron) were added and their Fe masking efficiencies were investigated. The analyser was tested during a deployment over several weeks in Kiel Fjord (Germany), with successful acquisition of 215 in situ data points. The time series was in good agreement with DMn concentrations determined from discretely collected samples analysed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), exhibiting a mean accuracy of 87% over the full deployment duration (with an accuracy of > 99% for certain periods) and clear correlations to key hydrographic parameters.

Surfactant-rutin-alcohol interactions: A multi-techniques analysis

The paper presents the interactions between rutin and nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 in ethanol, which were investigated by means of the UV–Visible spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, speed of the sound, surface tension and adsorptive stripping voltammetric measurements. An attempt was made to examine the effect of flavonoid and surfactant concentration on the interactions between each compound in alcohol – water solutions. The obtained results show that the interactions in the examined mixtures change with the increase of the surfactant concentration in the solution and the surfactant adsorption capacity onto the electrode surface decreases over time and after micellization.

Extraction of spirotetramat insecticide by cloud point extraction method and its determination in environmental samples using high performance liquid chromatography

A simple new method based on cloud point extraction was optimized and validated to determine spirotetramat in agricultural surface water samples using HPLC–UV. In this method, the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 was selected as a green extraction solvent because of its structure and properties. The effects of various parameters such as concentration and volume of Triton X-114, pH, temperature, and detergent agent were investigated on spirotetramat recovery and extraction and the data were optimized. Chromatographic separation was performed on the column ZORBAX Eclipse C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm ID, 5 µm particle size) for the desired composition was detected at 240 nm. Under favorable conditions, the calibration curve was obtained for analyte of linear Dynamic range of 0.5–40 ppm with a correlation coefficient (r2) as 0.9978. In this method, the limit of detection for spirotetramat was 0.08 ppm, and for relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 5) was 4.9%.

An Eco-Friendly Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Nickel in Environmental Samples Coupled with Spectrophotometry

A new, simple, rapid, sensitive and environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted emulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UAE-DLLME) has been developed for trace nickel Ni(II) separation and preconcentration in environmental samples prior to spectrophotometric determination. The proposed method based on using non-ionic water-soluble surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) as a disperser solvent and tetrachloroethylene as an extractive solvent. A 6-(1,3-thiazolylazo)-2-nitrophenol (TANP) as complexing agent was used for complexation of Ni(II) at pH 7.0. The influence of various variables on the performance of the UAE-DLLME method was optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the rage of 1.0-300 μg L-1. The detection and quantitation limits of the method were determined as 0.3 and 1.0 μg L-1, respectively. The preconcentration factor and enhancement factor were obtained as 60 and 45. Relative standard deviation (RSD %) as precision at 100 and 200 µg L-1 of Ni(II) were 1.4 and 2.1%, respectively (n=10). The validation of the developed method was proved by analysis of certified reference materials. Finally, the developed UAE-DLLME microextraction method was applied to preconcentrate and determine of trace levels of Ni(II) in real water, food and tobacco samples with satisfactory results.

Matching Effects in the Interaction of Ionic Surfactants with Fluorescent Reagents in Micellar Solutions of Triton X-100

The influence of cationic and anionic surfactant solutions on the character of the fluorescence spectra of reagents of different charge and hydrophobicity in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 has been studied. An increase in the fluorescence intensity and a shift in the position of the fluorescence maximum with increasing hydrophobicity of reagents and ionic surfactants have been shown. The analytical signal of the surfactant is further amplified in the proximity of the charge values of the reagent and the counterion of the surfactant. The non-monotonic nature of the hydrophobicity effect of cationic surfactants on their analytical signal in the system has been shown. The observed effects are explained by the realization of charge and hydrophobic matching in the interaction of surfactants with the fluorescent reagents. The obtained effects are significant in the design of fluorescent systems for the determination and study of surfactant micelles. Conditions for detecting the content of cetylpyridinium chloride by reaction with eosin Y and sodium tetradecyl sulfate by reaction with rhodamine 6G in the presence of Triton X-100 were proposed. The methods have been tested in detecting the content of the ionic surfactants in pharmaceuticals.

Urea-Assisted Synthesis of Nanospherical and Plate-Like Magnesium Oxides for Efficient Removal of Reactive Dye Wastes

Nanospherical and plate-like magnesium oxide has been successfully synthesized by urea precipitation method for the first time. A magnesium oxide precursor was prepared by heating MgCl2 solution with urea for 12 hours at 90°C. Then the calcined precursor was analysed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). In the presence of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 in the system, the reaction yielded in nanospheres of MgO contrast to the plate-like MgO in the absence of the surfactant. The precursor and the calcined product appeared in similar morphologies under SEM in both cases with a slight reduction of size upon calcination. The final product was confirmed as MgO using XRD and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. In TGA, both samples showed similar mass loss values upon elimination of adsorbed water molecules and decomposition of the precursor into MgO; however, the nanospherical MgO sample showed an additional weight loss due to elimination of the associated surfactant molecules. The efficiency of removing reactive dye wastes was quantified by UV-visible spectroscopy using reactive yellow dye. Plate-like MgO showed a porous structure under HR-TEM analysis in the dye adsorption study, and both plate-like and nanospherical MgO showed good dye adsorption capability. MgO nanospheres showed higher capacity of dye adsorption compared to plate-like MgO, explained by its higher surface are-to-volume ratio, while the plate-like MgO also performed well due to having a nanoporous structure. These nanomaterials will offer high potential in purifying waste water and as well in recovering expensive dye products.

Unraveling diverse action of triton X-100 and methimazole on lysozyme fibrillation/aggregation: Physicochemical insights

Identification of functionalities responsible for prevention of fibrillation in proteins is important to design effective drugs in addressing neurodegenerative diseases. We have used nonionic surfactant triton X-100 (TX-100) and antithyroid drug methimazole (MMI) to understand mechanistic aspects of action of these molecules having different functionalities on hen egg-white lysozyme at different stages of fibrillation. After establishing the nucleation, elongation and maturation stages of fibrillation of protein at 57 °C, energetics of interactions with these molecules have been determined by using isothermal titration calorimetry. Differential scanning calorimetry has permitted assessment of thermal stability of the protein at these stages, with or without these molecular entities. The enthalpies of interaction of TX-100 and MMI with protein fibrils suggest importance of hydrogen bonding and polar interactions in their effectiveness towards prevention of fibrils. TX-100, in spite of several polar centres, is unable to prevent fibrillation, rather it promotes. MMI is able to establish polar interactions with interacting strands of the protein and disintegrate fibrils. A rigorous comparison with inhibitors reported in literature highlights importance -OH and >CO functionalities in fibrillation prevention. Even though MMI has hydrogen bonding centres, its efficiency as inhibitor falls after the inhibited lysozyme fibrils further interact and form amorphous aggregates.

Feasibility of packed columns for continuous cloud point extraction with subsequent product recovery

In this work the feasibility of continuous cloud point extraction in packed columns was evaluated. Therefore, extraction of phenylacetic acid with aqueous micellar two-phase systems containing the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as a model system. Raschig rings and structured packing CY from Sulzer were evaluated in terms of HETP, extraction efficiency and enrichment factor. Additionally, the product recovery from the micellar phase was addressed. Back-extraction via pH-shift and adsorption were evaluated to remove phenylacetic acid from the micellar phase, whereas the successful continuous back-extraction in a Kühni column was demonstrated. Finally, several process concepts to recycle the micellar phase and to further purify phenylacetic acid after back-extraction are suggested.

Atomic-Absorption Determination of Copper(II) in Water Samples after Its Cloud-Point Extraction Preconcentration

We study and optimize the conditions for the cloud-point extraction (CPE) preconcentration of Cu(II) in the form of its complex with 6,7-dihydroxy-4-methyl-2-phenylbenzopyrylium chloride in the micellar phase of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. The introduction of ammonium benzoate into the system until a pH of 4.5 is reached at a Triton X-100 concentration of 0.4 vol % leads to the initiation of the formation of a micellar phase at room temperature. We develop a procedure for the atomic absorption determination of Cu(II) after its CPE preconcentration. The calibration dependence is linear in the concentration range of 5.0 to 213 μg/L, and the detection (cmin) and determination (clim) limits are, respectively, 1.5 and 5.0 μg/L. The proposed procedure is tested in the analysis of natural and drinking waters, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) does not exceed 4%.

Reverse flotation of non-coking coal fines using non-ionic surfactant triton X-100 as depressant

A novel approach to apply Triton X-100 (TX-100) surfactant as depressant in reverse flotation of non-coking coal fines, which is different from the conventional use of dextrin as an depressant. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle and induction time instruments were used to analyze the mechanism of high-concentration TX-100 depressing the floating of coal particle. FTIR results revealed that TX-100 could physically adsorb on the surface of coal. Contact angle results showed the higher concentration of TX-100 aqueous solution was more likely to wet the surface of TX-100-treated coal, slowing down the film thinning and rupture rate during bubble-coal adhesion. In high-concentration TX-100 aqueous solution, the bubble surface was modified by the coverage of TX-100 molecules, which makes bubble difficult to adhere to coal particle. Induction time results showed the adhesion probability of coal particle and bubble gradually decreases with the increase of TX-100 concentration.

Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants from aqueous solution – A feasibility study

The discharge of wastewaters containing surfactants and other pollutants from industries is contaminating the world’s water resources which needs remediation. This paper describes the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 (TX-100) using fly ash based geoepolymer adsorbent. pH was varied between 2 and 10. Geopolymer could not adsorb CTAB and TX-100 surfactants. This was due to the low hydrophobicity of the geopolymer and the weak nature of forces involved in the adsorption of cationic and nonionic surfactants. The modification of the geopolymer with suitable metals or compounds could potentially enable it to adsorb CTAB and TX-100 surfactants.

Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Hyperthermia of Monodispersed Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapeutics.

Magnetic nanoparticles such as cobalt ferrite are investigated under clinical hyperthermia conditions for the treatment of cancer. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFNPs) synthesized by the thermal decomposition method, using nonionic surfactant Triton-X100, possess hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chains acting as reducing agents for the cobalt and iron precursors. The monodispersed nanoparticles were of 10 nm size, as confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The X-ray diffraction patterns of CFNPs prove the existence of cubic spinel cobalt ferrites. Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy–high-angle annular dark-field imaging (STEM–HAADF) of CFNPs confirmed their multi-twinned crystallinity due to the presence of atomic columns and defects in the nanostructure. Magnetic measurements proved that the CFNPs possess reduced remnant magnetization (MR/MS) (0.86), which justifies cubic anisotropy in the system. Microwave-based hyperthermia studies performed at 2.45 GHz under clinical conditions in physiological saline increased the temperature of the CFNP samples due to the transformation of radiation energy to heat. The specific absorption rate of CFNPs in physiological saline was 68.28 W/g. Furthermore, when triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) in the presence of increasing CFNP concentration (5 mg/mL to 40 mg/mL) were exposed to microwaves, the cell cytotoxicity was enhanced compared to CFNPs alone.

Oxacillin antibiotic removal from aqueous solution using nonionic micellar system or ionic liquid: a comparative study based upon experimental optimization and response surface methodology

Oxacillin antibiotic was removed from aqueous effluents using the biodegradable nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) and the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4C1im]PF6). The experimental results of oxacillin extraction from aqueous solution according to the surfactant (Xt) or ionic liquid (XIL) concentration and temperature (T) were expressed by the following parameters: antibiotic extraction extent (E%), remaining antibiotic concentration (Xs,w), residual surfactant (Xt,w) or ionic liquid (XIL,w) concentration in aqueous phase after extraction, and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium (ϕc). High extraction yields were reached under optimal conditions: 99% for TX-114 and 89% using [C4C1im]PF6. The concentration of antibiotic in effluent was reduced by about 7-fold and 6-fold using TX-114 and [C4C1im]PF6, respectively. Sodium sulfate addition (3 wt%) increased E% from 20% to 88% at only 2 wt% of TX-114. Finally, solute stripping from the micellar phase using Winsor II microemulsion extraction was investigated. Thereby, 90% of the TX-114 in the micelle-rich phase was separated into the organic phase (Om).

Optical Activity of Triton X-100 Micelles in Aqueous Solutions

Polarimetry is used to study the optical activity of colloidal aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant (NS) Triton X-100. It is found that these solutions rotate the plane of polarization to the right. It is shown that a change in the concentration of nonionic surfactants alters the structure of micelles. It is found that the transition to a continuous hexagonal mesophase is accompanied by a stepwise change in optical rotation.

Reaction rates in aqueous solutions of cationic colloidal surfactants and calixarenes: Acceleration and resolution of two steps of fluorescein diesters hydrolysis

The hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates of fluorescein diester series is a popular and well-documented indicative reaction used in enzyme biochemistry for cholinesterase systems and related fields. The overwhelming majority of studies have been performed using the fluorescence spectroscopy and conventionally considering this two-step reaction as a single-step one. We developed a spectrophotometry-based approach for the separate determination of the rate constants of the first and second hydrolysis steps of fluorescein diesters, such as diacetyl- and dilaurylfluorescein. This approach was applied to micellar solutions of cationic colloidal surfactants and calixarenes in water. Cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyl-N-pyridinium chloride, cationic Gemini surfactant 16–4–16 bromide, di-n-tetradecyldimethylammonium bromide and a zwitterionic surfactant cetyldimethylammonium propanesulfonate were used. As amphiphilic cationic calixarenes, the wide rim choline or imidazolium derivatives of calix[4,6]arenes decorated at the narrow rim with methyl, propyl, hexyl, octyl, and dodecyl tails in form of tetra- and hexachlorides were used. These systems display marked acceleration of the hydrolysis reaction of diacetylfluorescein in water. The results were compared with the kinetic data in 50 mas. % ethanol. Non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 displays no influence on kinetics, whereas an anionic surfactant sodium laurylsulfate strongly reduces the reaction rate. In the presence of calixarene aggregates, an expressed catalytic effect was observed for diacetylfluorescein, but not for dilaurylfluorescein. For instance, the rate constants of stepwise hydrolysis of diacetylfluorescein increase by ca. 200–750 times on going from water to aqueous solutions of 5,11,17,23-tetra(N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethylammonium)methylene-25,26,27,28-tetradodecyl-oxycalix[4]arene tetrachloride. At the same time, a distinct macrocyclic effect of calixarene was also observed: the micelles of the “quarter” compound N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl-4-dodecyloxybenzylammonium chloride also accelerate the reaction, but in a much less expressed manner.