Noninvasive Near-infrared Research Articles

Remote neurostimulation through an endogenous ion channel using a near-infrared light-activatable nanoagonist.

The development of noninvasive approaches to precisely control neural activity in mammals is highly desirable. Here, we used the ion channel transient receptor potential ankyrin-repeat 1 (TRPA1) as a proof of principle, demonstrating remote near-infrared (NIR) activation of endogenous neuronal channels in mice through an engineered nanoagonist. This achievement enables specific neurostimulation in nongenetically modified mice. Initially, target-based screening identified flavins as photopharmacological agonists, allowing for the photoactivation of TRPA1 in sensory neurons upon ultraviolet A/blue light illumination. Subsequently, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were customized with an emission spectrum aligned to flavin absorption and conjugated with flavin adenine dinucleotide, creating a nanoagonist capable of NIR activation of TRPA1. Following the intrathecal injection of the nanoagonist, noninvasive NIR stimulation allows precise bidirectional control of nociception in mice through remote activation of spinal TRPA1. This study demonstrates a noninvasive NIR neurostimulation method with the potential for adaptation to various endogenous ion channels and neural processes by combining photochemical toolboxes with customized UCNPs.

Development and optimisation of a near-infrared spectroscopic system for glucose quantification in aqueous and intralipid-based samples

A non-invasive glucose sensing device could revolutionise diabetes treatment. Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a promising technology for glucose sensing; however, the design and choice of components for NIR spectroscopy can greatly affect the sensing accuracy. We aimed to develop a NIR absorption spectroscopy system to determine liquid glucose concentrations in the physiological range, by evaluating a range of NIR photodetector components and light sources. Three detection assemblies were tested: (i) a dispersive spectrometer with photodiode array, (ii) a Czerny–Turner monochromator with InGaAs photodiode and (iii) a miniature Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. A halogen lamp and NIR globar were trialled as potential light sources. The components were systematically tested by comparing the coefficient of determination and standard error of prediction (SEP) for the same set of aqueous glucose samples through 10 mmol l−1 concentration steps. The Czerny–Turner monochromator with InGaAs photodiode, along with the globar, were identified as the optimal components for the system. A range of concentration steps (1–10 mmol l−1) were scanned to identify the physiologically relevant limit of detection, which was identified as 5 mmol/l for glucose in solution. Spectra were then collected from glucose samples in 10% intralipid suspension in the 10–20 mmol l−1 range and the equivalent concentrations in solution. The SEP was greater for the intralipid samples due to strong scattering. Scattering was dominant above 1300 nm, whilst absorption was dominant below 1300 nm. Although alternative approaches achieve better resolution, our system uses simple and readily-available components and presents a platform for a non-invasive NIR glucose sensing device.

Near infrared spectroscopy for determination of moisture content in lyophilized formulation

A non-invasive near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method was developed for the quantitative moisture determination in a lyophilized injection formulation. The calibration samples were prepared by exposing lyophilized samples at different temperatures and relative humidity. The samples from different scales and different process parameters were considered for adding robustness to the model. The NIR spectra were collected using a Fourier-transform (FT) NIR with a diffuse reflectance probe and the same samples were further analyzed by the Karl Fisher (KF) method for moisture content. The pre-treated NIR spectra were used for quantitative method development for moisture content. Partial least squares regression was used to develop calibrations in the 5600-4950 cm−1 region with calibration coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.149. The model was cross-validated internally using the Kernel algorithm with r2 = 0.96 and RMSECV = 0.15. The accuracy of the NIR method against the KF method, precision, and reproducibility were good and the model was robust in predicting different external validation samples. This work allowed NIR as an alternative measurement for moisture analysis as well as facilitate 100% monitoring before packaging and save the cost of sample and time of KF analysis.

Miniaturized Optical Glucose Sensor Using 1600–1700 nm Near‐Infrared Light

AbstractBlood glucose measurement is crucial for diabetes diagnosis and treatment, but invasive sampling methods have drawbacks. Non‐invasive near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy‐based optical glucose sensing has gained attention but faces challenges due to the strong absorbance of NIR light by water and the need for complex equipment. Here, four distinct glucose fingerprints at specific NIR wavelengths: 1605, 1706, 2145, and 2275 nm are identified. Utilizing a surface‐mounted LED with a spectral range of 1600–1700 nm and focusing on the most prominent peaks at 1605 and 1706 nm, a miniaturized and non‐invasive glucose sensor is developed. The device successfully detects in vitro assays of glucose solutions within the physiological range of 50–400 mg dL−1, attaining a limit of detection as low as 10 mg dL−1. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy‐based glucose sensing and its potential applications in non‐invasive point‐of‐care diagnostics, with the potential for extension to other biomarkers in future.

Non‐Invasive Prediction of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Flesh Lightness Using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is an important aquaculture species extensively farmed throughout its natural distribution of Australia and Southeast Asia, as well as being increasingly farmed in the Middle East, USA, and Europe. Barramundi has a firm, pink‐white flesh; however, fillets from farmed barramundi often exhibit grey colouration. This grey colouration detracts from its market appeal, leading to challenges in consumer acceptance and competitiveness of the product against other white fillet fish. Selective breeding, environmental manipulation, and dietary adjustments are being investigated to reduce grey flesh colouration. Yet, the absence of a rapid, noninvasive approach to predict greyness in flesh means that large numbers of samples cannot be quickly evaluated, and issues cannot be mitigated preharvest and noninvasively to preserve the fish. To address this issue, rapid analysis of flesh greyness was developed using noninvasive near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy through the fish skin. Thirty fish were purchased from a barramundi farm, filleted, and divided into 3 cm sections, yielding a total of 335 samples from both dorsal and ventral fillet regions. NIR spectral data were obtained from the skin side of all samples, and colouration data were collected from the flesh side of the same samples. Data were randomised into a training set (256 spectra) and a validation set (79 spectra). Predictive models were developed using flesh colour as the training input for skin NIR spectra. The refined partial least squares regression model explained 78% of the variation in the medial flesh colour (R2pe of 0.776, an RMSEP of 2.820, and an RPDpe of 2.122) demonstrating the ability to adequately predict the flesh quality through skin spectra. This highlights the potential of NIR spectroscopy as a dependable, noninvasive tool, enabling the rapid evaluation of large samples and offering the potential to address flesh colouration issues in barramundi preharvest.

Advances in NIR-Responsive Natural Macromolecular Hydrogel Assembly Drugs for Cancer Treatment.

Cancer is a serious disease with an abnormal proliferation of organ tissues; it is characterized by malignant infiltration and growth that affects human life. Traditional cancer therapies such as resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have a low cure rate and often cause irreversible damage to the body. In recent years, since the traditional treatment of cancer is still very far from perfect, researchers have begun to focus on non-invasive near-infrared (NIR)-responsive natural macromolecular hydrogel assembly drugs (NIR-NMHADs). Due to their unique biocompatibility and extremely high drug encapsulation, coupling with the spatiotemporal controllability of NIR, synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT), photothermal therapy (PDT), chemotherapy (CT) and immunotherapy (IT) has created excellent effects and good prospects for cancer treatment. In addition, some emerging bioengineering technologies can also improve the effectiveness of drug delivery systems. This review will discuss the properties of NIR light, the NIR-functional hydrogels commonly used in current research, the cancer therapy corresponding to the materials encapsulated in them and the bioengineering technology that can assist drug delivery systems. The review provides a constructive reference for the optimization of NIR-NMHAD experimental ideas and its application to human body.

Near-infrared controlled release of mesenchymal stem cells secretome from bioprinted graphene-based microbeads for nerve regeneration

 Nerve damage is a prevalent and debilitating condition with limited treatment options. Recent years have seen an increased incidence of neural damage due to factors such as aging populations and traumatic brain injuries. Addressing the urgent need for effective therapies, this study explores the controlled delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secretome, a complex mixture of bioactive factors, which is currently being investigated for its potential in nerve regeneration. The secretome offers significant advantages over stem cells themselves, as it can be more easily characterized and controlled, enabling precise regulation of therapeutic interventions. However, the challenge lies in delivering the secretome specifically to the target anatomical region. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel approach utilizing near-infrared (NIR) radiation-responsive bioprinted alginate-graphene oxide (AGO) microbeads. Graphene oxide (GO) is a highly biocompatible material with unique properties, including NIR responsiveness, enabling controlled release of therapeutic agents upon NIR exposure. We hypothesized that AGO microbeads could encapsulate MSCs secretome and release it in a controlled manner using NIR radiation. To investigate our hypothesis, controlled damage was induced to hippocampal neurons, and MSCs secretome was encapsulated within AGO microbeads. Subsequently, NIR radiation was applied to trigger the release of the secretome. We compared the efficacy of MSCs secretome with that of astrocytes, which also possess nerve growth and proliferation-promoting capabilities. Our findings demonstrated that the controlled release of MSCs secretome from AGO microbeads through non-invasive NIR radiation significantly promoted the proliferation and regeneration of neurons following nerve injury. AGO microbeads offer multiple advantages over conventional delivery methods, including precise control over the timing, location, and dosage of therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the potential for reduced immunogenicity and tumorigenicity enhances the safety profile of the therapy. Consequently, this study presents a promising avenue for the development of MSC-based therapies for nerve regeneration, with implications for the treatment of various neuropathies and injuries.  

Generation of whole tumor cell vaccine for on-demand manipulation of immune responses against cancer under near-infrared laser irradiation

The therapeutic efficacy of whole tumor cell vaccines (TCVs) is modest, which has delayed their translation into personalized immunotherapies in the clinic. Here, we develop a TCV platform based on photothermal nanoparticle-loaded tumor cells, which can be rationally applied to diverse tumor types to achieve on-demand boost of anti-tumor immune responses for inhibiting tumor growth. During the fabrication process, mild photothermal heating by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation induces the nanoparticle-bearing tumor cells to express heat shock proteins as endogenous adjuvants. After a single vaccination at the back of tumor-bearing mice, non-invasive NIR laser irradiation further induces mild hyperthermia at vaccination site, which promotes the recruitment, activation, and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Using an indicator we term fluctuation of tumor growth rate, we determine appropriate irradiation regimens (including optimized irradiation intervals and times). This TCV platform enables on-demand NIR manipulation of immune responses, and we demonstrate potent therapeutic efficacy against six murine models that mimick a range of clinical scenarios, including a model based on humanized mice and patient-derived tumor xenografts.

Constructing Oxygen-related Defects in Carbon Nanodots with Janus Optical Properties: Noninvasive NIR Fluorescent Imaging and Effective Photocatalytic Therapy.

Noninvasive fluorescence (FL) imaging and high-performance photocatalytic therapy (PCT) are opposing optical properties that are difficult to combine in a single material system. Herein, we report a facile approach to introducing oxygen-related defects in carbon dots (CDs) via post-oxidation with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX), in which some nitrogen atoms were substituted by oxygen atoms. Unpaired electrons in these oxygen-related defects rearranged the electronic structure of the oxidized carbon dots (ox-CDs), resulting in an emerging near-infrared (NIR) absorption band. These defects not only contributed to enhanced NIR bandgap emission but also acted as trappers for photoexcited electrons to promote efficient charge separation on the surface, leading to abundant photo-generated holes on the ox-CDs surface under visible-light irradiation. Under white LED torch irradiation, the photo-generated holes oxidized hydroxide to hydroxyl radicals in the acidification of the aqueous solution. In contrast, no hydroxyl radicals were detected in the ox-CDs aqueous solution under 730nm laser irradiation, indicating noninvasive NIR FL imaging potential. Utilizing the Janus optical properties of the ox-CDs, the in vivo NIR FL imaging of sentinel lymph nodes around tumors and efficient photothermal enhanced tumor PCT were demonstrated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

963-P: Near-Infrared Device for Diabetes Screening—ANODE01 Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) screening is currently complex, inefficient and requires resource-intensive, invasive sampling. Development of affordable, rapid, and precise mass-screening tools is valuable in identifying the millions with undiagnosed DM, especially in lower income countries. Materials and Methods: Accuracy and safety of a novel miniaturized full-spectrum near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy device intended for DM screening was assessed in a multi-ethnic population with (n=50) or without (n=50) DM. Thirty NIR spectra scans per each middle fingernail and hand were tested for detection of dichotomised DM status based on cut-off values (< HbA1c 6.5% or 6.0 ≥) and specificity (%) of chemometrics outcomes, in assessment of glycated nail keratin versus an HbA1c point-of-care assay as control. Results: The cohort had mean age of 43.6 vs 64.4 years, 42 vs 76% females and 54 vs 68% Caucasians for non-DM and DM participants. Median (IQR) HbA1c % was 5.45 (5.2 - 5.6) and 6.8 (6.3-7.6), respectively. Clinical feasibility for NIR use was confirmed with no adverse device -related events reports for the over 6000 spectral measurements. The NIR-device demonstrated a specificity of 95.2% and 94.1% at HbA1c 6.5 and 6.0% cut-off levels, respectively (Table). Conclusions: Our preliminary results indicate high specificity and potential for clinical implementation of non-invasive NIR technology in detection of those without immediate DM risk. Disclosure P.Choudhary: Advisory Panel; Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Dexcom, Inc., MannKind Corporation, Insulet Corporation, Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Speaker's Bureau; Sanofi, Lilly. D.Lazaro-pacheco: Consultant; Glyconics Ltd. J.E.Salter: None. P.M.Paldanius: Consultant; Glyconics Ltd, Speaker's Bureau; Novartis. Funding Glyconics

986-P: Near-Infrared Device for Screening of Diabetes—ANODE02 Study

Background: Currently, screening for diabetes mellitus (DM) can be complex, inefficient and often resource-intensive with invasive sampling. Affordable screening tools with high specificity will be essential for smart allocation of limited healthcare resources for those in need of further diagnostics. Materials and methods: We explored the accuracy and safety of a novel compact miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) full-spectrum spectroscopy device intended for DM screening. Assessments of up to 30 NIR spectra per each middle fingernail and hand, in a cohort of people living with (n=50) or without (n=50) DM focused on detection of dichotomised DM status (< HbA1c 48 mmol/mol or 6.5% ≥) and specificity (%) based chemometrics outcomes, in assessment of glycated nail keratin versus an HbA1c point-of-care assay as control. Results: Demographics of a community primary care centre-based cohort (n=100) are presented in Table. Overall, no adverse NIR-device-related events were being reported for any of the over 6000 spectral measurements. Based on the best chemometrics model, the NIR-device demonstrated a specificity of 98.5% (95%CI 95.5 - 100.0) and 88.9% (80.5 - 97.3) at 48 and 42 mmol/mol cut-off levels, respectively, in detection of those without DM. Conclusions: Our preliminary results are indicative of high specificity and safe implementation of non-invasive NIR technology with potential for early detection and management of increasing DM risk. Disclosure F.Cos: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Glyconics Ltd, Menarini Group, Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Lilly. D.Lazaro-pacheco: Consultant; Glyconics Ltd. J.E.Salter: None. P.M.Paldanius: Consultant; Glyconics Ltd, Speaker's Bureau; Novartis. Funding Glyconics

Non-invasive activation of intratumoural gene editing for improved adoptive T-cell therapy in solid tumours.

Adoptive T-cell therapy against solid tumours is limited by the apoptosis resistance mechanisms of tumour cells and by the extracellular, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Here we report a temperature-sensitive genome-editing nanodevice that can deliver a Cas9 editor with an external trigger which can be used to edit the genome of tumour cells to reduce resistance to apoptosis and modulate the tumour microenvironment via a mild heating trigger. After local or systemic delivery of Cas9, mild heating is induced by non-invasive near-infrared (NIR) light or focused ultrasound (FUS) to activate Cas9, which initiates simultaneous genome editing of HSP70 (HSPA1A) and BAG3 in tumour cells. This disrupts the apoptotic resistance machinery of the tumour cells against adoptive T cells. At the same time, an NIR- or FUS-induced mild thermal effect reshapes the extracellular tumour microenvironment by disrupting the physical barriers and immune suppression. This facilitates the infiltration of adoptive T cells and enhances their therapeutic activity. Mild thermal Cas9 delivery is demonstrated in different murine tumour models which mimic a range of clinical indications, including a tumour model based on humanized patient-derived xenografts. As a result, the non-invasive thermal delivery of Cas9 significantly enhances the therapeutic efficacies of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and chimeric antigen receptor T and shows potential for clinical application.

Cooperative phototherapy based on bimodal imaging guidance for the treatment of uveal melanoma

BackgroundUveal melanoma (UM) is adults’ most common primary intraocular malignant tumor, prone to metastasis and high mortality. Eyeball enucleation commonly used in the clinic will lead to permanent blindness and mental disorders. Thus, new methods are urgently needed to diagnose and treat UM early to preserve patients’ vision.Methods and resultsHerein, multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by loading chlorin e6 (Ce6) in poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs and wrapping FeIII-tannic acid (FeIII-TA) on the outside (FeIII-TA/PLGA/Ce6, designated as FTCPNPs). Then, the synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) antitumor effects of FTCPNPs excited by near-infrared (NIR) laser were evaluated. Moreover, we verified the mechanism of synergistic PTT/PDT leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Additionally, FTCPNPs can be used as excellent magnetic resonance (MR)/photoacoustic (PA) imaging contrast agents, enabling imaging-guided cancer treatment. Finally, The NPs have good biological safety.ConclusionThis noninvasive NIR light-triggered cooperative phototherapy can easily penetrate eye tissue and overcome the disadvantage of limited penetration of phototherapy. Therefore, cooperative phototherapy is expected to be used in fundus tumors. This treatment model is applied to UM for the first time, providing a promising strategy and new idea for integrating the diagnosis and treatment of UM.

Remote control of transgene expression using noninvasive near-infrared irradiation.

This study investigated whether noninvasive near-infrared (NIR) energy could be transduced into heat in deep-seated organs in which adenovirus type-5 vectors tend to accumulate, thereby activating heat shock protein (HSP) promoter-mediated transgene expression, without local administration of photothermal agents. NIR irradiation of the subdiaphragmatic and left dorsocranial part of the abdominal cavity of adult immunocompetent C3H/HeNRj mice with an 808-nm laser effectively increased the temperature of the irradiated regions of the liver and spleen, respectively, resulting in the accumulation of the heat-inducible HSP70 protein. Spatial control of transgene expression was achieved in the NIR-irradiated regions of the mice administered an adenoviral vector carrying a firefly luciferase (fLuc) coding sequence controlled by a human HSP70B promoter, as assessed by bioluminescence and immunohistochemistry analyses. Levels of reporter gene expression were modulated by controlling NIR power density. Spatial control of transgene expression through NIR-focused activation of the HSP70B promoter, as well as temporal regulation by administering rapamycin was achieved in the spleens of mice inoculated with an adenoviral vector encoding a rapamycin-dependent transactivator driven by the HSP70B promoter and an adenoviral vector carrying a fLuc coding sequence controlled by the rapamycin-activated transactivator. Mice that were administered rapamycin and exposed to NIR light expressed fLuc activity in the splenic region, whereas no activity was detected in mice that were only administered rapamycin or vehicle or only NIR-irradiated. Thus, in the absence of any exogenously supplied photothermal material, remote control of heat-induced transgene expression can be achieved in the liver and spleen by means of noninvasive NIR irradiation.

Broad-temperature-range mechanically tunable hydrogel microcapsules for controlled active release.

Here, we report PNIPAm-co-PEGDA hydrogel shelled microcapsules with a thin oil layer to achieve tunable thermo-responsive release of the encapsulated small hydrophilic actives. We use a microfluidic device integrated with a temperature-controlled chamber for consistent and reliable production of the microcapsules by utilizing triple emulsion drops (W/O/W/O) with a thin oil layer as capsule templates. The interstitial oil layer between the aqueous core and the PNIPAm-co-PEGDA shell provides a diffusion barrier for the encapsulated active until the temperature reaches a critical point above which the destabilization of interstitial oil layer occurs. We find that the destabilization of the oil layer with temperature increase is caused by outward expansion of the aqueous core due to volume increase and the radial inward compression from the deswelling of the thermo-responsive hydrogel shell. The copolymerization of NIPAm with PEGDA increases the biocompatibility of the resulting microcapsule while offering the ability to alter the compressive modulus in broad ranges by simply varying crosslinker concentrations thereby to precisely tune the onset release temperature. Based on this concept, we further demonstrate that the release temperature can be enhanced up to 62°C by adjusting the shell thickness even without varying the chemical composition of the hydrogel shell. Moreover, we incorporate gold nanorods within the hydrogel shell to spatiotemporally regulate the active release from the microcapsules by illuminating with non-invasive near infrared (NIR) light.

Intraocular tumours imaging with transpalpebral near-infrared LED transillumination: Pilot study

PurposeTo determine the possible use of near-infrared(NIR) light-emitting-diode (LED) radiation for imaging intraocular tumours by transpalpebral transillumination. MethodsThis study was a pilot, open-label, prospective and non-interventional. Thirty patients (30 eyes; age 30–72 years) with uveal melanomas located in the iris, ciliary body, or choroid were under our observation. A biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, transpalpebral NIR transillumination, and ultrasound examination were performed in all cases. ResultsIn all cases, NIR transillumination with transpalpebral approach enables visualization of the ciliary body and accurately estimates the projection of the pars plicata and ora serrata onto the sclera. In all patients, transpalpebral NIR transillumination made it possible to image the shadow of intraocular melanoma, estimate its dimensions and location concerning the ciliary body structures. ConclusionsWe recommend the non-invasive transpalpebral NIR transillumination technique, together with traditional ultrasound imaging, to improve the accuracy of assessing the size and location of intraocular tumours.

PolyTLR7/8a-conjugated, antigen-trapping gold nanorods elicit anticancer immunity against abscopal tumors by photothermal therapy-induced in situ vaccination

Nanovaccine can elicit antigen-specific immune responses against tumor cells expressing homologous antigens and has attracted enormous attention in cancer immunotherapy. However, tumor heterogeneity remarkably hinders the development of nanovaccines. Here we demonstrate that PTT-induced in situ vaccination cancer therapy can elicit potent antitumor immunity against disseminated and metastatic tumors. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) covalently coupled with amphiphilic polyTLR7/8a and MMP-2-sensitive R9-PEG conjugate (AuNRs-IMQD-R9-PEG) were developed as a new biocompatible PTT agent with favorable photothermal efficiency and stability. Importantly, AuNRs-IMQD-R9-PEG can effectively absorb tumor-derived protein antigens, forming nanovaccines directly in vivo and enhance the activation of host dendritic cells (DCs), thereby amplifying adaptive antitumor T-cell responses, triggering effector memory immune responses, and activating innate antitumor immunity. Remarkably, peri-tumoral administration of low-dose multifunctional AuNRs followed by non-invasive near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation enables efficient tandem PTT-vaccination treatment modality that can inhibit local as well as untreated distant and metastatic tumors in mice inoculated with poorly immunogenic, highly metastatic 4T1 tumors. Our findings indicate that AuNRs-IMQD-R9-PEG-mediated in situ cancer vaccination provides a powerful immunotherapy characterized by markedly increased infiltration of effector CD8+ T, natural killer T (NKT) cells in tumors and long-term animal survival, thus, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced, disseminated cancers.

Photodynamic Pattern Memory Surfaces with Responsive Wrinkled and Fluorescent Patterns.

Reversible pattern systems, namely pattern memory surfaces, possessing tunable morphology play an important role in the development of smart materials; however, the construction of these surfaces is still extensively challenging because of complicated methodologies or chemical reactions. Herein, a functionalized basement is strategically integrated with a multi‐responsive supramolecular network based on hydrogen bonding between aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) and copolymers containing amidogen (poly(St‐co‐Dm) to establish a bilayer system for near‐infrared (NIR)‐driven memory dual‐pattern, where both the fluorescence emission and wrinkled structures can be concurrently regulated by a noninvasive NIR input. The motion of the AIEgens and photo‐to‐thermal expansion of the modified base allow temporal erasing of the fluorescent wrinkling patterns. Meanwhile, when exposed to 365 nm UV radiation, the fluorescent patterns can be independently regulated through photocyclization. The fluorescent wrinkling pattern presented herein is successfully demonstrated to promote the level of information security and capacity. This strategy provides a brand‐new approach for the development of smart memory interfaces.

NIR-Triggered Sequentially Responsive Nanocarriers Amplified Cascade Synergistic Effect of Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy with Inspired Antitumor Immunity.

A desirable cancer therapeutic strategy is supposed to have effective ability to not only exert maximum anticancer ability but also inspire antitumor immunity for preventing tumor relapse and metastasis. During this research, multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) coated by ROS-responsive micelles are prepared for tumor targeting and near-infrared (NIR)-triggered photodynamic therapy (PDT)-combined synergistic effect of chemotherapy. Moreover, both PDT and chemotherapy agents could activate antitumor immunity via inducing immunogenic cell death with CD8+ and CD4+ T cells infiltrating in tumors. Through the experiments, intravenous administration of multifunctional nanocarriers with noninvasive NIR irradiation destroys the orthotopic tumors and efficiently suppresses lung metastasis in a metastatic triple-negative breast cancer model by cascade-amplifying chemo-PDT and systemic antitumor immunity. In conclusion, this study provides prospective chemo-PDT with inspired antitumor immunity for metastatic cancer treatment.

A feasibility of nondestructive rapid detection of total volatile basic nitrogen content in frozen pork based on portable near-infrared spectroscopy

Quality of frozen pork is gained attractive attention around the world for its significance in international trade and national strategic reserves. This work proposed to explore the feasibility of predicting total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content in frozen pork samples without thawing using a developed portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Various preprocessing techniques and variable selection algorithms have been applied to build the prediction model. Based on the final result achieved better performance was noted by using 2nd derivate as a preprocessing technique and efficient spectra variable selection algorithms. Variable selection algorithm random frog partial least squares (RF-PLS) showed the best prediction model of TVB-N content in frozen pork samples; with 0.9669 of coefficient of determination for the independent samples in prediction set. This study demonstrated that the fast, non-destructive, non-invasive, and accurate approach portable NIR spectroscopy could be successfully utilized for monitoring the quality of frozen pork coupled variable selection algorithms.