Effective zoning and strategic planning provide a comprehensive framework that goes beyond simply dividing the territory. It allows for the analysis of Coro's unique characteristics (heritage, resources, socioeconomics), the establishment of a shared vision for the future, the definition of clear objectives, and the assessment of the needs of various sectors. This leads to a more efficient (optimizing infrastructure and economic activity) and equitable (considering the needs of all and promoting environmental sustainability) distribution of land uses. Regarding participatory urban governance, strategic planning acts as a catalyst by involving various key stakeholders in Coro (citizens, civil society organizations, the private sector, academia) in the decision-making process. This fosters the legitimacy of urban policies, improves transparency and accountability, strengthens the social fabric, and leads to solutions better adapted to local realities. In synergy, zoning well-grounded in strategic planning facilitates the implementation of urban governance objectives in Coro, such as the efficient provision of public services, the promotion of sustainable economic development, and environmental protection. In turn, participatory governance ensures that zoning responds to the changing needs of the community. While implementation faces potential challenges specific to the Venezuelan context (economic instability, institutional capacity), strategic planning offers a path to building a more organized, sustainable, equitable Coro, with a better quality of life for its inhabitants, provided it is implemented effectively and in a participatory manner. To understand concrete results in Coro, specific information on the implementation and evaluation of strategic plans and zoning in the city would be required.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of international non-governmental organizations on the development of civil society institutions in individual national states in the context of the processes of ensuring national security in these countries. The authors note that the XXIst century is characterized by the rapid development of international non-governmental organizations, whose activities are aimed at the emergence, support and development of civil society institutions in individual national states. However, not all civil society institutions, stimulated by international non-governmental organizations, are useful for the processes of preservation and development of society and the state. A significant part of them act as a tool to undermine the national security of individual States. In this regard, the national legislation of individual countries establishes norms that counteract, on the one hand, the possibility of creating and functioning such civil society institutions, and on the other hand, their subordination to international non-governmental organizations. The following methods of scientific research are used, in particular: formal-logical; comparative-legal; historical-legal; statistical; sociological; method of analyzing specific legal situations. The empirical basis of the study was made up of: international and national normative legal acts; materials of the scientific doctrine of civil society, international non-governmental organizations; materials of the practical activities of civil society entities (subjects of public control). The paper analyzes the main problems (on the example of Russia) related to countering the processes of using civil society institutions by international non-governmental organizations as a tool to undermine national security, among which one can single out: the lack of a comprehensive mechanism in Russia to counter the processes of using civil society institutions as a tool to undermine national security; the absence of criteria in legislation for attribution international governmental organizations and their branches (representative offices) belong to the above-mentioned category; weak control over them by public authorities; lack of specialized subjects of public control in this area; weak use of modern digital technologies in this area; lack of special criminal law structures to punish persons engaged in the above-mentioned activities. The authors have developed and justified a system of measures to resolve these problems.

Statistical Visibility and Identification of the Non-Governmental Organizations in Economic Institutional Sectors

ABSTRACT This paper concerns the implementation of the Belgian Law on Urgent Medical Aid which regulates healthcare access of undocumented migrants in Belgium. Using ethnographic methods, the complex relationships that emerge during the implementation of the act, between federal and municipal authorities, between civil society organizations and public welfare services, as well as between undocumented migrants and healthcare professionals is analyzed. Firstly, I demonstrate that while there is a functional continuity between civil society organizations and public services in the application procedure, these actors rely on divergent street-level discretionary practices. Secondly, I reveal how interactions and relationships between these different actors are bestowed with power dynamics, in which the control over access to healthcare is continuously renegotiated, contested and instrumentalized. Thirdly, I show how these power struggles result in an increasingly restrictive implementation of the law, and tighter control over undocumented migrants. Drawing on Foucault’s relational approach to power, I analyze how discretionary power circulates through social relationships, how it is transformed across actors in different positions of power, and how, at times, it can also be reversed. As such discretionary power can be productive of resistance, even though the latter determines the shape of the former.

Collaborations and partnerships are widely recognised as essential for effective tourism operations, destination efficiency and resilience, and the effective implementation of SDGs, through coordinated action among government, private sector, and community stakeholders. However, despite their importance, research shows that power imbalances, weak policies, and marginalisation, especially in wildlife destinations, often limit the effectiveness of these partnerships. This study draws attention to Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs), as multi-country agreements to address pressing environmental and socioeconomic concerns. Focusing on the latter, this study explores the micro and sectoral level stakeholder collaborations and partnerships existing in and between the three prominent wildlife destinations in the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, being Kasane (Botswana), Livingstone (Zambia), and Hwange (Zimbabwe), to reveal how these partnerships are able to filter to higher governance levels to achieve shared objectives. Interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders including businesses, non-governmental organisations, and governing authorities. This data was supplemented by focus groups with community representatives in the three study areas. Sectoral collaborative networks were found to be geared towards improving destination efficiency and visitor experiences, with concerns related to service quality and regulations staggering the formation and continuance of some of these relationships. Micro-level (community) partnerships differed in the three study sites owing to the traditional leadership structure, level of agency, and power held by communities as their position i n the tourism network. Overall, this exploratory study provides some insights into the nature of formal and informal relationships amongst tourism stakeholders in the Transfrontier Conservation Area and provides practical and policy -related recommendations, including the training and upskilling of local tourism businesses and community organisations to ensure their deliberate inclusion in TFCA networks, as well as supporting the re-emphasising of the importance of harmonising policies and strategies, along with localised implementation. The study further provides directions for future research to interrogate the role of these partnerships in implementing sustainability and resilience outcomes in the region.

Observations on avifauna were conducted across 10 forest eco-parks (FEPs) in Perak from 19 to 26 April 2024 to document and update avifaunal species richness. Two teams of six observers conducted direct observations using cameras and binoculars. Over the eight-day survey period, each team concurrently covered five sites, with each site surveyed for a total of 10 hours per site. Overall, a total of 132 bird species from 44 families were recorded. The family Pycnonotidae showed the highest species richness, encompassing 10.6% (14spp.) of the total species documented in the study. Resident birds dominated the observations, accounting for 87.9% (116spp.), while insectivorous species were the most common feeding guild, comprising 47.7% (63spp.) of the total species recorded. The most widespread and frequently encountered species were the Oriental Magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis), Black-headed Bulbul (Brachypodius atriceps), and Red-eyed Bulbul (Pycnonotus brunneus). According to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010, 112 species are classified as Totally Protected (TP), and 10 species as Protected (P). Based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, two species are listed as Endangered (EN), and three as Vulnerable (VU). This record emphasized the role of these sites as important refuges for species of conservation concern. Among all sites, Kaki Bukit Larut FEP recorded the highest species richness, representing 38.6% (51spp.) of the total species. Bird species richness varied between sites, with low to moderate Jaccard similarity values (J = 0.05-0.33), reflecting high species turnover and highlighting distinct avian communities across the study area. The highest similarity was between Kledang Saiong and Papan FEPs (J = 0.33), while Sungai Salu FEP exhibited the most distinct species (J = 0.05). Hypothetically, habitat structure, elevation, geographic location, food availability, and rainfall may be among the most influential factors shaping bird species richness across the forest eco-parks in this study, as highlighted in prior research. These findings demonstrate the ecological uniqueness of each forest eco-park and emphasize the importance of conserving multiple sites to preserve regional bird diversity. This study also provides essential baseline data for stakeholders, including the Perak State Forestry Department, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, the Perak State Government, ecotourism planners, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to inform future conservation planning and biodiversity monitoring efforts within Perak’s forested landscapes.

Purpose Social procurement is an innovative policy tool that integrates social values in public procurement, while leveraging the power of public procurement to address complex social problems. This study aims to examine the implementation of social procurement within the Ministry of Health through cross-sector collaboration among public, private and third-sector organizations. Specifically, the objectives were to analyze how the procurement process contributes to social value creation, identify the main enablers of collaboration and analyze the potential for optimizing social value–based procurement policies. Design/methodology/approach This research used a descriptive qualitative approach, using a case study design. The data collection used was a thematic analysis, conducted through semistructured interviews, focus group interviews and participatory observation, involving 16 stakeholders from government, businesses, community organizations and universities. Data collection focused on cross-sector collaboration through in-house procurement (Swakelola) type III and procurement through suppliers that meet the criteria of Domestic Products and Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and Cooperatives. These mechanisms were evaluated for their potential to create social value. Findings The results show that collaboration between the Ministry of Health and nonprofit social organizations in the procurement of health services through in-house procurement type III produces direct social value. Meanwhile, collaboration between the Ministry of Health and private sector organizations in the procurement of affirmative action policies for MSEs, as well as cooperatives that produce domestic products, creates indirect social value. Leadership, regulations, procurement systems and trust emerged as the primary factors supporting the implementation of social procurement. The strategy for optimizing social procurement is driven by collaborative leadership, which creates collaborative procurement governance and generates social value. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study include the limited scope of data exploration, which only involved key stakeholders from the public sector, namely, the Ministry of Health and several partners from the nonprofit, private and higher education sectors, including the National Public Procurement Agency. The perspectives of beneficiaries of social programs or services have not been considered, despite their significant role in evaluating the resulting social impact. Similarly, other secondary stakeholders, such as academics, civil society organizations and donor agencies, as well as other key stakeholders, including oversight bodies, have not been adequately accommodated. These limitations in stakeholder exploration and analysis need to be addressed in further research involving multiple stakeholders in assessing social procurement. Practical implications This study recommends that leaders actively encourage cross-sector collaboration in procurement and integrate social values into procurement strategies. Procurement regulations promote collaborative governance in the early stages. Meanwhile, third-sector leaders focus on building internal capabilities, engaging sector dialogue, establishing trust and pursuing social goals. Social implications This study discusses broadening cross-sector stakeholders’ understanding of the importance of governments in developing countries creating social value through the procurement of goods and services. Originality/value This study bridges the gap in social procurement literature by examining its application in Indonesia, providing insight into cross-sector collaboration dynamics and offering policy recommendations. The result contributes to both theory and practice by demonstrating the potential for social procurement to achieve sustainable development goals through leadership.

This paper explores the significant role of lived experience in shaping mental health advocacy and research initiatives in Indonesia, both now and in the foreseeable future. It offers a comprehensive examination of the author's journey as a mental health advocate, encompassing local and global contexts. The author's ongoing projects and their role as an advisory board member for various groups are discussed, highlighting the valuable insights gained from lived experience. Their roles include active participation in mental health user organizations, peer support, and mental health non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The paper also underscores the presence of mental health user movements and the active engagement of multiple organizations dedicated to advocating for mental health issues in Indonesia. These movements and organizations collectively work to address and enhance mental health concerns across the nation. Despite their valuable contributions, these mental health movements and NGOs face financial challenges due to the scarcity of government funding and the shortage of mental health professionals in Indonesia. The paper emphasizes the need for greater recognition and financial support for these organizations to strengthen the country's mental health services and advocacy.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a systemic and complex problem rooted in unequal power relations and patriarchal social structures, which has now expanded into the digital realm through Online Gender-Based Violence (OGV). This study aims to analyze the context of the issue, the forms of violence, the root causes, the multidimensional impacts on victims, and the effectiveness of the applicable legal framework in Indonesia. The research method used combines qualitative and normative approaches to examine social norms, victims' experiences, and analyze laws such as Law No. 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (TPKS). The results show that GBV manifests in four main forms: physical, psychological, sexual, and economic, with a significant increase in cases each year. The impacts are multidimensional, including psychological trauma, social stigmatization, and economic impoverishment of victims. Although legal instruments are available, their implementation is still hampered by the gender bias of law enforcement officials and a culture that tends to blame victims. Therefore, prevention strategies require collaborative synergy between the government, non-governmental organizations, and public education to create substantive gender equality.

Like several countries with industrial history and heritage, the risks associated with contaminated land (CL) are a widespread challenge in the United Kingdom (UK). Contaminated land and their risks are managed by local authorities, although consultancy is often sought from non-governmental organisations. There is a legal requirement for the relevant local authority to hold data on the status of any contaminated land and associated risks within their geographical remit. However, minimal legislation exists regarding the standardisation of documentation, including records of contaminated site management and the associated administrative procedures. Another fundamental challenge is that the data concerning contaminated land is non-integrated. This is because hundreds of different local authorities up and down the country manage sites in a non-uniform manner. The same is the case in England and Wales, which is the geographical remit of this study. For instance, there are variations in format, type of data, presentation of data, procedures to access the data (e.g., by environmental consultants), quality of data, and even quantity of data. To overcome such issues presented by the lack of integration, there is a substantial need for unification and standardisation at all scales. This study not only presents an account of aforesaid issues and their adverse implications but also outlines innovative models that can enhance the integration, unification, simplification, and standardisation of data/information management from local authorities through to a national level. These conceptual models involve the application of information matrices and GIS. Such models, when fully developed in future, can enhance the environmental communication and coordination between the diverse stakeholders involved in each contaminated site scenario, particularly including environmental regulators e.g., the Environment Agency or Natural Resources Wales, environmental consultants, and local authorities; similarly other associated stakeholders such as developers, the construction industry and land reclamation specialists.

Public ecological products constitute the most fundamental public goods supporting human well-being. Enhancing the high-quality supply of public ecological products is critical for maintaining ecological safety, ensuring the ecological regulation function, and promoting the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. To deeply investigate the supply process and behavioral mechanisms of public ecological products, this study constructs a simulation model based on Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) to simulate the behavior rules and dynamic processes of four main subjects involved in the supply of public ecological products: government, enterprises, the public, and environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs). After calibrating the model parameters with relevant data from the water production and supply industry in Beijing, the good fit of the model output results verifies the effectiveness of the model. This study reveals the operating mechanism of multi-subject collaborative supply of public ecological products, providing a basic model for investigating the mechanism and evolution process of ecological product supply under more complex conditions, and also providing a powerful tool for the ex-ante evaluation of the implementation effect of public ecological product supply policies.

Within the changing geopolitics of the world and the region, cultural diplomacy activities and the actors carrying out these activities have become increasingly important in recent years. One such actor, the World Ethnosport Union, is a non-governmental organisation established in line with Türkiye’s approach to cultural diplomacy. This union embraces the mission of reviving, preserving, and passing on to future generations ethnosports, which are sports activities containing numerous elements specific to local identities where traditional cultures are preserved. This study aims to evaluate the structure and mission of the World Ethnosport Union and assess all its activities related to traditional sports and games in terms of cultural diplomacy. Primary data sources, such as the World Ethnosport Union’s website, records, scientific publications, and news related to the events and achievements organized by the organisation within the country and worldwide, were analysed for the events and organisations carried out by the World Ethnosport Union, established in 2015, from its establishment until June 18, 2025. Content analysis was used in the data analysis process. The findings obtained were interpreted descriptively within the framework of the four main headings identified. The contributions of the World Ethnosport Union to Turkish public diplomacy and the changes in the cultural policies of the Republic of Türkiye as a result of these contributions were examined.

This study aims to examine perceptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and teachers' experiences with autistic individuals within the frameworks of the neurodiversity perspective and the medical metaphor. Teacher perspectives, digital content from platforms such as YouTube, and approaches of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) toward autism were analyzed. Conducted using qualitative research methods, the study employed semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed with Maxqda software. The findings reveal that perceptions of autism vary among teachers. Those adopting the neurodiversity perspective view autism as a neurological difference and a societal enrichment, while those adhering to the medical metaphor define autism as a disorder or illness. Furthermore, teachers were found to use individualized strategies, adapted teaching materials, and peer-supported education in teaching autistic individuals. However, challenges such as classroom management, communication with parents, and lack of resources were identified. Although digital platforms and NGOs play a role in raising awareness about autism, they predominantly address the issue from a medical perspective. In conclusion, it is recommended to enhance societal awareness of autism, promote the neurodiversity perspective, and develop inclusive educational practices. These approaches may contribute to enabling autistic individuals to lead more meaningful and independent lives.

Sociostructural Determinants of Health for People Living With HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Policy Brief for Future Global Health Crises.

This paper investigates the impact of Corporate Governance (CG) measures on financial institutions' sustainability. The study aimed to examine corporate governance's influence on financial institutions' sustainability in Uganda and determine the relationship between corporate governance and the sustainability of financial institutions. It also sought to provide a unified framework for understanding how these sustainability concepts relate to each other. The study was based on Stakeholder Theory. The research design used in this study was cross-sectional. The population of the study comprised 1,229 registered financial institutions in Uganda. Using Yamane's (1967) formula for sample size determination, a total of 400 respondents was selected. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to ensure proportional representation across different tiers of financial institutions, including commercial banks, credit institutions, Microfinance Deposit-Taking Institutions (MDIs), and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) registered as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), companies, and Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs). The findings confirmed that CG and the sustainability of financial institutions have a mutually supportive relationship. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicates a significant positive correlation between corporate governance and firm sustainability (r = .649; p < 0.01), meaning that increased corporate governance in Ugandan financial institutions is associated with positive firm sustainability. Based on these dimensions, the study proposes a re-conceptualisation of the linkage between CG and financial institutions' sustainability. The study concludes that the robust sustainability of financial institutions is associated with well-built corporate governance structures. The study recommends that, in the current financial age, financial institutions in Uganda should prioritise key strategies aimed at enhancing growth by training staff and creating a reliable and trusted environment to attract foreign investment.

The disproportionate burden of tuberculosis among migrants in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region underscores the urgent need to address the public health challenges associated with global migration. Recommendations for screening of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and TB infection (TBI) are highly variable across European countries, highlighting the need for standardised practices and coordinated efforts to reduce TB risk more effectively. This study aims to produce a harmonised set of recommendations to contribute to elaboration for policy action using the Delphi method. It brings together a multidisciplinary panel of 33 TB experts from academia, healthcare, non-governmental organisations and government agencies across 22 countries to formulate consensus-based recommendations. The panel created 19 consensus statements and 36 recommendations for governments, health systems and other stakeholders. The recommendations span four key domains: 1) policy, 2) health systems and health professionals, 3) screening procedures and priority populations and 4) continued treatment and care. This study recommends a unified, evidence-based approach to TB screening in migrants, with free access to diagnosis and treatment, culturally sensitive care, use of digital tools and coordinated efforts across health systems to ensure effective and equitable TB control in Europe. Thus, the experts emphasised key recommendations that strike a balance between immediate health system interventions, screening procedures and cultural inclusivity to more effectively address TB among migrants. The findings of this study offer actionable policies to address gaps and weaknesses in Europe's response to tuberculosis among migrants, advancing efforts to eliminate TB as a public health threat.

War has a profound impact on women, leading to gang rape, sexual violence, and the deliberate destruction of healthcare facilities, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive solutions. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of socially isolated survivors of sexual assault during the war in North Wollo Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia. A qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach was used to achieve the study's objectives. Study participants were recruited using purposive sampling. A total of 25 participants were involved. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews. The data were transcribed, coded, organized, and then analyzed and interpreted using thematic analysis. The results of this study reveal that socially isolated women who survived sexual assault during wartime often experienced abuse, segregation, and demoralization. Furthermore, these survivors faced significant psychological and social challenges, including feelings of helplessness, isolation, loss of dignity, and diminished self-confidence. Coping strategies identified by the participants included placing trust in God, seeking guidance from religious leaders, sharing their experiences with friends, elders, and experts, and participating in coffee ceremonies as a means of communal support. The trauma of war-related sexual violence has led to significant psychological, physical, and health impacts. Survivors report high levels of isolation, degradation, and mistreatment. Given service disruptions, international support is crucial, and adopting successful approaches from other countries is recommended. Comprehensive rehabilitation services from governmental and non-governmental agencies are essential for supporting these vulnerable individuals.

This analysis of the philosophical foundations of the right to health explores the contributions of rationalist, modernist, and critical thinkers, as well as theorists of justice and rights. Rationalists such as Descartes, Locke, Rousseau, and Kant laid the groundwork for a scientific understanding of health. Critical philosophers like Bentham, Arendt, Foucault, Goffman, and Sontag highlighted inequalities and power dynamics in access to healthcare. Lastly, theorists of justice and rights, including Rawls, Agamben, Sen, Nussbaum, Pogge, Farmer, Daniels, and Singer, developed ethical and political perspectives on health equity. A comprehensive examination of these philosophical perspectives on the right to health reveals a consensus on the fundamental importance of this right for human dignity and collective well-being. The right to health is inseparable from human dignity and social justice. Discrimination and vulnerabilities based on socio-economic status, gender, ethnicity, or other factors hinder access to healthcare and exacerbate health inequalities. To ensure equitable access to healthcare, it is imperative to recognize and address systemic discriminations and vulnerabilities that compromise the health and well-being of individuals and communities. Guaranteeing the right to health for all requires a firm commitment to equality, justice, and respect for human rights. It is a collective endeavor that requires the collaboration of all members of society, from governments to civil society organizations, healthcare professionals, and individuals themselves. By working together, we can build a future where health is truly a universal right, accessible to all without discrimination or exclusion.

Introduction: Noma, a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects children aged 2-6 years, is a fulminant infection of the orofacial region. Early detection helps minimize its burden. Despite all the strategies implemented, its detection remains a challenge in the West-Central region of Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the detection of noma in the region. Methods: This was a qualitative study conducted with healthcare providers, traditional health practitioners, heads of non-governmental organizations, patient guardians and the local community. A total of 51 people participated in the study, through 33 interviews and three focus group discussions with six people each. The data were analysed thematically using Nvivo software version 14. Results: Health providers were found to have a low level of awareness of noma and confusion with cleft lip and palate. The majority of health providers reported not systematically inspecting the mouth during their consultations. Noma detection in the West-Central region was also influenced by insufficient dental care, inaccessibility of health centres, insufficient technical and human resources, and reporting, which is always done monthly. At the community level, the lack of awareness of noma, reliance on traditional health practitioners, lack of money, cultural beliefs, and stigma hindered detection. Conclusion: Noma detection was influenced by a lack of knowledge among health providers, its poor integration into surveillance systems, sociocultural, and economic factors. Continuous training of health providers and public awareness could be solutions.

The effect of Organizational Development (OD) practices on the effectiveness of local non-governmental organizations [NGOs] in Rwanda was investigated in this study guided by Open Systems and the Extended General Model of Planned Change. It sought to determine the levels of organizational effectiveness and OD practices, analyze the relationships between the two, and predict the effect of OD interventions on NGO effectiveness. Targeting 1,399 registered local NGOs, a stratified random sample of 302 respondents was used in a descriptive study methodology to assure representation across organizational size, sector, and geography. Structured surveys were used to gather primary data, and reports and organizational papers served as secondary sources of context. Regression analysis studied how OD practices affected performance results, correlation analysis looked at relationships between OD and organizational effectiveness, and descriptive statistics measured the extent of OD practice implementation. The results indicate that local NGOs use OD techniques, including performance management, leadership development, and strategic planning, to a moderate level, and that such practices have a high positive correlation with organizational effectiveness. While weaknesses in external relations and operational procedures limited wider OD outcomes, effective management, human resource systems, and the integration of cross-cutting themes emerged as the most important variables. The study comes to the conclusion that improving NGO capacity, adaptability, and long-term performance requires organized and contextually appropriate OD interventions. Strengthening human resource management, integrating cross-cutting themes into organizational procedures, and carrying out comparative or longitudinal research to assess the long-term and context-specific impacts of OD practices are among the recommendations.