Non-functioning Adrenal Incidentalomas Research Articles

Adrenal incidentaloma as a novel independent predictive factor for periodontitis.

There are no data regarding periodontal derangements in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (AI). We assessed the frequency and severity of periodontitis in patients with AI [non-functioning adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI) and possible autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS)] and compared with individuals with normal adrenal. A cross-sectional study evaluated thirty-five individuals with AI and 26 controls. NFAI and possible ACS diagnosis was based on the current guidelines: NFAI [cortisol levels after 1mg dexamethasone suppression test (1mg-DST) ≤ 1.8µg/dL (≤ 50nmol/L)]; possible ACS [cortisol levels after 1mg-DST 1.9-5.0µg/dL (51-138nmol/L)]. Sociodemographic data were collected, and a full-mouth periodontal evaluation was performed. There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, sex, income, ethnicity, education level, smoking, body mass index, dysglycemia, and arterial hypertension. Patients with AI exhibited worse periodontal conditions than controls for the following periodontal clinical parameters: mean percentage of probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥ 5mm (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). Patients with NFAI and possible ACS showed higher gingival bleeding index (p = 0.014), bleeding on probing (p < 0.001), and CAL (p < 0.001) means compared to controls. The frequencies of periodontitis were 72.7% in patients with NFAI, 84.6% in possible ACS, and 30.8% in controls (p = 0.001). Periodontitis was more severe in patients with possible ACS than NFAI and controls. Patients with NFAI and possible ACS exhibited odds ratio for periodontitis of 4.9 (p = 0.016) and 8.6 (p = 0.02), respectively. Patients with AI have higher frequency and severity of periodontitis than controls. The presence of AI was an independent predictive factor for periodontitis.

Depression: another cortisol-related comorbidity in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and (possible) autonomous cortisol secretion.

Hypercortisolism is associated with a high prevalence of depression and impaired health-related quality of life (QoL). According to the available literature, studies examining the depression risk in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (AI), nonfunctioning and the ones with (possible) autonomous cortisol secretion ((P)ACS) are scarce. The aim of this observational, case-control study was to screen patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NAI) and the ones with (P)ACS for depression and to assess their QoL. The total studied group consisted of 92 subjects-26 with NAI, 34 with (P)ACS and 32 age-matched healthy controls (HC). To screen for depression, we used the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and to assess the QoL, we used the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). Patients with (P)ACS had significantly higher BDI-II scores and substantially lower QoL than patients with NAI or HC. Midnight cortisol level was the most significant predictor of BDI-II and SF-36 score. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that a midnight cortisol value of 86.95nmol/l had a high sensitivity (82.8%) and high specificity (80%) for detection of mild depression in patients with (P)ACS. Screening for depression and QoL assessment should become an integral part of clinical evaluation in patients with (P)ACS.

The relationship between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and clinical and radiological findings in patients with nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma.

Although the data in the literature regarding the etiopathogenesis of adrenal adenomas are scarce, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an easy-to-calculate parameter that has gained popularity in recent years as an indicator of subinflammation. In this study, we aimed to show the changes in NLR in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. The anamnesis, laboratory and radiology records of the patients with adrenal incidentaloma in the last 1 year were examined. Functional adrenal incidentalomas were excluded. The records of clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of 60 patients were examined. The mean neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was found to be 2.49±1.29 (0.89-6.84). There was no relationship between NLR, biochemical parameters and hormone levels. A weakly positive correlation was found between NLR and mass size (p=0.04; r=0.26). Adrenal incidentaloma has become one of the clinical problems frequently encountered by endocrinologists in recent years. Even when they are nonfunctional, they are thought to be associated with various metabolic disorders and inflammation. With this study, we have captured a clue to inflammation, and we are sharing the findings described herein (Tab. 1, Ref. 28) Keywords: adrenal, neutrophil, lymphocyte.

Nonfunctioning Adrenal Incidentalomas are not Clinically Silent: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

The association between nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) and cardiometabolic diseases remains controversial. This retrospective cohort study investigated whether NFAIs are related with prevalent and incident cardiometabolic diseases. This study included 154 patients with biochemically confirmed NFAIs and 1:3 age and sex-matched controls without adrenal incidentalomas (n = 462) among subjects who underwent abdominal computed tomography at a single healthcare center in 2003-2012. Electronic medical records were reviewed for comorbidities at baseline and during a mean follow-up of 7.5 years. The logistic regression analysis for prevalent cardiometabolic diseases and the survival analysis for incident cardiometabolic diseases were performed. The subjects were 55.7±8.8 years of age and predominantly male (73.1%). The NFAI group had a higher body mass index compared to the age and sex-matched control group (25.1±2.8 vs. 24.0±2.8 kg/m2; P<.001). In a cross-sectional design, covariate-adjusted logistic regression showed significantly higher odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the NFAI group (adjusted OR [95% confidence interval [CI]], 1.89 [1.17 to 3.06] and 2.26 [1.47 to 3.50], respectively). The NFAI group had a 2-fold higher risk of insulin resistance (adjusted ORs [95% CI], 2.03 [1.06 to 3.90]). Moreover, NFAI subjects with diabetes mellitus had a greater increase in size of adrenal lesions than those without diabetes mellitus (3.4±5.5 vs. 1.4±5.5 mm; P =.048). However, in the survival analysis, the incidence of any cardiometabolic diseases did not differ between the NFAI and control groups. NFAIs are related to prevalent diabetes mellitus or hypertension in our cross-sectional study. However, the presence of NFAIs did not affect the development of cardiometabolic diseases. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; AI = adrenal incidentaloma; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; CT = computed tomography; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HU = Hounsfield units; MACE = mild autonomous cortisol excess; NFAI = nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma; OR = odds ratio.

Nonfunctional adrenal incidentalomas may be related to bisphenol-A.

PurposeBisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may affect the hormones and their receptors. The aim of this study is to determine whether BPA has an effect on the development of nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI).MethodsFifty patients who were admitted to endocrinology outpatient clinics and diagnosed as NFAI were included in the study. Fifty healthy people without adrenal mass and adrenal pathology in the upper abdominal computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were also included as control group. Age, gender and body mass index of the study groups were similar. The serum samples for BPA were stored at −80 °C in refrigerator until working in the lab. Serum BPA levels were measured using ELISA technique.ResultsMean serum BPA level was 7.06 ± 3.96 ng/ml in NFAI patients and 4.79 ± 3.01 ng/ml in control group. Serum BPA level was significantly higher in NFAI group than control group (p = 0.001). Serum BPA levels were also found to be significantly higher in women with NFAI than in men with NFAI (p = 0.019).ConclusionsThe mechanisms of NFAI development have not been clarified yet. Increased BPA exposure with developed industrialization may play a role in NFAI formation. For the reduction of BPA exposure, the use of plastic prepacked products, plastic containers, and safety measures are essential for public health.

Increased Rates of Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Patients with Non - Functioning Adrenal Incidentaloma.

We evaluated cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification for nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) via the coronary-artery-calcium (CAC) score. The participants were patients with NFAI (n = 55). They were compared to patients with chest pain, a low-intermediate Framingham-risk score, and a non-diagnostic treadmill- exercise test, which served as the control group (n = 49). Subsequently, the NFAI group was subdivided according to a CAC score of <100 Agatston units - mild coronary-artery calcification (n = 40) - and ≥100 Agatston units - moderate-to-severe calcification (n = 15). Similar rates of traditional risk factors were observed between the NFAI and control groups, and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol rates were observed in the NFAI group. The CAC score was significantly higher for the NFAI group than the control group. Glucose, potassium, adrenocorticotropic-hormone, and basal-cortisol levels were higher in those with a CAC score of ≥100. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol estimated glomerular filtration rate and ejection fraction (EF) were higher in those with a CAC score of <100. Adenoma size and location were similar between the groups. Age, EF, and glucose were the most significant variables related to CAC score in patients with NFAI, at ≥100 Agatston units. Patients with a low-intermediate CV risk profile and NFAI have a higher risk of atherosclerosis when compared to patients with a low-intermediate CV risk profile, but no NFAI. In patients with NFAI, CAC score evaluation may be used to predict increased atherosclerosis, especially in patients of an older age with higher glucose and decreased EF.

Diagnostic testing of autonomous cortisol secretion in adrenal incidentalomas.

ObjectiveAutonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) is a condition with ACTH-independent cortisol overproduction from adrenal incidentalomas (AI) or adrenal hyperplasia. The hypercortisolism is often mild, and most patients lack typical clinical features of overt Cushing’s syndrome (CS). ACS is not well defined and diagnostic tests lack validation.MethodsRetrospective study of 165 patients with AI evaluated clinically and by assay of morning plasma ACTH, late-night saliva cortisol, serum DHEA sulphate (DHEAS), 24-h urine-free cortisol, and cortisol after dexamethasone suppression.ResultsPatients with AI (n = 165) were diagnosed as non-functioning incidentalomas (NFI) (n = 82) or ACS (n = 83) according to current European guidelines. Late-night saliva cortisol discriminated poorly between NFI and ACS, showing a high rate of false-positive (23/63) and false-negative (38/69) results. The conventional low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) did not improve the diagnostic specificity, compared with the 1 mg overnight DST. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of DHEAS in the two cohorts demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.76 (P < 0.01) with a sensitivity for ACS of 58% and a specificity of 80% using the recommended cutoff at 1.04 µmol/L (40 µg/dL).ConclusionWe here demonstrate in a large retrospective cohort of incidentaloma patients, that neither DHEAS, late-night saliva cortisol nor 24-h urine free cortisol are useful to discriminate between non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas and ACS. The conventional LDDST do not add further information compared with the 1 mg overnight DST. Alternative biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnostic workup of ACS.

Does 25-OH vitamin D concentration correlate with adipocytokines inpatients with non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas – preliminary study

Does 25-OH vitamin D concentration correlate with adipocytokines inpatients with non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas – preliminary study

Which of the anthropometric indicators is the most useful tool in the assessement of potential inflammation in patients with non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas

Which of the anthropometric indicators is the most useful tool in the assessement of potential inflammation in patients with non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas

Comparison of incidence and characteristics of non-functioning and autonomous cortisol secreting adrenal incidentaloma across different BMI and age distribution

Comparison of incidence and characteristics of non-functioning and autonomous cortisol secreting adrenal incidentaloma across different BMI and age distribution

The prevalence and characteristics of non-functioning and autonomous cortisol secreting adrenal incidentaloma after patients\u2019 stratification by body mass index and age

BackgroundThe escalating prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma (AI) has been associated with the improvement of radiologic techniques and widespread imaging in aging population. It is currently unclear whether patients with obesity more likely develop AI and the current rise in the prevalence of AI could be at least partly associated with the respective rise in obesity. We compared the prevalence and characteristics of non-functional (NF) and autonomous cortisol secreting (ACS) adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) after the study population was stratified by different body mass indexes (BMI) and age groups.MethodsRetrospective cross-sectional study comprising of 432 patients (40.6% male, 59.4% female) with NFAI (N = 290) and ACS (N = 142), of median age 63.4 (54.0–71.6) years and median BMI 28.6 (25.5–31.7) kg/m2. The data collection contained 11.132 points including demographic, anthropometric, radiologic, hormonal and metabolic parameters.ResultsWe observed 68–87% higher prevalence of AI across different age groups in NFAI and ACS in obese/overweight compared to normal weight subjects. Patients with ACS were older (P = 0.008), with higher basal cortisol (P < 0.001), lower basal DHEAS (P = 0.001), lower suppression DHEAS (P = 0.027) and higher aldosterone (P = 0.039). AIs with ACS were larger than NFAI (P < 0.001). Interestingly, ACS group had lower body mass (P = 0.023) and did not differ in BMI, blood pressure, heart rate, lipid profile, fasting glucose and presence of diabetes mellitus type 2 when compared to NFAI., By contrast to the similarity of metabolic profiles in ACS and NFAI, some components of adverse metabolic traits were rather associated with higher BMI and older age, in particular in NFAI.ConclusionThe prevalence of NFAI and ACS were significantly higher in overweight/obese subgroup across the age distribution. Stratification by age and BMI displayed significant differences in some metabolic traits, in particular in NFAI.

Cortisol level after dexamethasone suppression test in patients with non-functioning adrenal incidentaloma is positively associated with the duration of reactive hyperemia response on microvascular bed.

Data on endothelial derangements in patients with non-functioning adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI) are scarce. We investigated if NFAI patients present clinical, biochemical and endothelial alterations compared to individuals without an adrenal lesion and also the associations among these variables. Forty-two NFAI and 40 controls were evaluated. NFAI diagnosis and controls were defined according to the current guidelines and based on a normal adrenal imaging exam, respectively. Body composition was evaluated by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry. Endothelial reactivity was assessed by two methods: tonometry (Endo-PAT®) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). There were no differences between groups regarding age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, and statin use. The frequency of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria was 69% and 57.9%, respectively in NFAI and controls (p = 0.36), whereas the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk was 63.4% and 66.7% (p = 0.81). The clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric characteristics, as well as body composition, were similar between the groups. Additionally, any differences between groups were observed on endothelial reactivity tests. Nevertheless, we noted an association between cortisol levels after 1mg-dexamethosone suppression test (1mg-DST) and the duration of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia tested on microcirculation (r = 0.30; p = 0.03). NFAI patients require more antihypertensive drugs to achieve blood pressure control (p = 0.04). The number of antihypertensive drugs used to control blood pressure correlated with cortisol levels after 1mg-DST (r = 0.29; p = 0.03). Since both groups herein investigated had a high frequency of metabolic syndrome and ASCVD risk, it might explain similarities observed on endothelial reactivity. Nevertheless, prolonged reactive hyperemia response on microcirculation was correlated with cortisol levels under suppression.

Bone Evaluation by High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography in Patients With Adrenal Incidentaloma.

Data regarding high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in patients with adrenal incidentaloma (AI) are unknown. To evaluate the areal bone mineral density (aBMD), microstructure, and fractures in patients with nonfunctioning AI (NFAI) and autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS). We evaluated 45 patients with NFAI (1 mg dexamethasone suppression test [DST] ≤1.8 µg/dL) and 30 patients with ACS (1 mg DST 1.9-5.0 µg/dL). aBMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; vertebral fracture by spine X-ray; and bone geometry, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and microstructure by HR-pQCT. Patients with ACS showed lower aBMD values at the spine, femoral neck, and radius 33% than those with NFAI. Osteoporosis was frequent in both groups: NFAI (64.9%) and ACS (75%). Parameters at the distal radius by HR-pQCT were decreased in patients with ACS compared to those with NFAI: trabecular vBMD (Tb.vBMD, P = 0.03), inner zone of the trabecular region (Inn.Tb.vBMD, P = 0.01), the bone volume/tissue volume ratio (BV/TV, P = 0.03) and trabecular thickness (P = 0.04). As consequence, a higher ratio of the outer zone of the trabecular region/inner zone vBMD (Meta/Inn.vBMD, P = 0.003) was observed. A correlation between the cortisol levels after 1 mg DST and Meta/Inn.vBMD ratio was found (r = 0.29; P = 0.01). The fracture frequency was 73.7% in patients with ACS vs 55.6% in patients with NFAI (P = 0.24). Our findings point to an association between trabecular bone microarchitectural derangement at the distal radius and ACS. Our data suggest that AI have a negative impact on bone when assessed by HR-pQCT, probably associated to subclinical hypercortisolism.

SAT-160 Evaluation of Life Style and Anthropometric Parameters in Patients with Nonfunctional Adrenal Incidentalomas

IntroductionAdrenal lesions that are found incidentally during routine imaging of people who do not have any complaints or physical findings related to adrenal gland are called adrenal incidentaloma (1,2). Incidentalomas appear more frequently with the increasing use of imaging techniques and increasing age. It is unclear why most of these masses emerged. It is controversial whether nonfunctional adrenal incidentalomas (NFAI) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome or are more common in people with these diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether lifestyle and body fat have an impact on the occurrence of NFAI.Materials and Methods100 patients with NFAI were included in the study. Control group consisted of 50 healthy and similar age groups. Physical activities of these groups (with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form), smoking were questioned and anthropometric measurements were made (Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), neck, hip, waist circumference and body fat mass, fat percentage, total body water, fet free mass with bioimpedance method). Laboratory tests were examined from the patient file.ResultsFemale dominance was observed in patients with NFAI. BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference, total body fat percentage and mass and smoking were found to be higher in the patient group compared to the healthy group and a statistically significant difference was found. When a subgroup of patients with similar age and BMI among the patients and the control group were constituted (25-29,99 kg / m2) waist circumference and total fat mass were again significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between mass size and waist circumference, BMI, neck circumference, cortisol after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test and a significant negative correlation with ACTH.ConclusionThe data obtained showed that body adiposity and smoking were higher in patients with NFAI. Also, ıt was shown that although the patients were regarded as nonfunctional, suppressibility of the cortisol decreases as the mass size of the incidentaloma increase.Resources1. Turkey Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Society of Adrenal and Gonadal Working Group. Adrenal and Gonadal Diseases Guide. 2019, pages 77–84.2. Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, Dralle H, Newell-Price J, Sahdev A, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: adrenal tumors. 2016; 175 (2): G1-G34.

SUN-154 Resistant Hypertension After Shockwave Lithotripsy: The Rude Awakening of an Adrenal Incidentaloma

BACKGROUNDThe National Institutes of Health defines adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) as clinically inapparent adrenal masses discovered inadvertently in diagnostic testing or treatment for conditions not related to the adrenal glands. Non-functional adenoma remains the most frequent (60–85%) cause, while functional adenomas at 5–16%.CLINICAL CASEA previously healthy 41 year-old female consulted for a 2-month history of left flank pain. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the kidneys revealed left calculi and incidental right adrenal mass. She was asymptomatic at this time. She then underwent shockwave lithotripsy for the renal calculi. However, post-operatively, she had elevated blood pressure and was started on anti-hypertensives. She remained hypertensive despite being on four different medications. Pertinent physical examination findings: plethora of the face and extremities, Moon facies, Buffalo Hump, and pendulous abdomen with grayish striae. Further work-up revealed the AI to be cortisol-secreting. Pertinent laboratories: 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test - 800 nmol/L (<50 nmol/L), 24-hr urine free cortisol - 1014.86 ug/24 hr (20–90 ug/24 hr), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - 5.0 pg/ml (9–52 pg/ml). She then underwent a right laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Post-operatively, her blood pressure normalized without her anti-hypertensive medications. Tissue biopsy of the mass was consistent with an adrenocortical adenoma. On her follow-up after one month, signs of Cushing’s Syndrome were clinically improving.CONCLUSIONThis is the first case that demonstrated shockwave lithotripsy converting a non-functioning adrenal incidentaloma into a functioning one. It also shows how internists and surgeons (i.e. Urologists) can manage various aspects of patient care through the facilitation of medical treatments, surgical interventions, and ensuring a proper multidisciplinary approach based on the endocrinology clinical guidelines. So as not to delay the delivery of proper management to the patient.REFERENCES(1) Grumbach M, Biller B, Braunstein G. et al. “Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentaloma”).” Annals of internal medicine 2003; 138:424–4292 Herrera M, Grant C, van Heerden J. et al. “Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: an institutional perspective.” Surgery 1991; 110:1014.

Association between thyroid function and serum cortisol in cortisol-producing adenoma patients.

Thyroid dysfunction has been reported in hypercortisolism. Previous findings regarding changes in thyroid function due to cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA) have been inconsistent. The study aimed to investigate the association between thyroid function and excessive cortisol secretion in patients with CPA and to explore the changes in pituitary function after adrenalectomy. We conducted a retrospective study; thyroid function was evaluated in 94 patients with CPA and 94 healthy controls (HC) matched for age and sex. A total of 94 patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) were recruited as a second control group. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly lower in the CPA group than in the HC and NFAIs groups (P < 0.001). The prevalence of central hypothyroidism was 12.8% in the CPA group and increased according to serum cortisol quartiles (P for trend = 0.025). According to the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, serum cortisol was negatively associated with TSH and free T4 levels in the CPA group after adjustment for body mass index and age. Furthermore, decreased TSH levels were corrected by adrenalectomy [0.75 (0.50, 1.14) vs. 1.91 (1.36, 2.71) µIU/ml, P < 0.001], in parallel with a recovery in free T4 levels [11.20 (10.00, 12.43) vs. 12.04 (11.24, 13.01), P < 0.001]. Postoperative growth hormone and prolactin levels did not change compared with baseline. Serum TSH and free T4 levels were decreased in patients with CPA, and dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis might be reversible after surgery.

Three-year follow up of adrenal incidentalomas in a New Zealand centre.

The international guidelines for management of adrenal incidentalomas (AI) are becoming more conservative. These changes are based on the growing body of evidence suggesting that non-functioning adenomas have a low likelihood of becoming functional or malignant over time. To follow up at least 100 patients for 3 years who were originally found to have benign adrenal adenomas which were non-functional or had subclinical Cushing syndrome (SCS). This study prospectively evaluated consecutive patients aged 18 years or older with benign adrenal incidentalomas (AI), not treated with adrenalectomy, which were non-functioning or had SCS. The initial and follow-up evaluation, including clinical assessment, hormonal investigations and imaging were coordinated via a standardised nurse-led AI clinic. Of 233 patients referred to the AI clinic, 101 patients met the inclusion criteria and completed 3-year follow up. Most of those excluded were due to incomplete initial or follow-up evaluation or were not true AI. Most AI either remained stable or decreased in size on repeat imaging, while 5% of patients had AI enlargement of >5 mm diameter. No patient developed features suggesting adrenal carcinoma. Ninety-two patients had an initial diagnosis of non-functioning adenoma and nine patients had SCS. After 3 years (range 2.9-4.7 years), five of the nine patients with SCS showed normalisation of cortisol parameters (44%), and five of the 92 non-functional AI patients developed SCS (5%). After 3 years of follow up, approximately half of patients with SCS normalised, while 5% of patients with initially non-functioning adenomas developed biochemical evidence of SCS. This study found a low likelihood of progressive hormonal excess with no evidence of malignancy developing on follow-up evaluation, providing support for the shift towards the more conservative approach to management of AI recommended in recent guidelines.

Association between Tumor Size and Malignancy Risk in Hormonally Inactive Adrenal Incidentalomas.

IntroductionAdrenal incidentalomas (AI) are adrenal masses that are discovered during radiological examinations conducted for other reasons. In this study, we focused on the pathological and radiological properties of nonfunctional AI(NFAI) and the association with malignancy risk in our clinical series.MethodsA total of 186 patients underwent adrenalectomy between 2010 and 2017; of these, 76 (40.8%) patients with non-functional AI were included in the current study. The radiological and pathologic characteristics of these AIs were retrospectively analyzed to determine the malignancy rate.ResultsThere were 22 (28.9%) male and 54 (71.1%) female patients with nonfunctional AI included in this study. The median age was 55 (range: 24-85) years. Of the patients included, 37 (48.6%) had AI on the left and 39 (51.3%) had AI on the right adrenal gland. Sixty-one (80.2%) cases were treated laparoscopically, four (5.3%) required conversion to open surgery due to intraoperative difficulties such as bleeding and adhesions, and 11 (14.4%) were managed with open adrenalectomy. The rate of malignancy in the tumors with diameters of <4 cm, 4-6 cm, and >6 cm was found to be 0%, 2.9%, and 13.6%, respectively.ConclusionsDetermining the ideal cutoff value for surgical indication in an NFAI is challenging. Besides the malignancy risk, the rate of silent pheochromacytomas must be taken into account in the surgical decision.

The Association Between Thyroid Volume and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Non-Functional Adrenal Incidentaloma

The Association Between Thyroid Volume and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Non-Functional Adrenal Incidentaloma

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Non-functional Adrenal Incidentalomas

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Non-functional Adrenal Incidentalomas