Non-conventional Feed Resources Research Articles

Conventional feed resources like maize and wheat are still under demand due to the growing demand for animal protein worldwide, especially in countries that are developing. Feed expenses continue to be a major obstacle in the production of rabbits, an important source of cheap, lean protein. Agro-industrial by-products such dried watermelon rinds, cassava peels, citrus pulp, palm kernel cake, and brewer's grains are examples of non-conventional feed resources (NCFRs) that are being researched more and more as substitutes. These residues, which are frequently thrown away as waste, still contain nutrients and bioactive substances that can improve meat quality, development, and carcass performance while reducing environmental impacts. This review addresses the effects of NCFRs on the functional properties (antioxidant status, lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition), sensory qualities, and physical and chemical traits (tenderness, cooking loss, color stability, and water-holding capacity) of rabbit meat. Research, such as trials using dried watermelon rind, shows that adding NCFRS to rabbit meat does not affect performance and may even increase its stability and consumer appeal. Sustainability implications are considered across environmental (waste reduction, circular economy), economic and social (lower feed costs, rural livelihoods), and food system (resource availability, protein diversification, resilience to climate shocks) dimensions. Notwithstanding these advantages, there are still gaps in customer acceptance, meat quality results, nutrient standardization, and life-cycle evaluations. Utilizing NCFRs in rabbit production presents chances to lower feed expenses, increase the value of agro-industrial waste, enhance the functionality of meat, and support sustainable livestock systems.

Feed supplementation strategies are essential for optimizing cattle productivity, and the incorporation of non-conventional feed resources may reduce both production costs and environmental impact. This study evaluated the effects of pelletized protein concentrates (including Acacia farnesiana, A. schaffneri, and Agave duranguensis bagasse) on rumen fermentation parameters, microbial communities, and gas emissions. Fistulated bullocks received the concentrate daily, and ruminal contents were collected and filtered before and after supplementation to assess in vitro gas and methane production, pH, and microbial composition using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and mcrA amplicons. In addition, in situ degradability was evaluated during and after the supplementation period. Supplementation led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in degradability parameters and methane production, along with a marked decrease in the abundance of Methanobrevibacter and an increase in succinate-producing taxa. These effects were attributed to the enhanced levels of non-fiber carbohydrates, hemicellulose, crude protein, and the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites and methanol. Rumen microbiota composition was consistent with previously described core communities, and mcrA-based sequencing proved to be a valuable tool for targeted methanogen detection. Overall, the inclusion of non-conventional ingredients in protein concentrates may improve ruminal fermentation efficiency and contribute to methane mitigation in ruminants, although further in vivo trials on a larger scale are recommended.

Feed supply accounts for the majority of chicken production costs, which are estimated to be between 60 and 75 percent. This could lead to a limitation in poultry output because conventional protein and energy sources for concentrate feeds are expensive and scarce. The most well-known traditional plant protein sources for chicken feed are leguminous seeds, cereal grains, soybean and other oil seed meal, and a variety of agro-industrial byproducts. In the current circumstances, it is no longer cost-effective to employ these traditional feed ingredients in chicken feed due to their soaring prices. In order to reduce production costs and increase output and productivity in the poultry business, it is crucial to look for alternate, reasonably priced feed sources that are easily accessible in the region and that are nutritionally equivalent to conventional ones. One way to close a large gap between the availability and demand of conventional feed resources for poultry feeding is to take advantage of the use of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) in poultry production systems. The use of green algae (Chlorophyta) as an alternative protein source in poultry nutrition is one of the NCFR locally accessible feed resources in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify some of the most important species of algae that are currently available, as well as their technical applications in the use as poultry feed, as well as their chemical constituents and nutritional values. Additionally, the effects of their inclusion levels on broiler and layer chickens, as well as the quantities and qualities of the products, will be reviewed. Several common algae species, including seaweed, Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella vulgaries, have been covered in this work.

The increasing demand for animal protein due topopulationgrowthhas created a pressing need to explore non-conventional feed resources as a sustainable wayto protein shortages.Hence, an 8 week trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of mango (Mangifera indica) leaf meal (MLM) as a replacement for wheat offalin the diets of growing rabbits. A total of 18unsexed, mixed breed rabbits (New Zealand white x Chinchilla), aged between 6-8 weeks with average live weight of 600-800 gwere used for this study.These animals were randomly allotted into three dietary treatments;0, 5, and 10% MLM replaced wheat offalin a completely randomized design. Proximate compositionof MLM was determined as well ascarcass traits, physico-chemical and sensory indices of the meat of growing rabbits were evaluated. Result revealed thatMLM contained 92.17 ± 0.04% dry matter, 9.63 ±0.54% crude protein, 13.26 ± 0.25% crude fibre, 2.05 ± 0.24%ether extract, 49.41 ± 0.91%nitrogen free extract and 2278.06 ± 0.02% metabolisable energy. The inclusion of MLM in the diet did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the carcass characteristics of growing rabbits except the live weight and head. Rabbits fed dietary 0 (1533.33g) and 5 (1526.67g) % MLM had similar (P>0.05) values but significantly higher than those on 10% MLM (1286.67g). Meat quality attributes were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary MLM, except for cooking loss and thermal loss. The dry matter (87.43 –89.35%) and crude protein (22.55-25.98%) content of the meat sample of rabbits fed dietary MLM increased across the dietary treatments as MLM inclusion levels increased. Dietary MLM had no significant (P>0.05) influence on theorganoleptic indices of meat except the juiciness. Juiciness of meat from growing rabbits fed dietary mango leaf meal significantly increased across the dietary treatments as MLM inclusion level increased.This study concludes that MLM can be incorporatedup to 10% in the diet of growing rabbits as it enhanced certain meat quality parameters likedry matter, crude protein content and juiciness without adversely affecting most carcass traits orothersensory qualities

Assessment of livestock husbandry practices and production constraints among smallholder mixed crop-livestock production systems in the Majang zone, southwest Ethiopia

This experiment was conducted to determine the nutrient composition of three agricultural by-products, namely garlic peel, sweet potato vine, and cotton straw, calculate their relative feeding value, effective energy value, and other indexes, and comprehensively evaluate their nutrient value by combining with rumen in vitro fermentation technology, with the aim of providing data references for the development and utilization of non-conventional feed resources for ruminants. The results showed that: 1) the dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE), and crude protein (CP) contents of cotton straw were significantly higher than the other two feeds (p < 0.05), while the acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of garlic peel were highly significantly higher than the others (p < 0.05); 2) the relative feed value (DMI, DDM, TDN, RFV, and RFQ) and effective energy value (GE, DE, ME, NEm, NEg, and NEL) indexes of cotton straw were significantly higher than garlic peel and sweet potato vine (p < 0.01); 3) after 48 h of in vitro fermentation, the dry matter degradation rate (IVDMD) of sweet potato vine was significantly higher than the other two feeds (p < 0.01), and the cumulative gas productions (mL) and estimated gas parameters (a, b, a + b, and c) of sweet potato vine were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those of garlic peel and cotton straw; 4) the sweet potato vine had lower pH but higher NH3-N compared to garlic peel and cotton straw (p < 0.05). The sweet potato vine had higher propionate, iso-butyrate, butyrate, iso-valerate, and total VFA than the other two roughages, which also had the lowest acetate-to-propionate ratio. Garlic peel produced the lowest acetate, while it produced the highest valerate (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that all three by-products have high potential as livestock feed based on their nutritive value parameters. Comparatively, sweet potato vines exhibit higher feeding value due to their relatively moderate NDF content and superior rumen fermentation performance.

This review was conducted with the objective of assessing the major potential of non-conventional feed resources in poultry nutrition in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has a vast array of non-conventional feed resources that can be utilized in poultry nutrition. These resources have the potential to significantly contribute This review was conducted with the objective of assessing the major potential of non-conventional feed resources to the growth and development of the poultry industry in the country. Potentially available of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) include plant materials, such as the leaves and seeds of Moringa, Cassava, Taro leaf, Mango seed kernels, Pigeon pea, potato peel and leaf and agro-industrial by-products like, Rice bran, Filter sugar cake and brewery grain. Most of these feedstuff materials are low in energy, protein and minerals. These feed resource contain high amounts of anti-nutritional component. Appropriate processing methods like soaking, boiling, or fermenting can help reduce these anti-nutritional factors, enhancing the digestibility and utilization of NCFR in poultry diets. There are also several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed in order to fully exploit the potential of these feed resources. Some of the common problems are like limited knowledge and awareness, lack of processing and preservation techniques, limited availability and seasonal variations, lack of infrastructure and storage facilities and limited research and data. To addressing these challenges through research, extension services, and policy support can help unlock the full potential of non-conventional feed resources in poultry nutrition in Ethiopia. This would not only contribute to improved productivity and profitability in the poultry sector but also enhance food security and sustainable agricultural practices in the country.

The use of non-conventional feed resources in animal nutrition has gained significant attention due to the growing demand for sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. Non-conventional feed resources include agro-industrial by-products, food processing wastes, and unconventional forages. The advantages, challenges, and prospects of non-traditional feed sources for animal nutrition are examined in this article. Advantages of non-conventional feed resources include economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, nutritional value, value addition, and waste utilization. Challenges and considerations include nutritional composition variability, process optimization, nutritional factors, and quality control. Promising examples include insect-based protein, microalgae, and non-conventional crop silage. The utilization of non-conventional feed resources should always be based on scientific research and expert guidance.

To optimize the utilization of fermented maize stover (FMS) feed during the fattening phase of Xianghai flying geese (XFG), a total of 300 XFG at 125 days of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups with three replicates of 25 in each set. Group A was fed the basal fattening diet, while the B, C, and D groups were fed the basic fattening diet and diets supplemented with 5%, 10% or 15% FMS, respectively. The findings indicate that the production performance indicators (especially the dressed, eviscerated and breast muscle yield) of Group D closely resembled Group A more than Groups B and C. Intestinal morphometry found that the jejunal villus height and the villus height/crypt depth were significantly increased in Group D compared to Group A. Next, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the extracted DNA revealed that beneficial microbiota (Coprococcus and Victivallis) showed increased abundance in Group D. Cecal flora function analysis further revealed that some amino acid and glycerol biosynthesis were found to be associated with growth performance in geese. These findings suggest that incorporating 15% FMS as a substitute for a portion of the feed during the fattening phase of XFG can effectively sustain their production performance, optimize the gut microbial community and morphometrical traits, provide new insight into using non-conventional feed resources to reduce feed cost and improve economic benefits in the breeding industry.

The fourth issue of Slovak Journal of Animal Science 2023 gives to me the opportunity to overview our scientific publishing activity after the first 12 months together. Along four issues, our Journal has been faced with many different aspects of animal farm production, among them mainly circular economy strategy, non-conventional feed resources, and community-based livestock programs. All these different aspects have a common point: boost and develop the livestock farming system, in terms of competitiveness and profitability. Looking at the different articles collected and published during this year, the incorporation of locally available novel feed resource alternatives can promote circular economy concepts, increase food security, and improve sustainable livestock production. By exploiting locally accessible resources, the inclusion of these materials in animal feed nutrition has significant potential to enhance livestock performance, lower production costs, and promote bioeconomy concepts.
 On the other hand, analysis of genomic data is an important resource for the effective management of small and endangered animal populations. The research activity of scientists has deeply been focused on developing breeding programs able to conserve animal biodiversity and monitor animal biodynamics.
 
 In the last Editorial article of 2023, I am going to introduce the contents of the articles collected and published in the fourth issue of 2023 year.
 Formelova et al. performed a study to evaluate the effect of dried hempseed cake (by-product of oil production) supplementation (5% - EG1 and 10% - EG2) to rabbit feed mixture on livestock performances, quality of meat, digestibility of nutrients and animal health status. All obtained data let Authors to recommend the inclusion of hempseed cake up to 10% in rabbit diet without any negative effect on animal welfare, livestock performance and quality of meat.
 Osaiyuwu et al. organized a study to provide useful information for the creation of sustainable breeding programmes and developing a sustainable use and conservation strategy aimed at developing highly producing Muscovy ducks in Nigeria; consequently, increasing the food security index of the nation and source of income for small-scale farmers. In general, the ducks from all seven ecogeographic locations were rather homogeneous than heterogeneous.
 Mekonnen et al., had the prime objective to survey and characterize the husbandry practices of the different indigenous sheep populations. Authors concluded the study claiming a need of feed development, shift to modern husbandry practices, access to veterinary services, indigenous sheep conservation through utilization, control of inbreeding, ram-to-ewe ratio, fattening and castration should be of future attention of farmers and stakeholders.
 Ajayi et al., to justify the use of duckweed as an alternative and novel aquatic-derived fodder in ruminants' feeding strategies, performed preliminary investigation via in vitro gas production technique. The study assessed the nutrient and mineral potential, secondary metabolites and in vitro gas production characteristics of duckweed to estimate the short-chain volatile fatty acids, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and apparent in vitro dry matter degradability. In conclusion, duckweed from earthen fish ponds is fairly degradable in vitro, and the nutrient contents elucidate its forage value for ruminants.
 Editorial Team looks forward to evaluating your submitted contributions and providing all necessary support to Authors in order to best serve animal science and the scientific community, with commitment to research integrity and the highest publishing ethics. Enjoy the reading!

Non-conventional plant and animal origin of farm and agro industrial wastes are potential feed materials and are being exploited for livestock production in Nigeria. Thus an experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of millet panicle husk mixed with molasses solution and different levels of poultry dung. Millet panicle husks were measured using a weighing balance and prepared in to four different samples (A, B, C and D) each weighing 100g. A solution of molasses (70cL) was prepared with water (30cL) and mixed with the samples except with sample A (control). Thereafter, dried poultry dung was mixed to each four sample of millet panicle husk at; 0%, 20%, 30% and 40% to make a ratio; 100:00, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 designated as treatments; A, B, C and D. Samples were replicated three times in a completely randomized design and oven dried at 650C for 48 hours and were taken to the laboratory for proximate, fiber fractions, minerals and phytochemical analysis. Treatment of millet panicle husk with molasses and varying levels of poultry dung improved (p<0.05) chemical composition of mixture. Treatment D had higher CP, ash, NCF and Na (19.25%, 11.00%, 43.65% and 20.00mg/g) respectively and lower CF (21.54%), ADF (33.20%) and ADL (9.09%) were obtained in treatment C. The phytochemical components (saponin, cyanide, tannin and phenolic) measured were also higher in treatment D (12.30%, 136.18mg/dl, 34.88mg/dl and 21.89mg/dl) respectively. Results suggested that mixture of molasses solution and poultry dung with millet panicle husk improved feeding value of millet panicle husk which may serves as ruminant feed during forage scarcity.

The third issue of Slovak Journal of Animal Science 2023 gives to me the possibility to discuss the innovative and sustainable multi-service approach of scientific community to boost and develop, in terms of competitiveness and profitability, the livestock farming system.

P4 Use of non-conventional feed resources for improving the sustainability of the dual-purpose system

Context: Grain by-products are nonconventional feed resources that can be used as supplemental diets for rabbits, especially during the dry season when native forages are scarce and limiting in essential nutrients. Hence, this present study is to determine the inclusion of residue, Corn Gluten Residue Meal (CGRM), Soybean Gluten Residue Meal (SGRM), and Sorghum Brewer Dry Grain (SBDG) as a replacement for maize on the performance and digestion coefficient of growing rabbits. Methods: Forty mixed breeds of rabbits (4 - 6 weeks old) were allotted into four experimental treatments in a completely randomized design. Four experimental diets were then compounded by replacing maize (40% inclusion level) with CGRM, SGRM, and SBDG then fed to the growing rabbits at 3% of their body weight. Results: The crude protein contents of diets containing grain by-products (19.06% – 20.87%) were better than maize (12.96%). Evidently, the maize diet (55.56%) was higher in carbohydrate fraction than these grain by-product-containing diets (42.20 – 49.98). Rabbits fed diets containing grain by-products had significantly higher (p < 0.05) feed intake and final weight compared to rabbits fed maize. Rabbits-fed diets containing CGRM (87.41%) and SGRM (92.09%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in digestible crude protein than maize (76.79%) and SBDG (74.29%) diets. Also, diets containing maize and SGRM were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the digestible carbohydrate fraction than diets. Whereas, rabbits fed diets CGRM and SBDG had significantly better (p < 0.05) nitrogen balance and retention compared to rabbits fed diet SGRM and maize. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the inclusion of CGRM, SGRM, and SBDG led to better performances and digestion but with inferior carbohydrate fractions and digestion percentages compared to the maize diet.

In mixed crop-livestock system country like India, frequent occurrence of drought limit animal feed resources such as green fodder and crop residues. Forage conservation technologies and Non-Conventional Feed Resources (NCFR) could mitigate dry season feed shortage but their adoption in smallholder systems has so far been low and varying across regions. In order to address and develop solution to the issues, this action research was attempted to introduce onion crop residue-based silage among small onion (Allium cepa) cultivating farmers of Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. For the above purpose, ensiling of onion crop residue was standardised. Then attempts were made to popularise the standardised silage preparation using polypropylene bags and feeding of silage to dairy animals through farmers meetings, training, demonstration and fi eld days. The adoption rate and perception on onion crop residue silage using bags were studied one year after intervention. This study found that 16.70 per cent had adoption of promoted technology and the remaining has not adopted. Added, majority of the farmers reported that silage making using fresh onion crop residue has less relative advantage over the existing practice, involves high complex procedures and has limited potential of experimenting in small scale. Furthermore, onion cropping area, herd size and perception(s) on the attributes of the technology diff erentiated adopters and non-adopters. The limited adoption of recommended technology demands bottom up / participatory approach for adoptable feed innovation

Non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) generally refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used for feeding livestock and are not commercially used in the production of livestock feeds. The shortage of feed resources for livestock and poultry feeding diverted majority of research in the field of animal nutrition to look into all possibilities to overcome this nutritional crisis. The most viable proposition could be the inclusion new NCFR in ration with suitable complete feed technology, so as to utilize the feed resources with maximum efficiency. A major gap exists between the demand and supply of concentrates and green and dry fodders for feeding livestock in the world. To overcome this shortage, it is essential to increase the availability of feed and fodder for the different productions and functions of the animals. One of the solutions is also to exploit the use NCFR in the animal feeding system. Some of the potentially available NCFR are rubber seed cake, Sal seed meal, tapioca waste, tea waste, babul seeds, slaughter house by-products, mango seed kernels, nizger seed cake, karanj cake, guar meal, Prosopis juliflora pods and cassava leaf meal, Sea buckthorn leaves, cake and pomace, and animal organic wastes (bovine and poultry excreta) etc. Many of these feed materials are low in energy, protein, minerals and contain high amounts of lignin, silica and other nutritionally incriminating substances. The main constraints to the use of non-conventional feed resources are collection, dehydration for high moisture content and detoxification processes. Processing technologies that are economic and practical are urgently required. The utilization of non-conventional feedstuffs of plant origin had been limited as a result of the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, oxalic acids, phytates, protease inhibitors, haematoglutinin, saponegin, momosine, cyanoglycosides, linamarin to mention a few despite their nutrient values and low cost implications. These anti-nutritional factors negate growth and other physiological activities at higher inclusion levels. These anti-nutritional factors need to be removed or inactivated by various procedures before the use of the ingredients in the diet.

Under scarcity of livestock feeds and fodder, an investigation on alternate, conventional and non-conventional feed resources is essential. The present study was planned on crossbred heifers (HF x Kankrej) with average body weight of 116.1+4.74 kg for twelve fortnights to study the effect of feeding rice DDGS and a combination of straw (wheat + groundnut) on their hemato-biochemical and mineral profile. Blood samples for hemato-biochemical and mineral profile analysis were collected from heifers at the start of the experiment and thereafter at every fortnightly interval from the jugular vein in the sterilized blood collecting tubes (with and without anticoagulant). Auto-hematology-analyzer Mindray (BC-2800Vet) and Mindray BS-120 chemistry analyzer were used for hematology and serum biochemistry analysis, respectively. The RBC counts, Hb, PCV%, MCHC, Platelet count, MPV, WBCs and Granulocytes changed significantly (P<0.05) on feeding DDGS though their values were within normal physiological range. On feeding mixture of straw, platelets count and granulocytes changed significantly (P<0.05) but their values were also within normal physiological range. On inclusion of Rice DDGS, serum total protein, urea and phosphorus and on feeding mixture of straw serum glucose, albumin, urea and phosphorus values differ significantly (P<0.05). The serum total protein, glucose, albumin and urea values were within normal physiological interval on feeding DDGS or mixture of straw except phosphorus values (8.77–9.33 mg/dL) which was higher than normal range in all treatment groups irrespective of treatment. The results showed that rice DDGS in concentrate up to 40% and feeding a mixture of groundnut straw and cereal straw (1:1) did not adversely affect the hematology, blood biochemical parameters and mineral profile, all parameters were within normal physiological values except serum phosphorus which was higher than the normal physiological values.

The shortage of conventional feedstuff is one of the rising issues faced by the developing countries of the world. To bridge the gap between supply and demand of the major feedstuff it is desirable to practice the use of non-conventional feed resources. Duckweeds are the aquatic macrophytes growing in stagnant water bodies that offer a choice to be used as an alternate feed. Before the use of any alternate feed, it is vital to know the nutritional composition of the feed under diverse environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of salinity, abiotic stress, on the proximate composition of duckweed (Lemna minor L.). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 repeats. Data was collected on protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral contents. In the laboratory trial plants were grown under the saline condition of different concentrations ranging from 2 g NaCl L−1 to 12 g NaCl L−1 for a growing period of 20 days. The biomasses obtained were tested for proximate composition. ANOVA of the result exhibited a significant effect of salinity on the proximate composition of the plant. Protein residues of the plant started declining above the concentration of 4 g NaCl L−1 until the lowest value was obtained at 12 g NaCl L−1. Lipid composition showed more sensitivity to the stress with a sharp decline above 2 g NaCl L−1 having a minimum value at 12 g NaCl L−1. Carbohydrate contents increased with increasing salinity up to 6 g NaCl L−1 above which a decrease was observed. The highest accumulation of the macronutrients i.e., Ca, Mg, took place in the lower range of concentration of the salt. The percentage compositions of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, and Zn percentage were reduced at a higher range of salinity while the optimum level was recorded in plants treated with 2 g NaCl L−1, followed by control. The total accumulation of both macro and micronutrients was higher in the plant material treated with a lower level of salt concentration, concluding a significant effect of salinity on proximate composition. As for the Indus water salinity level, the plant has the capacity of tolerance and can be grown without affecting its proximate composition.

Chemical Composition and Degradation Dynamics of Non-Conventional Feed Resources

Context Feed supply is an important constraint for poultry production in South Pacific island nations. The use of non-conventional feed resources, such as cassava leaves, could partly fill the gap in the feed supply and reduce feed production costs. Cassava leaves are locally available in South Pacific island nations, but the effects of including these in the diet of chickens are not known. Aim It was hypothesised that cassava leaf meal (CLM) at levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% in diets of broiler chickens did not affect the chemical and sensory attributes of breast meat. Methods A total of 80 Cobb 500 female broilers were fed treatment diets with CLM included at levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% DM from the age of 21 days to 49 days. Twenty chickens were subjected to each treatment diet. Samples of pectoralis major muscles (breast meat) from chickens fed the treatment diets were removed and analysed for chemical and sensory parameters. Key results Ash, crude fat and carbohydrate content were low in breast meat of chickens fed diets with higher inclusion levels of CLM (30%) compared with breast meat of chickens fed other treatment diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). There was a quadratic relationship between ash content of breast meat and inclusion levels of CLM in the diets of chickens (P &amp;lt; 0.05). No relationships were observed between sensory attributes of breast meat and inclusion levels of CLM in the diets of chickens. Principal component analysis showed the first four principal components (PC) with an eigenvalue &amp;gt;1 account for 77.1% of the total variance for quality parameters of breast meat from chicken fed CLM-based diets. The two main components (PC1 vs PC2) together explained 52.46% of the variation. The data on panellists generated by PC1 versus PC2 plot suggests that the roasted breast meat could be separated by different treatment groups. Conclusion The results show that CLM inclusion in the diets of chickens does not affect the sensory qualities of chicken breast meat. Chemical attributes of breast meat were, however, affected when broiler chickens were fed CLM-based diets Implication Further exploration of the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of breast meat from chickens fed CLM-based diets is essential for human clinical application and the meat processing industry.