Non-classical Logics Research Articles

A Study on the Construction of Female Subjectivity in Disney’s Animated Film Mulan in Light of Articulation Theory

Disney’s animated film Mulan is adapted from the traditional Chinese folktale “Mulan disguises herself as a man to fight on behalf of her father”. Different from the loyal and filial figure of Mulan in Chinese traditional folktale, Disney portrays Mulan as a heroine who pursues personal value and self-actualization. Although it is quite different from Mulan figure in Chinese folktale, it is found that the construction of female subjectivity in Disney’s Mulan is a double layer articulation structure after a detailed analysis of the film text from the perspective of Stuart Hall’s articulation theory. The purpose of the first layer of articulation is to construct the field of struggle for the construction of female subjectivity in the film, and the second layer aims to reveal the connotation of emancipation of Disney’s Mulan figure through an analysis of the constructive process of Mulan’s female subjectivity. Finally, it is concluded that the female subjectivity constructed in the film is based on the recognition of gender differences, integrating masculinity and femininity, and mobilizing all individuals in the society to achieve women’s emancipation and gender equality. This feminist discourse provides an alternative logic for society with women’s life experiences.

L-algebras and three main non-classical logics

The semantics of three main branches of non-classical logic, intuitionistic, many-valued, and quantum logic, is unified by the concept of L-algebra. The corresponding three classes of algebras (Heyting algebras, MV-algebras, and orthomodular lattices) are associated to specializations of a bounded L-algebra, given by simple equations. Three basic specializations lead to three more classes of algebras, including quantized Heyting algebras which have not been considered before. All these algebras are obtained from a new class of L-algebras which simultaneously satisfy general versions of Glivenko's and Mundici's theorems.

Mainstreaming Business Models for Sustainability in Mature Industries: Leveraging Alternative Institutional Logics for Optimal Distinctiveness

Addressing global sustainability challenges requires a mainstreaming of business models for sustainability (BMfS) in mature industries. However, the presence of an already dominant mainstream business model in an industry tends to hold back BMfS. This article investigates how new types of BMfS can become generally accepted and widely adopted in an industry. It presents a qualitative study of the mainstreaming of BMfS in the Dutch electricity industry. The findings show that this process depends on entrepreneurs’ capacity to (1) incorporate alternative institutional logics into the design of BMfS to achieve optimal distinctiveness and (2) to directly alter the dominant institutional logic of the industry to make it more conducive to BMfS. Furthermore, successful BMfS act as anomalies that indirectly alter the industry’s dominant institutional logic. Anomalies support a self-reinforcing loop that accelerates the mainstreaming process. We integrate these findings into a dynamic model of the mainstreaming of BMfS.

Paraconsistent Metatheory: New Proofs with Old Tools

This paper is a step toward showing what is achievable using non-classical metatheory—particularly, a substructural paraconsistent framework. What standard results, or analogues thereof, from the classical metatheory of first order logic(s) can be obtained? We reconstruct some of the originals proofs for Completeness, Löwenheim-Skolem and Compactness theorems in the context of a substructural logic with the naive comprehension schema. The main result is that paraconsistent metatheory can ‘re-capture’ versions of standard theorems, given suitable restrictions and background assumptions; but the shift to non-classical logic may recast the meanings of these apparently ‘absolute’ theorems.

Using Artificial Intelligence to Assist Tree Risk Assessment

Although the industry has raised the standards of tree risk assessment considerably in recent years, the quality of judgements is still very variable and influenced by a wide range of factors. Due to the complexity and diversity of trees and sites, collecting and verifying relevant personal experiences takes tree assessors many years. In many countries, new tree assessors learn from a small number of experienced peers. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to collect and condense scattered knowledge and deploy it in a support tool for basic tree assessment. In this project, the application of a commercial AI decision-making system software (Dylogos) to tree assessment is tested. The software is based on a new dynamic nonclassical logic, which combines diverse knowledge sources to an emergent system to support visual tree assessments. A set of rules describes existing knowledge about the mostly unsharp parameters affecting the likelihood of failure and damage. The software evaluates the data collected during a basic tree assessment and provides an estimate of the level of risk posed by the tree. The result and the reasons for it are presented in plain language. Users can then examine this estimate and feed their own assessment back into the system to train it further, so that this “white” AI system is self-learning based on experience acquired in practical use. The use of AI in tree risk assessment not only supports the user but can also be used to disseminate knowledge and promote the standardization of decision-making in tree assessment. Important directions for further research and knowledge gaps related to the training of AI systems in the absence of industry-wide, agreed-upon criteria for risk identified in this project are: how to collect sufficient quality-assured data sets to define the initial set of rules; and how to assess the level of expertise of users training the system further.

The Logic Fundamentals of Machine Consciousness: Theory of Tri-state

For a long time, the system of scientific methodology has been composed of logic, empirical (falsification), qualitative, quantitative and deterministic, and corresponding thinking tools. However, under the background of complexity science, the category of methodology should be changed, that is, on the basis of traditional methodology, non-classical logic, hierarchy, stereotype (topological invariant) and uncertainty should be added. This is also the main idea behind the “Thoery of Tri-state” in the first part of this paper. The core idea in the theory of “Tri-state” is “Tri-state Logic” (“positive | negative | uncertain state”). The ontology of “Tri-state Logic” aims to reveal the meta space-time movement law of things transforming from one form to another, that is, the coupling of time and space in the development of things, and the orientation and evolution of the continuity of things. The mathematical basis of “Tri-state Logic” is knot theory and dynamics theory. The second part of this paper designs a machine-consciousness model framework based on the “Theory of Tri-state” (Tri-state Logic). Its research starting point is the perspective of cognitive dynamics (cognitive psychology + dynamics), which is very different from the research ideas proposed by Minsky's “The Emotion Machine”. At the same time, this paper also tries to answer Turing's questions from different space-time dimensions, and gives an experimental idea of “kindergarten game” by comparing Turing's “imitation game”.

Intensional Semantics for Syllogistics: what Leibniz and Vasiliev Have in Common

This article deals with an alternative interpretation of syllogistics, different from the classical (extensional) one: an intensional one, in which subject and predicate are not associated with a set of individuals (the extension of the concept) but a set of attributes (the content of the concept). The authors of the paper draw attention to the fact that this approach was first proposed by Leibniz in works on logical calculus, which for a long time remained in the shadow of his other philosophical works. Currently, the intensional approach is gaining more and more popularity due to the development of non-classical logics, and the article will present several existing intensional formal syllogistic semantics. The paper will also consider another historical approach to syllogistics, associated with the name of the Russian logician Nikolai Vasiliev, who is not only one of the founders of non-classical (non-Aristotelian logic) but also of a different intensional interpretation of such logic. The authors, along with the already known formalizations of Vasiliev’s ideas, present two new systems. One of them is a reconstruction of one type of imaginary logic with statements of three qualities: affirmative and two types of negative statements (with absolute and ordinary negation). The second system is the one that is adequate to semantics, in which instead of the four classical ones, only three types of statements are presented (two particular statements are replaced by one - accidental), and their significance is determined through the relation of the classical logical entailment. Both of them are interpreted intensionally. The intensional approach in logic and, in particular, in syllogistics allows us to expand the class of accepted principles (which occurs due to the expansion of the class of correct moods of syllogisms).

Applications of Relating Semantics

Here, we discuss logical, philosophical and technical problems associated to relating logic and relating semantics. To do so, we proceed in three steps. The first step is devoted to providing an introduction to both relating logic and relating semantics. We discuss this problem on the example of different languages. Second, we address some of the main research directions and their philosophical applications to non-classical logics, particularly to connexive logics. Third, we discuss some technical problems related to relating semantics, and its application to philosophy of science, language and pragmatics.

Unrestricted quantification and ranges of significance

Call a quantifier ‘unrestricted’ if it ranges over absolutely all objects. Arguably, unrestricted quantification is often presupposed in philosophical inquiry. However, developing a semantic theory that vindicates unrestricted quantification proves rather difficult, at least as long as we formulate our semantic theory within a classical first-order language. It has been argued that using a type theory as framework for our semantic theory provides a resolution of this problem, at least if a broadly Fregean interpretation of type theory is assumed. However, the intelligibility of this interpretation has been questioned. In this paper I introduce a type-free theory of properties that can also be used to vindicate unrestricted quantification. This alternative emerges very naturally by reflecting on the features on which the type-theoretic solution of the problem of unrestricted quantification relies. Although this alternative theory is formulated in a non-classical logic, it preserves the deductive strength of classical strict type theory in a natural way. The ideas developed in this paper make crucial use of Russell’s notion of range of significance.

Hunger strikes and differential consciousness: Impure contestation, hunger, and the building of symbolic futures

ABSTRACT Hunger strikes appear to occupy a liminal position within the literature of power and resistance, constituting a contradictory means of empowerment — weakening the body while politically strengthening the subject. As such, this tactic eludes classification, in fact operating as an impure form of contestation. Scholars have also revealed that food refusal operates as a primarily symbolic form of resistance. I extend these conclusions to understand how hunger strikers use impure and contradictory discourse to frame their food refusal, a tactic understood best through Chela Sandoval’s (2003) the notion of differential consciousness. Just as hunger strikes constitute an impure means of resistance, they also appear to prefigure opportunities for dynamic and impure modes of discursive contestation. Through analysis of social media communications, detainee letters, and press releases, I unpack efforts to engage and challenge the dynamic, overlapping, and seemingly contradictory hegemonic discourses of deservingness, rights, and family. I also elucidate how differential consciousness allows incarcerated hunger strikers and their supporters to build legitimate authority within recognizable relations while building space for alternative logics — drawing on hegemonic discourses to construct alternative possibilities. Hunger strikes offer unique insight into how the study of carceral foodways is not only about consuming food, but also about refusing it.

Notes on the nature of logic: an enactivist proposal

Critics often defend that radical enactivism (REC) cannot scale up to explain more sophisticated cognitive activities as in logic and mathematics, which are often held to be constituted by representations. The naturalization of cognition proposed by this theory is then taken to be limited in scope. In order to offer a solution to the scope objection against it, I investigate how REC might be related to a broader pragmatist approach to examine the normativity of logic in the context of the existence of a great plurality of alternative logics. To tackle this problem, I aim at defending a comprehensive enactivist philosophical proposal based on the normativity of our ruled inferential practices. Accordingly, I defend an account of some important connections between logic and normativity, which refuses traditional representationalist, individualist, internalist and intellectualist views of logic and focuses on dynamic and embodied ruled interactions among cognitive agents with their environment. The interpretation to be developed here is that rational obligation should be taken as a normative obligation that binds us together and, in particular, that logical necessity should be taken as a kind of normative coercion, based on normative notions such as rules, authorizations, prohibitions and commitments. If logic, with several different non-classical systems, is mainly normative, and not descriptive, it is possible to naturalize it, meaning that logic is not a real challenge to REC.

Rewriting the History of Connexive Logic

The “official” history of connexive logic was written in 2012 by Storrs McCall who argued that connexive logic was founded by ancient logicians like Aristotle, Chrysippus, and Boethius; that it was further developed by medieval logicians like Abelard, Kilwardby, and Paul of Venice; and that it was rediscovered in the 19th and twentieth century by Lewis Carroll, Hugh MacColl, Frank P. Ramsey, and Everett J. Nelson. From 1960 onwards, connexive logic was finally transformed into non-classical calculi which partly concur with systems of relevance logic and paraconsistent logic. In this paper it will be argued that McCall’s historical analysis is fundamentally mistaken since it doesn’t take into account two versions of connexivism. While “humble” connexivism maintains that connexive properties (like the condition that no proposition implies its own negation) only apply to “normal” (e.g., self-consistent) antecedents, “hardcore” connexivism insists that they also hold for “abnormal” propositions. It is shown that the overwhelming majority of the forerunners of connexive logic were only “humble” connexivists. Their ideas concerning (“humbly”) connexive implication don’t give rise, however, to anything like a non-classical logic.

Paraconsistent annotated logic applied to industry assets condition monitoring and failure prevention based on vibration signatures

In this study, we introduced an expert system (ESvbrPAL2v), responsible for monitoring assets based on vibration signature analysis through a set of algorithms based on the Paraconsistent Annotated Logic – PAL. Being a non-classical logic, the main feature of the PAL is to support contradictory inputs in its foundation. It is therefore suitable for building algorithmic models capable of performing out appropriate treatment for complex signals, such as those coming from vibration. The ESvbrPAL2v was built on an ATMega2560 microcontroller, where vibration signals were captured from the mechanical structures of the machines by sensors and, after receiving special treatment through the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), then properly modeled to paraconsistent logic signals and vibration patterns. Using the PAL fundamentals, vibration signature patterns were built for possible and known vibration issues stored in ESvbrPAL2v and continuously compared through configurations composed by a network of paraconsistent algorithms that detects anomalies and generate signals that will report on the current risk status of the machine in real time. The tests to confirm the efficiency of ESvbrPAL2v were performed in analyses initially carried out on small prototypes and, after the initial adjustments, tests were carried out on bearings of a group of medium-power motor generators built specifically for this study. The results are shown at the end of this study and have a high index of signature identification and risk of failure detection. These results justifies the method used and future applications considering that ESvbrPAL2v is still in its first version.

Глобально допустимые правила вывода

Setting the basic rules of inference is fundamental to logic. The most general variant of possible inference rules are admissible inference rules: in logic 𝐿, a rule of inference is admissible if the set of theorems 𝐿 is closed with respect to this rule. The study of admissible inference rules was stimulated by Friedman’s problem: Is there an algorithm for recognizing the admissibility of an inference rule in intuitionistic logic? For a wide class of non-classical logics the problem of recognizing with respect to the admissibility of inference rules was solved in 1980s. Another way of describing all admissible rules in logic goes back to the problem of A. Kuznetsov (1975): specifying a certain (finite) set of admissible rules, from which all other admissible rules in logic will be derived as consequences, i.e. setting a (finite) basis. It turned out that most basic non-classical logics do not have a finite basis for admissible inference rules. In the early 2000s, for most basic non-classical logics and some tabular logics, the Fridman-Kuznetsov problem was solved by describing an explicit basis for admissible rules. The next stage in the study of admissible inference rules for non-classical logics can be considered the concept of a globally admissible inference rule. Globally admissible rules in the logic 𝐿 are those inference rules that are admissible simultaneously in all (with finite model property) extensions of the given logic. Such rules develop and generalize the concept of an admissible inference rule. The present work is devoted to the study of globally admissible rules of logic 𝑆4. Conditions for global admissibility in the logic 𝑆4 were obtained, a characteristic (universal) model was constructed (checking global admissibility is reduced to checking the truth of a rule on its submodels), a basis was described (all globally admissible rules are derived from it) and an anti-basis (from which all rules not available globally in 𝑆4).

Join-semilattices whose principal filters are pseudocomplemented lattices

This paper deals with join-semilattices whose sections, i.e. principal filters, are pseudocomplemented lattices. The pseudocomplement of a∨b in the section [b,1] is denoted by a → b and can be considered as the connective implication in a certain kind of intuitionistic logic. Contrary to the case of Brouwerian semilattices, sections need not be distributive lattices. This essentially allows possible applications in non-classical logics. We present a connection of the semilattices mentioned in the beginning with the so-called non-classical implication semilattices which can be converted into I-algebras having everywhere defined operations. Moreover, we relate our structures to sectionally and relatively residuated semilattices which means that our logical structures are closely connected with substructural logics. We show that I-algebras form a congruence distributive, 3-permutable and weakly regular variety.

ПОНИМАНИЕ В МАТЕМАТИКЕ: ОТ КЛАССИКИ К НЕКЛАССИКЕ И ПОСТНЕКЛАССИКЕ. СТАТЬЯ ПЕРВАЯ

The article deals with an issue of understanding in the classical, non-classical and post-non-classical tradition by the example of understanding mathematics. The prime part of the article looks at the matter of classical and post-non-classical science and poses an issue of understanding. Mathematics itself can be classical or non-classical, as well as logic. Classical logic and mathematics were characterized by intuitive clarity and connection with the world, whether it be the surrounding world or the world of thought. Non-classical logic and mathematics are “sciences-in-themselves”, the only requirement for which is consistency. A connection is made between the idea of J. Gray about modernist mathematics and non-classical mathematics. The understanding of mathematics is considered on the example of the works of E. Husserl. Husserl describes logical experiences and the constitution of mathematical meaning in the acts of intuition, realization and reactivation of sense in passing it on in tradition. An important question is the relationship between intuition and logic in the new mathematics. Poincaré contrasts intuition and logic, while Husserl speaks of a specific logical discernment, which can be called logical intuition. The idea of two cognitive abilities is introduced: intuitive-logical and formal-logical.

Methodological Reflection on Action Research Syndrome in Social Studies Field

사회과 수업연구에서 실행연구는 방법적 확장을 지속하고 있다. 실행연구 신드롬이라고지칭할 만큼 현장 연구자들이 널리 활용하는 연구방법이 되었다. 본질적으로 실행연구방법은 정성연구 계보에 속하는 연구전통을 갖고 있다. 계획, 실천, 성찰하는 순환적 연구 과정에서 연구 참여자들은 등가적 위치에서 직접 참여를 하게 되며, 협력하여 성장을 도모한다. 실행 연구자의 주요 관심은 있는 그대로의 현장을 관찰 기록하여 서술하고 해석하는 데있다. 이러한 정성연구 전통의 실행연구는 확증의 문제와 만나게 된다. 일반적으로 연구자들은 삼각검증 논리를 도입하여 타당도와 신뢰도, 일반화 가능성을 확보하려고 노력한다. 이때정량연구 방법론이 취하고 있는 확증 논리들을 과잉 적용하려는 연구현실이 나타나면서 방법론적 불안정성이 발생하게 된다. 연구결과의 논증에 실험연구 모사하기, 인과관계를 계량적 기법으로 검증하기 등 정성연구에서는 불필요한 절차가 시도되는 것이다. 여기서는 실행연구의 과학성이 연구의 경험적 엄밀성에 있다고 보고, 자연성, 합치성, 전이가능성이라는대안적 용어와 논리를 삼각검증과 연계하여 제시하였다.The expanding of action research method is continuing in social studies lesson study. It becomes a research method that is adapted in social studies field extensively and can be designated as action research syndrome. Action research method belongs in a genealogy of qualitative research tradition inherently. All research participants involve a spiral sequence constructed as ‘plan-action-reflection’ procedure, they have a part in equivalent partners, and persist in collaborative growth. The main concerns of action researcher are a set of observation, description, and interpretation about lesson study field directly and naturally. They meet a problem of corroboration that is caused by qualitative methodology. Commonly action researchers endeavor for validity, reliability, and generalization through a logic of triangulation. At this point, a methodological instability occurs because of an over application of quantitative method and technique in real study sphere. A needless process in the field of qualitative research is tried for prove study result with a kind of logic of experiment and verification to causality. The scientific feature of action research should be discovered from empirical rigor and truth. This paper offers an alternative term and logic that is consisted of the natural, the fit, and transferability in related with triangulation.

Where’s the Time to Care? The Temporal Politics of Caring for Educational Technologies

Drawing from my action research project teaching and learning modding digital games for social justice with teens in a library setting in the US Midwest, this paper examines repeated moments of technological troubles and its demand for care during teaching to trace the temporal politics of caring for educational technologies. Instead of disregarding moments of technological troubles in pedagogical encounters as irrelevant logistics, this paper centers these moments by attending to emerging digital technologies’ request for canimating these moments to unpack the temporal order negotiated, made, and remade through its commonplaceness in teaching practices. By reading moments of technological troubles through feminist science and technology studies scholarship on care, temporality, and technologies, I argue that my habituated teacher subjectivity that used lesson plans as a technology and my habituated networked subjectivity that used emerging digital technologies in mylesson plans structured a temporal order that was inhospitable towards emergent artistic knowledge production through practices of care. Yet, as these moments point toward a visible seam in the temporal order of technological progress, I contend that art educators are also invited to care for mending this seam that might lead to the knowledge of an alternative logic. To do so, I conclude by advocating for art educators to make the time to care throughrethinking lesson plans as educational technologies.

Improving the NOx reduction performance of an Euro VI d SCR System in real-world condition via nonlinear model predictive control

This paper deals with the possibility of improving the urea dosage control for the Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (SCR) of an Euro VI d diesel light commercial vehicle in order to increase [Formula: see text] after-treatment reduction performance. To this aim, first, we assess the effective emissions abatement performance for the appraised diesel vehicle via real-world experimental campaign, carried out according to the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests on urban, extra-urban and motorway road sections in Naples, Italy. Based on these real-world data, we derive a parameterized control-oriented model for the SCR system which is, then, exploited for the designing of an alternative urea injection logic which could be able to maximize the [Formula: see text] reduction efficiency while minimizing tailpipe ammonia slip. Specifically, the optimal AdBlue injection rate is designed according to a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Approach which allows obtaining a proper trade-off between the [Formula: see text] abatement and the urea overdosing problem. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is evaluated by comparing the performance assessed for the appraised SCR system during the experimental tests with the ones achievable if the Euro VI diesel would be equipped with the proposed control strategy. Numerical simulation discloses the effectiveness of the NMPC controller in ensuring improved [Formula: see text] reduction with performance complying with the emissions norms, main in avoiding excessive ammonia slip and in guaranteeing a reduced feed ratio w.r.t. to the standard industrial SCR controller mounted on the vehicle.

Understanding global health policy engagements with qualitative research: Qualitative evidence syntheses and the OptimizeMNH guidelines

Systematic reviews of qualitative evidence—or ‘qualitative evidence syntheses’ (QES)—have recently become an important form of knowledge production within the broader projects of ‘evidence-based medicine’ (EBM) and ‘evidence-informed policymaking’ in global health. Proponents of QES argue that these reviews offer a way to promote ‘health systems thinking’ and build a better understanding of local process and context in global health policy- and decision-making. EBM's detailed technical procedures for evidence synthesis, however, do not necessarily fit well with conventional qualitative research paradigms and there are concerns that subjecting qualitative research to EBM's logics and practices might fatally compromise both its epistemological integrity and political impact. This article addresses these concerns via a reflective case study of the use of qualitative evidence in the World Health Organization's (WHO) OptimizeMNH guidelines for task shifting in maternal and newborn health programs. When I first joined the team developing the evidence base for these health systems-oriented guidelines, I wondered whether the inclusion of qualitative research would result in a broadening of the forms of reason, experience and judgment that informed global health policy, or instead, be another disheartening example of how modern bureaucratic systems coopt, standardize, and complexity-reduce the alternative logics they encounter. While the integration of qualitative evidence did come at some cost to the depth and critical insights of the evidence we were reviewing, there were also important ways in which the technical procedures of evidence-based medicine were open to adaptation and transformation. The formal inclusion of qualitative evidence syntheses in these global guidelines did not represent—or produce—a dramatic about-turn in global health policy's hegemonic discourses and practices. It did reveal, however, that powerful systems of health governance like the WHO and evidence-based medicine are not inevitably closed, but in fact open to change, in often unpredictable ways.