In reviewing the nomenclature of genus-group names of the Chrysomelinae of the Americas, we uncovered six issues that we resolve here: (1) We explain priority between Stilodes and Leptinotarsa . Both were described in the same work: Chevrolat, 1836. In synonymizing the two genera, Flowers (2004) became the First Reviser and gave priority to Stilodes . We restore genus Leptinotarsa Chevrolat, 1836 as distinct from Stilodes Chevrolat, 1836. (2) The work in which Phaedon Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1823 was described is suppressed for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, making the next person to use the name, Latreille, 1829, the valid authority for Phaedon . (3) Euparocha Dejean, 1836 is a nomen nudum, and while Motschulsky likely intended to keep Dejean’s spelling, Euparochia Motschulsky, 1860 is the correct original spelling. (4) Lioplacis Agassiz, 1846 is an unjustified emendation of Leioplacis Chevrolat, 1843, and Lioplacis Chevrolat is a subsequent usage of the unjustified emendation. Lioplacis is not in prevailing usage, therefore Leioplacis Chevrolat, 1843 remains the correct original spelling. (5) The accent on Dr Juan Brèthes’ name is often incorrect or missing. Brèthes described Henicotherus in volume 32 of the Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. Volume 32 claims it was published in 1928 but was published in 1929. The authority for Henicotherus is therefore Brèthes, 1929. (6) The authority previously known only as “Demay”, 1838 refers to Dr Aloysius François De Mey (1793–1870); we provide a short biography, portrait, and updated list of the species described by De Mey, 1838.

Abstract Solanaceae are a globally distributed family of considerable economic importance. Recent phylogenetic work on various clades in the family has resulted in a plethora of names at various taxonomic levels. This results in a confusing set of names applied to clades at different ranks, and to the use of informal names that are often not accepted in online resources. To solve this problem, we present here a phylogenetic classification following the PhyloCode for the Solanaceae. Traditional taxon names previously recognized at the ranks of tribe, genus, and section were maintained when associated with clades. We base our clade definitions on a newly constructed phylogeny of the family using 10 plastid and nuclear markers with a broad sampling of 1474 species, roughly half of the diversity of the family. We complement this marker‐based analysis with a phylogenomic analysis of 110 taxa (including 97 of the 103 genera in the family and the outgroup Ipomoea purpurea ) using the Angiosperms353 probe set. This pair of analyses produced highly concordant phylogenies and provided strong support for the clades included in the classification. In total, we propose and define rank‐free names for 38 major clades, including 16 infrageneric taxa within the mega‐diverse Solanum . This rank‐free system intends to promote name stability as new data become available, avoiding name changes to well‐known groups.

Caryophyllidean tapeworms (Cestoda) are widespread parasites of suckers (Catostomidae) in North America, but their phylogenetic relationships remain poorly understood. This study presents molecular data on species of the recently established genus Pseudoglaridacris Oros, Uhrovič et Scholz, 2018. The type species, P. laruei (Lamont 1921), a very common parasite of the white sucker Catostomus commersonii (Catostomidae) in North America, is characterised both molecularly and morphologically based on recently collected, properly fixed specimens from the type host (C. commersonii) and four species of redhorse (Moxostoma spp.), including new host and geographical records from Canada and the United States. Pseudoglaridacris laruei differs from other species in the genus by its size, being the largest species (body length up to 12.7 mm), a high number of testes (62–119) and very few (0–6) postovarian vitelline follicles. Mackiewiczus etowanum from Hypentelium etowanum and Mackiewiczus rarus from Moxostoma poecilurum in Alabama are nomina nuda. The taxonomic status of P. confusa (Hunter 1929), which occurs in ictiobines, and of P. oligorchis (Haderlie 1953), which is most probably a junior synonym of P. laruei with a reduced number of testes, is also discussed, based on molecular data indicating the presence of a putative new species from ictiobines that has not yet been described.

Pseudobombax petropolitanum first appeared in literature in the year 1905 as Pachira petropolitana Glaziou (nomen nudum) based on a single collection with only leaves and flower buds, and was largely overlooked in literature and herbaria for over a century. During fieldwork in the Atlantic Forest from southern Bahia, individuals of P. petropolitanum were discovered inhabiting rock outcrops (inselbergs), representing the first occurrence in northeastern Brazil. In this work, we provide a phenologically complete morphological description of P. petropolitanum, designate an epitype to permit a precise application of the name, and provide field photographs of vegetative, floral, fruit, and seed characters. We also present a distribution map, comments on taxonomic and ecological affinities with related species from the Atlantic Forest, and conservation notes on Atlantic Forest inselbergs from Bahia.

In the present work, morphological characteristics of species of the genus Stigmaeus Koch collected from the Karasu Valley in the Munzur Mountains (Türkiye) were examined. A total of 11 species of the Stigmaeus were identified in this study. Among them, S. dokeri, S. maraghehiensis and S. purpurascens are recorded for the first time from Türkiye. The protonymph and deutonymph stages of S. bifurcus, as well as the larva, protonymph and deutonymph stages of S. dokeri, are described for the first time. Furthermore, morphological variations were observed for the first time in S. dokeri and S. pulumurensis. The names Stigmaeus africanus Soliman & Gomaa, 1986, S. banksi Gomaa & Hassan, 1986, S. triramus Soliman & Gomaa, 1986 and S. zaheri Gomaa & Hassan, 1986 are considered nomina nuda. This study also highlights the importance of maintaining the current concept of the genus Stigmaeus for taxonomic stability. While the available molecular data suggest that some species may form distinct clades, single-locus analyses based on limited data sets are not yet considered sufficient to justify clear divisions at the genus level. Therefore, it has been suggested that a more balanced approach would be to cautiously consider the idea of dividing Stigmaeus into separate genera and to restructure it based on subgenera or natural species groups, in accordance with the concept of Berlese (1910), and the aim is to open this systematic framework for discussion. In this context, the proposal to reinterpret certain taxa such as Ledermuelleriopsis Willmann and Villersia Kuznetsov not as independent genera but as subgenera within Eustigmaeus Berlese has also been opened for discussion within the scope of this unifying approach. In conclusion, this study contributes to the diversity of Stigmaeus in Türkiye with new records, documents different developmental stages and morphological variation, clarifies the nomenclatural status of some species-names, and advocates a taxonomic framework that prioritises subgeneric re-structuring over generic-level splitting within Stigmaeidae systematics.

The genus Neolimnus Linnavuori, 1953 is revised and its differential diagnostic characters are given. Six species in two subgenera are reviewed. Neolimnus ageratus bicornis Heller & Linnavuori, 1968 is considered here to be a nomen nudum. A lectotype is designated for Deltocephalus ageratus Melichar, 1904. Two new species, Neolimnus eltorkeyi sp. nov. and Neolimnus jumanae sp. nov. are described. A key to subgenera and species is provided.

Genome-scale analyses of butterfly specimens across the Central Texas Suture Zone revealed that several taxa currently treated as subspecies exhibit genomic differentiation similar to that observed between species. Further investigation and genomic sequencing of additional specimens from across the ranges of these taxa support this conclusion and result in the following changes to nomenclature and taxonomy. Two new subspecies of Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815 are described: Asterocampa louisa monterra Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in Mexico: Nuevo León) and Asterocampa clyton plana Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: Texas, Denton Co.). The following taxa are recognized as species, not subspecies: Asterocampa louisa D. Stallings & Turner, 1947, stat. nov. (not Asterocampa clyton (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])), Libytheana bachmanii (Kirtland, 1851), stat. rest. and Libytheana larvata (Strecker, [1878]), stat. rest. (not Libytheana carinenta (Cramer, 1777)) in Nymphalidae; Polites (Wallengrenia) clavus (Erichson, [1849]), stat. rest. and Polites (Wallengrenia) jobrea (Dyar, 1918), stat. rest. (not Polites (Wallengrenia) otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)) in Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809. The following are valid subspecies, not junior subjective synonyms: Asterocampa clyton subpallida (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913), stat. rest. (not Asterocampa clyton texana (Skinner, 1911)), Asterocampa leilia cocles (Lintner, [1885]), stat. rev. (not Asterocampa leilia leilia (W. H. Edwards, 1874)), Asterocampa celtis montis (W. H. Edwards, 1883), stat. rest. and Asterocampa celtis jeffermont J. Scott & M. Fisher, 2008, stat. rest. (not Asterocampa celtis antonia (W. H. Edwards, [1878])), and Asterocampa celtis alicia (W. H. Edwards, 1868), stat. rev. (not Asterocampa celtis celtis (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])). Libytheana carinenta fulvescens (Lathy, 1904), stat. nov. is not a species but a subspecies-level taxon. Nomen nudum "Pamphila lacordairii, Boisd." published by Godman (1900) belongs in synonymy with Polites (Wallengrenia) clavus, stat. rest. and not with P. (W.) otho. A lectotype of Libythea larvata Strecker, [1878] (type locality in USA: Texas, Bexar Co.) is designated. Doxocopa laure laure (Drury, 1773) is recorded for the United States from southeastern Arizona. Taxonomic lists of Asterocampa Röber, 1916 and Libytheana Michener, 1943 are provided.

The Late Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia, preserves a diverse collection of Frasnian vertebrates, including the most diverse assemblage of lungfishes (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) from any geological period or locality. One enigmatic Gogo fossil known from a single specimen was originally dubbed Cainocara enigma Campbell and Barwick, 2011, interpreted as having osteichthyan affinity but otherwise considered not to belong to “any known described major systematic order”. Original interpretation of the specimen was hampered by its poor state of preservation, but thanks to increasing application of computed tomography, we can now use a more comprehensive comparative dataset, elucidating both internal and external anatomy, to study and visualise fossils more thoroughly than previously possible. Herein we show that the original orientation of the specimen was wrong, identify a kite-shaped parasphenoid and pterygoid bones that meet in their midline. We also reconstruct a partial digital cranial endocast, including portions of the inner ears, for comparison with other known endocasts from Gogo taxa, including the first cranial endocast of a holodontid lungfish ( Holodipterus gogoensis Miles, 1977). We now recognise Cainocara enigma, as a lungfish (order Dipnoi) based on anatomy revealed via CT, but concede that this enigmatic specimen most likely remains a nomen nudum and nomen dubium.

Our recent examination of museum collections has produced new data on the taxonomy and distribution of chigger mites parasitizing bat and bird hosts in Tropical Africa. Two new species are described in this article: Hypotrombidium nigeriense sp. n. from two bird species in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and Riedlinia (Trombigastia) maritzburgensis sp. n. from the Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat in the Republic of South Africa. An incompletely described species Neoschoengastia mirafra Radford, 1942 was redescribed based on the holotype and additional specimens from Nigeria. A subspecies, Heaslipia gateri africana Vercammen-Grandjean and Audy, 1957, was synonymized with Heaslipia gateri (Womersley and Heaslip, 1943). An undescribed species, Trombigastia wago (nomen nudum), proposed by Vercammen-Grandjean based on specimens collected from the Bates’s slit-faced bat in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was found to be identical with R. (T.) maritzburgensis sp. n. An undescribed species, Trombigastia asmaraensis (nomen nudum), proposed by Vercammen-Grandjean based on the specimens collected from an unidentified bat in Eritrea (currently the State of Eritrea), was synonymized with Riedlinia (Trombigastia) mounti (Radford, 1954), described from the same locality. Seven new country records and some new host records have been reported.

We describe two new species of Paradraconema from subtidal sediments of Korean waters: P. tamraense sp. nov. from Jeju Island and P. gangchii sp. nov. from Dokdo Island. Although the epithet tamraense had appeared previously in the literature, it was treated as a nomen nudum and therefore lacked nomenclatural availability under the ICZN. In this study, the species is newly and validly established based on a critical reassessment of the original material, supported by new line drawings and detailed observations using differential interference contrast (DIC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Paradraconema amraense sp. nov. is characterized by a slender body; pharyngeal annules bearing weakly developed longitudinal bars with smooth margins; a narrow lateral field at midbody; abundant and relatively long somatic setae; a head capsule partially covered with vacuolated ornamentation; an amphidial fovea that is elongate loop-shaped in males and circular, unispiral in females; eleven cephalic adhesion tubes (CAT); and comparatively long sublateral adhesion tubes (SlAT) and subventral adhesion tubes (SvAT). Paradraconema gangchii sp. nov. is characterized by a slender body; cuticle ornamentation with numerous longitudinal bars bearing finely crenulated margins in the pharyngeal region; sparse and short somatic setae; a head capsule fully covered with vacuolar ornamentation (reticulate under SEM); an amphidial fovea that is elongate loop-shaped in males and circular, unispiral, slightly over one coil in females; relatively short spicules (36–46 µm); eleven CAT; and relatively short SlAT and SvAT. SEM revealed several fine morphological features not previously documented in the genus, including the precise number and arrangement of CAT and detailed structures of the cuticle ornamentation and lip region. This study provides comprehensive SEM-based documentation for Paradraconema, increases the number of valid species in the genus to thirteen, and enhances our understanding of draconematid diversity in the northwestern Pacific.

Here we present a list of 355 aphid species belonging to 118 genera within 21 tribes of 11 subfamilies in 3 families. For each species, distribution data in Georgia with relevant literature is provided. Of these aphid taxa, 98 species belonging to 47 genera within 2 families are recorded as pests of cultivated plants. Three aphid genera, 17 aphid species and one subspecies were described from Georgia. The genera Loniceraphis and Pseudacaudella and Shivaphis nine species (Calaphis flava, Cinara cedri, Clethrobius comes, Forda formicaria, Loniceraphis paradoxa, Protrama radicis, Pseudacaudella rubida, Semiaphis pimpinellae and Shivaphis celti) are recorded from Georgia for the first time. Nomina dubia, nomina nuda and doubtful records of aphids from Georgia are discussed.

Descriptions of four new species of the genus Opisthocystis Sekera, 1911 are given, including Opisthocystis zaytsevae Krivorotkin et Timoshkin sp. n., Opisthocystis strictostylus Krivorotkin et Timoshkin sp. n., Opisthocystis sekeri Krivorotkin et Timoshkin sp. n., and Opisthocystis tenuistylus Krivorotkin et Timoshkin sp. n., all of them are endemic to Lake Baikal. The first three species were found in the coastal zone of the lake: O. zaytsevae in the shallow waters of Bolshoy Ushkaniy Island; O. strictostylus in the shallow waters of Ayaya Bay (northern basin) and opposite the village of Khuzhir (Olkhon Island, Maloye More Strait); and O. sekeri in the shallow waters of Onokochanskaya Bay (northern basin). O. tenuistylus was discovered on the underwater Akademichesky Ridge at a depth of about 350 m. Illustrated descriptions, differential diagnoses, and brief information on their distribution and ecology are provided for all new species. New extensive information is provided on the morphology and zoogeography of three rare and poorly studied endemic Baikal species of the same genus. These are Opisthocystis multifidus (Nasonov, 1935), Opisthocystis octopropagostylus Lukhnev et Timoshkin, 2014, and Opisthocystis cf. umylinae Timoshkin, 2010. Brief illustrated descriptions and generalized information on their distribution are provided for all species. The taxonomic status of five Baikal species—Opisthocystis bilobatus Nasonov, 1935, Opisthocystis bicurvatus Nasonov, 1935, Opisthocystis campanulatus Nasonov, 1935, Opisthocystis irregularis Nasonov, 1935, and Opisthocystis trifida Nasonov, 1935—is discussed. The diagnoses of these species include only very brief descriptions of the distal stylet ends, with schematic drawings provided for three of them. It was impossible to reliably identify the species listed by N.V. Nasonov. To confirm this, we provide the author’s original drawings and descriptions. As part of the revision of the Opisthocystis fauna in Baikal, we have to assign the status of nomen nudum to these five species. The paper provides their up-to-date list that includes 41 species, with the origin of 40 of them associated with Lake Baikal.

Abstract Jupiter’s icy moon Europa is an ocean world that is a prime candidate in our search for potential extraterrestrial habitability and life beyond Earth. Europa’s surface hosts many features proposed to originate from brine sources within its icy shell, which may represent the most accessible liquid water bodies within our solar system. An intriguing possible example is the asterisk-shaped “spider” at the center of Manannán crater, identified by the Galileo mission, for which we propose the informal name Damhán Alla. We present a new formation hypothesis for Damhán Alla based on morphological analysis and preliminary analog modeling. We suggest that the feature may originate from a process similar to that forming dendritic “lake stars;” seasonal features found on frozen ponds and lakes on Earth, but under elevated post-impact pressure and temperature conditions. We present laboratory experiments performed in a liquid nitrogen-cooled glove box at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which indicate that similar patterns can form in Europa granular ice simulant under lower-temperature regimes expected after impact, and we present initial calculations to describe the hypothesized process.

Alaria is a small genus of diplostomids that infect the intestines of mammalian definitive hosts. The life cycles of Alaria spp. require amphibian second intermediate hosts. However, snakes and small mammals often serve as paratenic hosts, and humans may be accidental dead-end paratenic hosts. Recently, the genus was expanded to include members of the former genus Pharyngostomoides, which primarily parasitizes common raccoon Procyon lotor. In the present study, we collected representatives of several Alaria spp. from amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in Georgia, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Wisconsin. Newly collected and previously available materials were used for morphological and molecular study. Additional specimens, including type series, were morphologically examined from various museums, teaching, and personal collections in North and South America. These archival specimens were critical in helping evaluate species diversity and assess potential evolutionary patterns of the genus. We provide descriptions of 3 new Alaria spp., 2 of them are based on new and museum specimens from common raccoons in Georgia and Minnesota, and the third new species is described based on museum specimens only from a mountain lion Puma concolor in Paraguay. The morphology of a species-level genetic lineage likely representing a new species is described based on specimens from a fisher Pekania pennanti in Wisconsin. Descriptions of Alaria procyonis (new material), Alaria marcianae (previously sequenced museum specimens), and Alaria nasuae (museum material; first description from wild-collected host) are provided. A redescription of Alaria adenocephala is provided based on type materials. Fragments of 3 genetic loci (28S + ITS region rDNA and COI mtDNA) were sequenced for the new materials (4 species; 1 species-level lineage). The name Alaria nattereri Lutz, 1933 is considered a nomen nudum. New sequences (ITS region and COI) of several previously studied Alaria isolates (5 species; 2 species-level lineages) were generated, along with the mitochondrial genome of Alaria ovalis, one of the species from raccoons. These DNA sequences were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships among Alaria spp. In total, our study increases the number of nominal Alaria spp. known from 10 to 14, of which 12 are limited to the Americas. A new key to Alaria spp. based on adult morphology is provided.

Cubitermitinae species whose workers have enteric valves of the fungifaber and finitimus patterns were previously gathered into the genus Isognathotermes. Here, we revise this genus, combining the morphological and anatomical features of all castes, as well as the species’ chorological, ecological, and phylogenetic (mitogenome) characteristics in an integrative taxonomic approach. In addition to the genetic signature, the best morphological criteria for generic recognition are found in the workers’ EVA (enteric valve architecture) and the spinosity of the fore coxae of the workers, and the best criteria for specific recognition are found in (a) the valve and caecum of the workers, (b) the caecum, dimensions of the head, and curvature of the mandibles of the soldiers, and (c) the dimensions of the head and the relative dimensions of eyes and ocelli of the imagines. After revision, only eight of the 22 known taxa remain valid, 14 known taxa become junior synonyms, and one is considered as incertae sedis; six new morphologically recognizable species, one cryptic species and four new subspecies are described. The mitogenome of 12 out of the 15 valid species have been sequenced. The following described species are considered valid: I. bulbifrons (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. finitimus (Schmitz, 1916), I. fungifaber (Sjöstedt, 1896), I. minitabundus (Sjöstedt, 1913), I. planifrons (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. severus (Silvestri, 1914), I. ugandensis (Fuller, 1923) and I. zenkeri (Desneux, 1904). The following species are described as new: I. acristatus Josens & Deligne sp. nov., I. modicus Josens & Deligne sp. nov., I. magniplanifrons Josens & Deligne sp. nov., I. phallicaecalis Josens & Deligne sp. nov., I. phalloides Josens & Deligne sp. nov., I. rectimalatus Josens & Deligne sp. nov., and I. similifinitimus Josens & Deligne sp. nov. Four new subspecies of I. ugandensis are recognized: I. ugandensis burundii Josens & Deligne subsp. nov., I. ugandensis kenyae Josens & Deligne subsp. nov., I. ugandensis malawii Josens & Deligne subsp. nov., and I. ugandensis ugandensis Josens & Deligne subsp. nov. The following species are considered junior synonyms: I. antennalis (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. banksi (Emerson, 1928), I. comstocki (Emerson, 1928), I. fungifaber var. elongata (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. gaigei (Emerson, 1928), I. gibbifrons (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. heghi (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. kemneri (Emerson, 1928), I. loubetsiensis (Sjöstedt, 1924), I. modestior (Silvestri, 1914), I. schmidti (Emerson, 1928), I. silvestrii (Sjöstedt, 1925), I. speciosus (Sjöstedt, 1924), and I. subarquatus (Sjöstedt, 1926). Are considered as incertae sedis: I. bredoi (nomen nudum), I. congoensis (Emerson, 1928), an “I. aff. planifrons” (undescribed), and an unknown Isognathotermes from Malawi (undescribed). GenBank accessions: see Suppl. file 3 and ‘Material examined’ of each chapter.

We recently published the description of a new agelenid spider Tegenaria amirani (Seropian, Bulbulashvili et Makharadze 2025). However, no holotype depository was indicated in the paper. This is mandatory after 1999 according to the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and the new species name would be a nomen nudum and unavailable (ICZN 1999: Art. 16.4.2). In this corrigendum, we indicate the holotype depository, which we did not include in the original paper. We thank Theo Blick (Hummeltal, Germany) for kindly pointing out this error. To rectify this oversight, we hereby provide the missing depository information: the holotype and all paratypes bearing the sample code CaBOL-ID are deposited in the deposited in the scientific collections of Ilia State University, Georgia, Tbilisi.

We discuss how specimens of the Javan Spitting Cobra (Naja sputatrix) were collected by Caspar Reinwardt in 1819 or 1820 and first described by Heinrich Boie in an unpublished manuscript entitled Erptologie de Java. The species finally attained nomenclatural validity in a publication by Heinrichs brother Friedrich Boie in 1827. Based on the information presented by F. Boie, we located and examined all specimens in the Naturalis collection (Leiden) that could be part of the N. sputatrix type series and found that none conformed to the description of F. Boies types. We also checked collection data of other European museums (Paris, London, Berlin), but could not identify any specimen from the original type series. We conclude that there is currently no name-bearing type to underpin the binomen N. sputatrix and that a neotype would need to be proposed should the taxonomic necessity arise. We also determined that, by his mention of the binomen Coluber castaneus in his discussion of these snakes, F. Boie coined a nomen nudum. During our specimen and literature work, we were also able to ascertain that Elaps fuscus Merrem, 1820 is a senior synonym of Naja sputatrix Boie, 1827, but a nomen oblitum. Lastly, in order to stabilize the nomenclature of Asian spitting cobras, we designate a specimen collected by Reinwardt on Java (RMNH.RENA.1330) as the lectotype for Naja tripudians sondaica Schlegel, 1844.

Abstract Against a background of the climate and biodiversity crises, there is an urgent need for robust and citable biodiversity information for policy and management decisions. Species are fundamental units of biodiversity and underpin communication in biology. Delineating, describing, and naming species provide the foundation for tracking biodiversity. Taxonomists recognise over 2 million described species, the scientific names of which follow provisions of codes of nomenclature, providing stability for communication about biodiversity. However, described species represent only a fraction of global biodiversity. Current advances in the fields of molecular biology and the growing use of image-based identifications have resulted in an explosion of informal species names globally, herein referred to as temporary names, increasing the rate of discovery of undescribed species and cryptic species complexes. We define two categories of temporary names: Type 1 names that are delineated in a local context but not further assessed; and Type 2 names that have been taxonomically assessed and recognised as either new or part of an unresolved species complex. We explore the different types and uses of temporary names, indicate how they can be managed in a robust and standardised manner and demonstrate how biodiversity databases, such as WoRMS, can be expanded to allow the tracking of both formal and informal scientific names. We propose a solution for the expanding problem of temporary names by defining and recommending the addition of Type 2 temporary names to nomenclatural databases such as WoRMS. We provide practical recommendations on how such names should be selected for entry and then entered to databases in a standardised way. These recommendations are a small step forward, but their broad adoption would support the robust integration of informal and formal taxonomies.

The article examines the development and changes in the place names of a compact forest area in Võrumaa. The author collected nature and field names in the neighbouring area in the 1990s (1996 and 2003) and names of forest places from members of Sõmerpalu hunting section in 2023. In the latter case, special attention was paid to specific toponymy used mostly by hunters. To give the subject of name changes more temporal depth, the aim was to study all available historical maps. The names on the maps reflect mainly the economic emphases of their era. On the 1815 map of Vaabina Manor, the names of the streams and meadows are carefully recorded, as was generally typical in the earlier, 18th century, tradition. The forest map of 1876 already shows the aim to manage the manor forest mainly for timber. Consequently, the forest areas on the map are named often. A particularly rich assortment of meadow names in one corner of the forest is recorded on a 1929 map which already deals with recording the ownership situation after the land reform of the Republic of Estonia. Both 20th-century peasant forest toponymy and 21st-century hunter toponymy have preserved elements of older names. A new generic was added often, e.g. Turbaorg ‘peat valley’ > Turbaoru tsiht ‘peat valley aisle’. Elliptical transfer is variable, e.g. Lahaspoolõsuu ‘(carpenter’s) split blank moor’ > meadow Lahaspuul ‘split blank’, aisle Lahaspoolõ tsiht ‘split blank aisle’. One third (33%) of the names on the two oldest manor maps were still in use during the 1996–2003 fieldwork. However, the percentage of names that contained elements from older names was 44%. At the time of the 2023 fieldwork, 22% of the old map names were still in use. Of the 69 names collected, 32% contained elements of the old map names. The change between the 1996–2003 and 2023 collections was reflected in the fact that 74% of the names from the earlier collection had survived. For the new place names, mainly two naming principles have been used: orientation by the informal name of a farm near the forest and naming based on what can be seen on the place. In general, the need for names in hunting management communication remains high. Older hunters are reasonably aware that names in forest change over time and that they also remember names that have been forgotten in practical use. Artiklis uuritakse kohanimede muutumist väikesel, aga küllalt rikkaliku kohanimistuga metsaalal. Uurimismaterjali on kogutud nii kirjalikest kui ka suulistest allikatest. Kirjalik materjal pärineb 19. ja 20. sajandi kaarti­delt. Suulises kasutuses olevaid kohanimesid on kogutud 1996. ja 2003. aastal eakatelt põliselanikelt, kuid 2023. aastal ainult kohalikelt jahimeestelt. artiklis esitatakse kogu leitud nimematerjal. Selgub, et kaarditegijate, maaharijate ja jahimeeste nimetamisvajadus on erinev. On vaadeldud, millise tempoga nimed muutuvad, kuidas olemasolevate nimede alusel moodustatakse uusi nimesid ning mida jahimehed ise arvavad enda kasutatud kohanimedest. Ka täiesti uute kohanimede tekkimises tuuakse välja mõned kõige levinumad nimeandmispõhi­mõtted. Tegemist on Eestis esimese nimeteadusliku käsitlusega, milles uuritakse ühe professionaalse ala esindajate kohanimekasutust.

New identification traits of Tracheliastes maculatus (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae), a parasite of bream, Abramis brama (Cyprinidae).