On Power Calculation for First and Second Strong Channel Users in M-user NOMA System

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and backscatter communication are two emerging technologies for low-power communication. In this thesis, we consider a NOMA backscatter system, where signals from two backscatter devices are multiplexed on a frequency resource block using NOMA in each time slot. Our objective is to maximize the average energy efficiency by optimizing backscatter device pairing, reflection coefficients of backscatter devices, and the transmit power of the reader. We formulate the average energy efficiency maximization problem subject to the minimum circuit power requirements of the backscatter devices and the transmit power constraint of the reader. The formulated problem is nonconvex. To obtain a suboptimal solution for this problem, we use alternating optimization technique and decompose the problem into two subproblems. The subproblems are solved by using fractional programming, Dinkelbach’s algorithm, and successive convex approximation method. We further extend the average energy efficiency maximization problem formulation by considering the minimum data rate requirements of backscatter devices. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm converges quickly to a suboptimal solution. Our proposed algorithm increases the average energy efficiency of the system by 20% and 8% when compared with the fixed device pairing scheme and genetic algorithm, respectively. In addition to the average energy efficiency as the objective, we also study maximizing the spectral efficiency of NOMA backscatter system. Simulation results show that backscatter system with NOMA achieves a spectral efficiency which is 65% higher than that of the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme.

Energy efficiency optimization algorithm for heterogeneous NOMA network based on imperfect CSI

Resource allocation for NOMA based D2D underlaid cellular networks

Channel Capacity for NOMA Weak Channel User and Capacity Region for NOMA with Gaussian Mixture Interference

Objective To compare the clinicopathologic features of different types of early gastric cancer （ EGC）, and to investigate the risk factors of lymph node metastasis （LNM） and to explore the possi- bility of endospic resection（ER）. Methods The clinical data of the 524 EGC patients who underwent a curative gastrostomy between January 2000 and May 2011 in the hospital were analyzed, retrospectively. Clinieopathologic features were compared between different histological types and investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis for their possible relationship with LNM. Results Tumor size and depth of tumor invasion for signet ring cell cancers were significantly different from differentiated cancers and poorly differen- tiated cancers. The incidence of LNM for signet ring cell carcinoma was lower than poorly differentiated car- cinoma （9. 7% vs. 22. 2% ,P 〈 0. 05）, but not significantly different compared to differentiated cancers （ 13.1% ,42/321, P =0. 406）. Tumor size （P =0. 007）, depth of tumor invasion （P =0. 000）, histologi- cal ~ type （ P = 0. 030 ） , lymphatic involvement （ P = 0. 000 ） and ulceration （ P = 0. 002 ） showed positive correlations with LNM by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that depth of tumor invasion （ P = 0. 007 ）, tumor size （ P = 0. 010 ）, histological type （ P = 0. 000 ）, and lymphatic involvement （ P = 0. 000） were independent risk factors of LNM. In signet ring cell carcinoma with mucosal invasion andwithout lympatic involvement, which were less than 2 cm in tumor diameter, no LNM was detected. Conclusion Early signet ring cell cacinoma has different clinicopathologic features from differentiated carci- noma and poorly differentiated carcinoma. We propose early signet ring intramucosal EGC 2 cm or less in size without lymphatic involvement can be performed by ER. Key words: Early gastric cancer; Lymph node metastasis ; Risk factors; Endoscopic resection

Objective To analyze the correlation between the levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg)and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with cervical squamous carcinoma.To study the relationship of serum SCCAg levels of patients with recurrent cervical squamous carcinoma and disease prognosis and to investigate the survival rate of patients with recurrent cervical squamous carcinoma.Method ELISA method was used to determine the serum SCCAg levels for the patients,which included 300 cases before treatment and 500 cases after treatment.Results(1)Single factor analysis indicated that,before the treatment,the serum SCCAg levels were closely related to clinical stages,lymphatic metastasis,and deep myometrial invasion (t =3.01,P ＜ O.05 ; t =6.81,P ＜ 0.001 ; t =3.01,P ＜ 0.05 ; respectively).However,they were not related to patient's age,vascular embolization and tumor growth type(t =0.77,t =1.12,t =1.06 ; respectively,all P ＞ 0.05).Multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that the pretreatment SCCAg levels of patients were related to clinical stages,cavum pelvis lymphatic metastasis and myometrial invasion(x2 =2.88,P =0.0084; x2 =2.612,P =0.0156; x2 =2.570,P =0.0171 ; respectively).(2)Overall,recurrent disease developed in 180 of the 500 patients with cervical squamous carcinoma.One hundred and sixty-one recurrent patients showed elevated SCCAg levels(161/180,89.4％).For the 60 patients who showed elevated.SCCAg levels without any clinical symptoms as well as no sign of tumors by iconography,the median time for signs of elevating levels of serum SCCAg was 2.3 months.The longest time range was 150d between the increasing levels of the tumor markers and the appearance of the imaging features of pachygyria while the patients condition was going on.The 160 patients out of the 180 cases with recurrent cervical squamous carci noma who were followed up had a median survival time of 9 months,with an average of 20 months.The total 3 year survival rate and 5 year survival rate was respectively 23.4％ and 17.8％.(3)Single factor analysis indicated that recurrent patients’clinical stages,recurrent region and recurrent post treatment SCCAg levels were closely related with patients' survival time(x2 =10.26,P＜0.005; x2 =14.65,P ＜0.005; x2 =8.97,P＜0.01; respectively).There was no statistical difference between the survival rate of recurrent patients with increased SCCAg level and patients without increased SCCAg levels(x2 =0.89,P ＞ 0.05).Multiple factor analysis indicated that the clinical stages,recurrent post treatment SCCAg levels of patients with recurrence were independent prognostic factors(x2 =10.3372,P =0.0013 ; x2 =4.3889,P =0.0362; respectively).Conclusion The pretreatment SCCAg levels are closely related to patients'clinical stages,cavum pelvis lymphatic metastasis and deep myometrial invasion.Serum SCCAg levels are important for the advanced detection of cervical squamous carcinoma recurrence and prognosis prediction. Key words: Uterine cervical neoplasms; Neoplasms,squamous cell; Prognosis; Squamous cell carcinoma antigen

Objective To explore the biological features of colorectal adenoma with chicken-skin mucosa （CSM） and its clinical significance. Methods Expression of cell proliferation markers （ Ki-67 and COX-2） and apoptosis-related factors （survivin and caspase-3 ） in normal colorectal mucosa, eolorectal ade- noma without CSM, colorectal adenoma with CSM and coloreetal adenocarcinoma were detected by immuno- histochemistry SP method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results Immunohistochemi- cal results revealed a decreased trend in expressions of Ki-67 and COX-2 from colorectal adenocarcinoma through colorectal adenoma with and without CSM to normal eoloreetal mucosa, while the expressions of sur- vivin and easpase-3 showed an increased trend. By ELISA, the expressions of Ki-67, COX-2, surviving and caspase-3 showed no significant difference （ P 〉 0.05 ） between colorectal adeuoma with CSM and colorectal adenocarcima, while these variables were significantly different （ P 〈 0. 05 ） between colorectal adenoma with and without CSM, so as well between normal colorectal mucosa and other 3 groups. Conclusion The bio- logical characteristics of colorectal adenoma with CSM are different from those without, showing an activated cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis with increased carcinogenesis risk. Key words: Adenoma,colon ; Neoplasia ; Cell proliferation ; Apoptosis ; Chicken-skin mucosa

Medial canthal distance (MCD) (inner canthal distance) refers to the distance between the two medial canthal of the eyes, while lateral canthal distance (LCD) (outer canthal distance) is the distance between the two laterals canthal of the eye. Accurate measurements of these distances are necessary for the diagnosis of true ocular hypertelorism and a guide in both reconstructive surgery and orthodontic treatment. The study was carried out on unrepaired cleft lip and palate (CLAP) patients, who presented for surgical repair at NOMA children hospital Sokoto, Nigeria before surgery. Results of the measurements were compared with previously documented normal values in the Nigerian population of the same age group. The result of the study shows that medial and LCDs in CLAP patients was higher than normal population (P < 0.01). When comparing type of clefts, MCD was highest in unilateral cleft lip. Medial and lateral distances in isolated cleft palate were comparable to normal values which are in agreement with previous studies. Although medial and lateral canthal measurements are less accurate than inter – orbital measurements which are from radiograph and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), however they are simple to use for standard clinical workups. This study suggests a tendency to true ocular hypertelorism in CLAP patients and not isolated cleft palate which is relevant in the surgical and orthodontic management of these patients. Key words: Canthal distances, cleft lip, palate.

The mutations and deletions of the MTS1/ p16 gene are widespread in a variety of human tumor tissues. It has been shown that p16 plays an important role in the formation and development of cholangiocarcinoma as research on cholangiocarcinoma has progressed over the years, and it is thought that the abnormai expression of p16 in highly in- volved in cholangiocarcinoma related diseases. All these findings indicate that p16 is closely related to cholangiocarci noma. Early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is still poor, so p16 may be a qualitative and quantitative tumor marker of high diagnostic value and may provide an opportunity for some new therapeutic methods such as targeted therapy. It can achieve the purpose of early diagnosis and early treatment to enhance the survival rate of patients. Key words: Cholangiocarcinoma; Tumor suppressor genes

The energy spectrum, composition and arrival directions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with energy above the cosmic ray ankle, measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory, are inconsistent if their origin is assumed to be extragalactic. Their observed properties, however, are those expected from UHECRs accelerated by the highly relativistic jets emitted in Galactic gamma ray bursts, most of which are beamed away from Earth. If this alternative interpretation is correct, the observed break in the energy spectrum of UHECRs around 50 EeV is not the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff but the energy threshold for free escape of ultrahigh energy iron cosmic rays from the Galaxy. Above their free-escape threshold-energy, UHECR nuclei should point back to their Galactic sources or their remnants.

Adjuvant Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Colonic Carcinoma.

目的研究人IL-2、IFN-γ基因修饰对肝癌、胆管癌细胞株免疫原性的影响.方法构建携带人IL-2、IFN-γ cDNA的逆转录病毒表达载体,导入人肝癌HepG2或胆管癌QBC939细胞系,运用Western Blot和ELISA法分析导入IFN-γ基因的靶细胞MHCⅠ类分子的表达,淋巴细胞杀伤试验和肿瘤细胞在裸鼠体内的成瘤性改变,研究导入目的基因的肿瘤细胞免疫原性的变化.结果WesternBlot和ELISA分析,证明导入IFN-γ基因后瘤细胞MHC Ⅰ类分子表达水平增加,并能增强HLA A2位点相匹配肝癌、胆管癌病人外周血淋巴细胞杀伤亲本瘤细胞的活性;导入IL-2基因瘤细胞在裸鼠体内成瘤性降低.结论IL-2和IFN-γ基因修饰能增强肝癌HepG2、胆管癌QBC939细胞系的免疫原性.

Cases of healed noma: Gino Frontali. Clinica Odontoiatrica 4: 293, 1949

Treatment of noma with penicillin: A. R. Klossner. Ann. Chir. Gyn. fenn. 35: 5, 1946

Simplified method of rotating skin and mucous membrane flaps for complete reconstruction of the lower lip