NLO Device Research Articles

Enhancement of optical, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties with Hirshfeld surface analysis of organic piperazine para-nitrophenol crystals: An effective material for NLO device fabrication

Exploring the diversity of materials and improving their usage in real-time applications is very important. Here, the organic piperazine para-nitrophenol (PPNP) single crystals were successfully grown using methanol and mixed solvent (methanol 50%-water 50%) by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Single and poly-crystal XRD, UV–visible, and FT-IR/Raman studies revealed that the PPNP compound is monoclinic centro-symmetric (CS) with low cutoff wavelength and various functional groups. Fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed that the intense peak was observed in the red region. Hirshfeld surface analysis, fingerprint plot and framework explore the strength of the synthesized compounds' intermolecular interactions. The melting point of grown crystals was about 114 °C by thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal (TG-DTA) analyses. A chemical etching study was carried out on the grown crystal. Nd: YAG laser beam was used to evaluate the laser damage value of the crystal. The dielectric constant (ε՛) and dielectric loss (ε՛՛) of crystals have been studied as a function of frequency and temperatures. The PPNP has a third harmonic generation active crystal structure and exhibits featured absorption and fluorescent properties. A Z-scan technique characterized the improved third-order optical nonlinear properties of the crystal. It is a promising aspirant in optoelectronic devices as it enhancement the linear and nonlinear, encouraging results of organic PPNP.

An organic (4-nitrophenyl) methionine single crystal: growth, optical properties and quantum chemical investigations for NLO device fabrication

An organic (4-nitrophenyl) methionine single crystal: growth, optical properties and quantum chemical investigations for NLO device fabrication

Investigating optical, electrical, and mechanical traits of thiourea admixtured KDP single crystals to explore NLO device applications

Investigating optical, electrical, and mechanical traits of thiourea admixtured KDP single crystals to explore NLO device applications

Promising computational, structural, vibrational and optical properties of piperazinium bis(2-carboxypyridine)monohydrate (PBCPM) crystal for NLO device applications

The Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST) was used to produce a single crystal of piperazinium bis(2-carboxypyridine)monohydrate (PBCPM). The lattice parameters and molecular structure of the grown crystal were determined using Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction. The intramolecular and intermolecular interactions were visualised using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The B3LYP level of theory with a 6–31++G (d,p) basis set was used to compute the Molecular optimised geometry. The FT-IR and FT-R spectral studies that have been reported look at the modes of vibration of various functional groups in the PBCPM crystal. The grown crystal has a high transmittance in the entire visible field, according to UV–vis transmittance reports. Based on the finite-field approach, the polarizability and hyperpolarizability of PBCPM is determined using the DFT-B3LYP method and the 6–311G(d,p) basis set. The Z-scan technique is used to perform third order NLO studies on the PBCPM crystal. The result discussed confirms that PBCPM crystal is a potential candidate for future NLO device applications.

Influence of potassium bromide on the growth of succinic acid crystals

Succinic acid doped with KBr crystals with attractive optical property like non linearity was grown by proper synthesis. The crystal was grown by utilizing slow evaporation technique from the solution taking water as solvent. At room temperature the growth of crystal arises maintain constant rate of evaporation results in a formation of transparent crystals with high optical quality. Non volatile devices with high memory fabricated with ferroelectric materials observers the concentration of the researchers. Actually the ferroelectric materials have sufficient capability function as an actuator with high permittivity, good piezoelectric behaviour to create new NLO device. The following investigations were carried out to confirm the grown crystals. Single crystal and Powder X-ray diffraction studies were carried out to confirm the crystal structure, UV–Visible studies for transparency and TGA/DSC for thermal stability. Finally the NLO property was determined by SHG efficiency.

Growth and Characterization of Potassium succinate crystal

Potassium succinate single crystals with attractive optical property like non linearity were grown by proper synthesis. The crystal was grown by utilizing slow evaporation technique from the solution taking water as solvent. At room temperature the growth of crystal arises maintain constant rate of evaporation results in a formation of transparent crystals with high optical quality. Non volatile devices with high memory fabricated with ferroelectric materials observers the concentration of the researchers. Actually the ferroelectric materials have sufficient capability function as an actuator with high permittivity, good piezoelectric behaviour to create new NLO device. The following investigations were carried out to confirm the grown crystals. Single crystal and Powder X-ray diffraction studies were carried out to confirm the crystal structure, Uv-Visible studies for transparency and TGA/DSC for thermal stability. Finally the NLO property was determined by SHG efficiency.

XRD, CHNSO, fluorescence, filter-influx, NLO, photoconductivity, hardness and helical spring-fabricated device stress analysis of 2′-chloro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzil (CMNB) crystal of different scalings for opto-electronic filter and band gap engineering utilities

2′-Chloro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzil (CMNB) crystals are grown by solution growth method, and organic crystalline materials are utilized due to their enhanced applications as frequency multipliers, phase matched equipments, etc. CMNB is utilized in electronic and mechanical sectors based on the filter, fluorescence (FL), tribological and also by NLO studies. The single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) of CMNB shows the formula as C15H10ClNO5 and the lattice parameters are a = 7.8560 A, b = 8.1005 A, c = 12.4964 A, α = 74.90°, β = 74.81°, γ = 68.59°, crystalline system is triclinic, space group as Pī. Here, the crystals are analyzed with XRD, CHNSO, fluorescence (FL), filter influx, NLO, hardness and photoconductivity nature and also for fabricated device stress analysis methods by surface interaction tool as a mechano utility in instrumental industries.

Growth, characterization and theoretical parameter study of benzimidazole L-tartrate single crystal: a nonlinear optical material

Good quality, non-hygroscopic and transparent crystals of organic benzimidazole L-tartrate (BILT) were grown successfully with a slow evaporation method. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns were analysed with Powder-X software which confirms the monoclinic crystal structure. The charge distribution, transport mechanism and intramolecular bonding mechanism have been investigated with the help of natural bond orbital analysis and molecular electrostatic potential diagram. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed with the help of FTIR–ATR response. The values were compared with the values obtained from computational output with the help of Gaussian software. The crystalline quality was further analysed with UV–visible spectral analysis. The lower cut-off wavelength of 288 nm and further optical parameters like band gap, change in refractive index with wavelength and extinction coefficient values support the usage of the material for optoelectronic devices. With band gap of 4.2 eV, the reactivity of material has been observed with the HOMO and LUMO study. The TGA and DTA analyses confirm the thermal stability of the material up to 192°C. The lower dielectric constant and lower dielectric loss support the usage of the material for an NLO device. The hopping motion and Joncher’s power law parameters were also obtained. The material decomposes in single-phase which observes in a range of 180–250°C. The second harmonic generation capacity of the material is found to be 2.69 times that of the KDP with the help of Kurtz and Perry powder technique.

Development of organic crystalline nature guanidinium nitrate (GuN): structural, frontier molecular orbital, optical, thermal, mechanical, theoretical and experimental SHG and Z-scan properties for NLO device uses

A transparent organic crystalline material guanidinium nitrate (GuN) was fruitfully harvested. Structure of GuN was verified by SXRD and its monoclinic system with Cm space group. Optical nature of GuN was confirmed by T%, n, ∆n and optical limiting. Strength nature of the GuN was tested by optical and mechanical hardness. The energy gap, global reactivity descriptors, linear and non-linear optical parameters were calculated at B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level. Second- and third-order effective non-linearity was deliberated experimentally.

Glycine doped L-Alanine sodium sulphate single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

ABSTRACT The optically good superiority of NLO transparent 2 mol % of glycine doped L-Alanine sodium sulphate (LASS) single crystals were effectively developed by slow evaporation method. The crystalline nature of LASS and GLASS crystals were confirmed via XRD pattern and the diffraction peaks were well-indexed in the standard values. The FT-IR and FT-NMR spectroscopy studies were qualitatively established by the existence of all the functional groups through their atomic configurations in the molecular structure too. From the UV-Visible optical absorbance studies, the value of bandgap was determined at 5.22 and 5.51 eV for LASS and GLASS crystals sensibly. The SHG proficiency for GLASS crystal was measured using Nd: YAG laser and the value found to be 1.09 times superior to that of standard KDP material. The good structural, optical, thermal and SHG efficiency outcomes specified that the GLASS crystals might be very beneficial for NLO device applications.

Determination of SHG deff by Maker fringes studies on unidirectional grown guanidinium chlorochromate single crystal for NLO device applications

Optically good-quality, organometallic bulk single crystal of guanidinium chlorochromate (GCC) was fruitfully grown by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method. Translucent (− 1 − 1 2) aligned unidirectional bulk single crystals of diameter 20 mm and length maximum up to 48 mm were grown over the growth period of 23 days with growth rate of 1 mm/day by the SR method. Optical studies reveal very high transmission of the crystal along the growth axis. Microhardness measurement along the growth axis enounces high mechanical stability of the crystal. Laser damage threshold value of 1.11 GW/cm2 has been determined using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser radiation for GCC single crystal and reported for the first time. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of GCC crystal was investigated by the SHG Maker fringes technique. The refractive index and birefringence value of GCC crystal were found.

Influence of Zn2+ on laser induced optical and electrical traits of KH2PO4 crystal for NLO device applications

Pure (KH2PO4, KDP) and zinc (Zn2+) influenced KH2PO4 (Zn-KDP) crystal have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The structural details of grown crystals were determined by means of powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The incorporation of Zn2+ in KDP crystal has been qualitatively analyzed by virtue of energy dispersive spectroscopy. The paramount linear optical constant of pure and Zn-KDP crystals have been illustrated using the transmission data from UV–vis spectral analysis recorded within range 200−900 nm. Kurtz–Perry test reveals the enhancement of 1.55 times in SHG efficiency of Zn-KDP crystal with reference to KDP. First ever, third order nonlinear optical (TONLO) parameters of Zn-KDP crystal has been investigated using Z-scan technique. Laser withstanding limit of Zn-KDP crystal has been determined by laser damage threshold (LDT) study. The dielectric response of pure and Zn-KDP crystals has been investigated at different temperatures. Microscopic etching study was employed to evaluate the crystal quality of grown crystal.

L-Ornithine Monohydrochloride Doped Zinc Tris-Thiourea Sulphate Single Crystals for NLO Applications

In the current study, transparent and bulk sized L-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHC) added zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (LOMHC-ZTS) single crystals are synthesized successfully by utilizing slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The obtained crystals are belonging to the orthorhombic system confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique (SXRD). The strain produced due to dopant inside the crystal and crystallite size is estimated by using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data. The impact of LOMHC on the optical properties of ZTS has been studied in detail. It is observed that the energy gap and transmittance are improved; refractive index and extinction coefficient is decreased upon doping. The dielectric study emphasizes that the LOMHC-ZTS crystal is good in the applicability for NLO device applications. The grown crystals showed improvement in the thermal stability upon doping of LOMHC. The flexibility of the grown crystals in terms of hardness behavior of LOMHC-ZTS is predicted by Vicker’s microhardness test; with this, yield strength and stiffness constant are calculated. This test revealed that LOMHC-ZTS belongs to soft material category possessing improved mechanical properties. SHG efficiency of ZTS is increased relatively upon the inclusion of LOMHC. These results favor the competency of LOMHC doped ZTS crystal in various NLO and laser assisted applications.

Experimental analysis of pure and l-tyrosine influenced bis-thiourea zinc acetate (BTZA) crystal for NLO device applications

In present research article the single crystal has been grown and change in traits of BTZA crystal has been evaluated by comparative approach. The single crystal X-ray diffraction technique has been utilized to determine the structural configurations of pure and LT influenced BTZA crystal. LT influenced BTZA sample has been subjected to energy dispersive spectroscopic technique to find out the chemical composition. The UV–vis spectral analysis has been carried out within 200−900 nm to explore rise in transmittance of BTZA crystal due to LT. The prominent increase in frequency doubling efficiency of LT influenced BTZA crystal has been confirmed by means of Kurtz-Perry test. The temperature dependence of electrical parameters of pure and LT influenced BTZA crystal has been comparatively evaluated confined to 30−100 °C range. The thermal stability of LT influenced BTZA crystal has been performed within 40−400 °C by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA).

Growth, structural, optical, thermal, dielectric and second harmonic generation properties of 2-methylimidazolium malonate (2MIM) nonlinear optical single crystals

New organic 2-methylimidazolium malonate (2MIM) single crystals for nonlinear optical application have been grown using the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) method and the basic properties 2MIM single crystals were discussed for the first time in the literature. The structural confirmation of 2MIM was carried out using the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The 2MIM molecule crystallized in orthorhombic crystal structure with a space group Pna21 in non-centrosymmetric pattern. FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational spectral studies were carried out to find the functional groups of 2MIM compound. UV–Vis–NIR transmittance spectral result indicates that the 223 nm scale of cut-off edge with wide band gap was observed in the linear optical properties. To find the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the 2MIM material, the Kurtz and Perry powder technique was used and the powdered sample was achieved resulting from good quality single crystals. To examine the electrical properties of the crystal the dielectric measurement was carried out. The NLO device applications of 2MIM crystal were confirmed by all the characterization results.

Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Glycine Ammonium Bromide: A potential NLO material

A novel semi organic material of glycine ammonium bromide (GAB) has been synthesized and effectively grown by the slow evaporation method. The grown crystals have been exposed to various characterization techniques such as single crystal / powder XRD, UV- Vis- NIR absorption, FTIR, thermal analysis and powder SHG measurements. Sensible clear GAB crystals were obtained in an exceedingly time span of 25 days. The full grown crystals were thermally stable up to 281˚C. The GAB crystal exhibits SHG efficiency of about 1.80 times than that of KDP. On the whole the properties advise that the present material may be an efficient candidate for NLO device applications.

The role of cobalt doping in tuning the band gap, surface morphology and third-order optical nonlinearities of ZnO nanostructures for NLO device applications.

The work presented here reported the effect of doping cobalt (Co) in ZnO thin films. The thin films were prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique with 0, 1, 5 and 10 wt% cobalt doping concentrations to study the morphological, optical and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the prepared thin films, and the crystallite size was found to increase with the concentration of doped Co. The morphology and surface topography of the films were largely influenced by doping, as indicated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). With an increase in Co-doping concentration, the direct optical energy band-gap value increased from 3.21 eV to 3.45 eV for pure to 10 at% of Co concentrations respectively. To study the NLO properties of the prepared thin films, the Z-scan technique was adopted; it was observed that with an increase in the doping concentration from 0 to 10 wt%, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) was enhanced from 4.68 × 10−3 to 9.92 × 10−3 (cm W−1), the nonlinear refractive index (n2) increased from 1.37 × 10−8 to 2.90 × 10−8 (cm2 W−1), and the third-order NLO susceptibility (χ(3)) values also increased from 0.79 × 10−6 to 1.88 × 10−6 (esu). At the experimental wavelength, the optical limiting (OL) features of the prepared films were explored, and the limiting thresholds were calculated. The encouraging results of the NLO studies suggest that the Co : ZnO thin film is a capable and promising material for nonlinear optical devices and optical power limiting applications.

Investigation on optical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of non linear optical single crystal guanidinium manganese sulphate

Semi organic nonlinear optical crystal of guanidinium manganese sulphate hydrate (GuMnS) was grown from its aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Formation of the crystalline compound was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD).The compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with space group Pī. The functional groups present in the crystal have been identified by FTIR spectroscopic analysis. UV–Vis–NIR spectral study indicates that the grown crystal is transparent in the entire visible region with a lower cut off wavelength 229 nm and the band gap value is found to be 5.06 eV. Nonlinear refractive index (n2), absorption coefficient (β) and third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) were determined using Z-scan technique. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermo gravimetric analyses (TG-DTG) were performed to analyse the thermal behaviour of the grown crystal. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied as a function of frequency of the applied field. The ferroelectric nature of the grown crystal was analysed by P–E hysteresis loop. The mechanical behaviour of the grown crystal was studied by Vickers’s micro hardness test. The laser induced surface damage threshold (LDT) of the grown crystal was found to be 1.157 GW/cm2. The obtained results show that guanidinium manganese sulphate crystals are potential materials in NLO device applications.

Luminescence, laser induced nonlinear optical and surface microscopic studies of potassium thiourea chloride crystal

The present communication is aimed to explore the optical properties of organometallic nonlinear optical potassium thiourea chloride (PTC) crystal by means of UV–vis, luminescence, Z-scan, laser damage threshold and etching studies. The PTC single crystal of optimum size (11 × 12 × 04) mm3 has been grown from solution by slow evaporation technique. The qualitative analysis of PTC crystal has been confirmed by means of energy dispersive spectroscopic technique. The UV–vis study has been carried out to assess the optical transparency of PTC crystal in visible region of interest. The photoluminescence study has been accomplished to ascertain the color centered photoluminescence emission nature of PTC crystal in optical spectrum. The laser damage threshold (LDT) value of PTC crystal has been determined by pulse multi shot method using the Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and the LDT of PTC crystal is found to be in the range of MW/cm2. The microscopic studies were performed by means of etching analysis to discuss the growth habit and structural defects associated with PTC crystal surface. The third order nonlinear optical nature of PTC crystal has been investigated at 632.8 nm employing the He-Ne laser assisted Z-scan studies. The third order nonlinear optical parameters such as susceptibility (χ3), absorption coefficient (β), refractive index (n2) and figure of merit have been evaluated using the Z-scan transmittance data. The NLO device applications of PTC crystal have been discussed in light of observed results.

Linear and Non Linear Optical Properties of Semi Organic Succinic Added Lithium Sulphate Monohydrate Crystal

In the present work, the effect of organic dicarboxylic acid (succinic acid) on lithium sulphate monohydrate was investigated at room temperature. The presence of succinic acid in the solution grown crystals has changed the values of lattice parameters maintaining crystal structure of the host material unaltered. The wide transparency seen in the recorded UV-vis spectrum communicate that the material is applicable to produce NLO efficiency. Mechanical resistivity to the indentation of the grown crystals was estimated through Vickerss microhardness test. Enhanced second harmonic generation efficiency was achieved. All these findings advocate that the grown crystal is suitable for NLO and optoelectronic device fabrication.