Nitrogen Placement Research Articles

Response of Seed and Oil Yields and Phosphorus Agronomic Efficiency of Soybean to Simultaneous Placement of Nitrogen with Phosphorus under Drought Stress

Response of Seed and Oil Yields and Phosphorus Agronomic Efficiency of Soybean to Simultaneous Placement of Nitrogen with Phosphorus under Drought Stress

Fertilizer Placement Affects Corn and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Claypan Soil

Agronomic efficiency (AE) and apparent N recovery efficiency (RE) can be improved by developing more effective N fertilizer placement strategies; however, minimal research has focused on poorly‐drained claypan soils which are prone to saturated conditions and gaseous N loss. The objective of this 2‐yr study was to determine the effectiveness of different N fertilizer placement methods on corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield, grain quality, silage yield, N uptake, AE, RE, and spatial soil N distribution over time. Nitrogen placement treatments included deep‐banded urea (DB) or urea plus nitrapyrin (DB+NI) at a depth of 20 cm compared to urea broadcast applied (BC) or BC incorporated to a depth of 8 cm (BCI). The DB and DB+NI treatments generally resulted in higher grain and silage yields than the non‐treated control (NC), BCI, and BC treatments. The DB+NI increased silage yield 4.14 to 4.77 Mg ha−1 over the BC and DB treatments in 2016. Additionally, DB+NI resulted in 21 and 27% greater N uptake and RE than other N placement treatments. Deep‐banded treatments with and without NI had the highest AE (10.3–13.3 kg kg N−1) compared to other treatments. Deep‐banded urea had significantly higher soil NO3–N concentrations in deep soil layers compared to DB+NI when sampled in July. Results indicated DB+NI increased N availability for a longer period during the growing season and was a reliable strategy for increasing corn yields and improving AE and RE on a poorly‐drained claypan soil.Core Ideas Yield response to urea was ranked DB+NI = DB > BCI > BC. Apparent N recovery efficiency was greatest (76.5%) with DB+NI. Highest agronomic efficiency (10.3 to 13.3 kg kgN−1) was observed for DB and DB+NI. Distribution of pHs, NO3‐N, and NH4‐N in the soil was affected by urea placement.

Giant Cell Tumour of the First Cuneiform: Case Study

Giant cell tumours (GCT) are usually benign, locally aggressive tumours. They tend to occur in long bones and rarely in small bones, with an incidence rate of 1.2 to 2.4% in the bones of the foot. The objective is to present a unique case in the literature of a GCT that only affected the first cuneiform. We present the case of a 35-year-old male patient seen at Hospital General de México (HGM) with seven months history of pain and increased volume in the medial region of the right foot, with X-ray and MRI images consistent with GCT in first cuneiform of the right foot. The excisional biopsy confirmed GCT. The definitive treatment consisted of curettage, cryotherapy with nitrogen and heterologous bone graft placement. Evolution was satisfactory, with no pain, no volume increase, normal gait and radiographic bone graft integration. Follow-up was at six years.

Influence of irrigation water regimes and patterns of nitrogen placement combined with soil compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth

Irrigation management and pattern of nitrogen application associated with soil compaction are critical factors in wheat growth. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes and patterns of nitrogen fertilizer placement in presence of soil compacted layer on some wheat growth parameters

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Advanced Millisecond Annealing Approaches for High-k Metal Gate and Contact Scaling

Scaling of semiconductor devices over past decades has been made possible by continuous innovations in materials engineering as well as device geometries and integration [1,2]. Shrinking device features necessitate precise engineering of various materials and interfaces. Thermal processing plays a key role in engineering of ever-evolving materials and processes governed by thermodynamics and kinetics. High-k metal gate (HKMG) and contact to source-drain present key challenges in meeting device performance and yield requirements for continued logic CMOS scaling. In this paper, we will present equipment and process innovations in millisecond annealing that enable HKMG and source-drain contact scaling. Key requirements for HKMG architecture include EOT scaling, device reliability, maintaining desired effective work function, and minimal Vfb roll-off effect. Thermal treatment of HKMG film stack leads to HfO2 crystallization, reaction of HfO2 with the SiO2 interface layer (IL), diffusion of nitrogen (N) and reaction with HfO2, and displacement of oxygen vacancies from HfO2. In addition, nitridation of HfO2 suppresses charge traps, improving reliability. Nitrogen placement in the HKMG stack is a function of annealing conditions, and needs to be controlled precisely to meet device performance and reliability requirements. HKMG integration can benefit greatly from millisecond annealing that offers high temperature processing but in millisecond time scales. In this paper, we will introduce millisecond annealing in ammonia (NH3) ambient. We will demonstrate that millisecond annealing in NH3 ambient offers unique capabilities in controlling the N dose and placement in the HKMG stack. It is extremely important to control the N profile since N penetration to the interface layer degrades PMOS reliability. Fig 1 shows the three film stacks investigated in this work. Millisecond annealing was performed using a scanning continuous wave laser to reach desired surface temperature of a wafer placed on a heated stage. This approach allows for millisecond scale control of thermal energy delivery to the wafer. Fig 2 shows the N concentration as a function of millisecond anneal peak temperature for different heater temperatures. N incorporation increases with peak temperature. Lower heater temperature enables higher N incorporation. As shown in Fig 3, lower heater temperature also results in lesser IL thickening, which is desirable for EOT scaling. Fig 4 shows angle-resolved X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (AR-XPS) profiles for HfO2/IL film stack annealed at the same peak temperature but with different heater temperatures. Clearly, lower heater temperature leads to shallower, Gaussian-like N profile contained within HfO2. In this paper, we will also demonstrate nitridation of other HKMG film stacks such as TiN/HfO2/IL, and TaN/HfO2/IL with excellent control over N dose and depth profile. We will show that this approach leads to conformal nitridation of HKMG film stack. We will also present MOSCAP data complementing the physical characterization and demonstrating device performance and reliability benefits of millisecond annealing in NH3 ambient. Continued CMOS scaling requires geometric shrinking of device features such as contact to source and drain. Smaller contact dimensions necessitate reduction of bulk and interface resistivity of various materials deposited in the contact structure. Advanced logic devices beyond 10nm node are expected to use Cobalt as contact fill metal [3]. Oxidation of barrier TiN is detrimental to the quality of subsequent Cobalt metal fill and introduces an additional contributor to the overall external resistance of the device. Silicidation anneal after Ti liner/TiN barrier deposition results in oxidation of TiN surface due to the presence of trace amounts of O2 in the anneal chamber. Hence, it is paramount to minimize surface oxidation of TiN to enable optimal contact metal fill. In this paper, we will demonstrate that TiN oxidation can be minimized by improving millisecond anneal chamber background O2 level and cooling down wafers in controlled ambient. The importance of ambient control during silicide anneal was investigated by comparing surface oxidation resulting from annealing with various ambient control schemes. Fig. 5 shows that a silicide anneal run with X ppm ambient O2 during the anneal resulted in significant oxidation of TiN, and oxidation was reduced with reduced ambient O2 during anneal. The least degree of TiN oxidation was achieved with improved ambient control during both the anneal process and wafer cooldown. Improvement in chamber O2 level along with cooler wafer extraction also resulted in better Co adhesion to TiN and ~17% reduction in contact resistivity (Fig 6). Enhanced ambient control capability in the millisecond anneal system is expected to provide further benefits in HKMG EOT scaling and reliability in combination with NH3 thermal processing. Figure 1

Effect of deep placement of N fertilizers on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under flooded condition

An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2016 to evaluate the effect of deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on N use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under continuous flooded condition. The soil was silt loam in texture having pH 6.27, organic matter content 1.95%, total N 0.136%, available P 3.16 ppm, exchangeable K 0.095 me%, available S 10.5 ppm and EC 348 μS cm-1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were T1 [Control], T2 [Prilled Urea, 130 kg N ha-1] , T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1], T4 [USG, 104 kg N ha-1], T5 [USG, 78 kg N ha-1], T6 [NPK briquette , 129 kg N ha-1], T7 [NPK briquette, 102 kg N ha-1] and T8 [NPK briquette, 78 kg N ha-1]. All the treatments except T6, T7 and T8 received 25 kg P and 64 kg K ha-1 as TSP and MoP, respectively. In T6, T7 and T8 treatments, P and K were supplied from NPK briquettes. Prilled urea was applied in three equal splits. USG and NPK briquettes were applied at 10 DAT and were placed at 8-10 cm depth between four hills at every alternate row. The results demonstrate that all the yield components except 1000-grain weight and yields of BRRI dhan29 responded significantly to the deep placement of N in the form of USG and NPK briquettes under continuous flooded condition. The highest grain yield of 6561 kg ha-1 was recorded in T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1] which was statistically similar to that ofT4 [USG, 104 kg N ha-1].The highest straw yield of 6876 kg ha-1 was obtained in T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1]. The lowest grain yield (3094 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3364 kg ha-1) were found for T1 (Control). The deep placement of USG and NPK briquettes enhanced the recovery of applied N and N use efficiency in comparison with the broadcast application of PU. The highest value of NUE (32.05 kg grain increase per kg N applied) was obtained in T5 [USG, 78 kg N ha-1] followed by T4 [30.75 kg grain increase per kg N applied) and the lowest value was found in T8 [130 kg N ha-1 from PU]. Based on yield, N use efficiency and cost-benefit analysis, an application of 104 kg N ha-1 as USG can be recommended as the best treatment for achieving satisfactory yield of boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan29) at BAU farm and at adjacent areas under AEZ 9 (Old Brahmaputra Floodplain).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 454-461

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Conventional tillage resulted in greater corn yield in 2015 than with reduced tillage or no-till. A tillage × N fertilizer treatment interaction showed that N placement did not affect corn yield in conventional or reduced tillage systems, but subsurface knife N placement in no-till resulted in greater yield than when N was surfaceapplied.

Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions and nitrogen use efficiency as affected by nitrogen placement in lowland rice fields

Urea deep placement (UDP) has demonstrated its benefits of saving N fertilizer and increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yields. However, studies on its environmental impacts, particularly on nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO), are limited. We conducted multi-location field experiments in Bangladesh to determine the effects of UDP versus broadcast prilled urea (PU) on N2O and NO emissions, NUE, and rice yields. N2O and NO emissions were measured from three N fertilizer treatments—no N, UDP, and PU—using automated gas sampling and analysis systems continuously for two rice-growing seasons—Aus (May–August) and Aman (August–December). Fertilizer-induced peaks in N2O emissions were observed after broadcast application of PU but were rarely observed after UDP. Total seasonal N2O and NO emissions, yield-scaled emissions, and fertilizer-induced emissions were affected by fertilizer treatments and sites. Though nitrogen fertilizer increased emissions significantly over the control, emissions resulting from UDP and PU were similar. Effects of N placement on grain yields and NUE were site- and season-specific. Of the N placement methods, UDP increased grain yields by 13% (p < 0.05) during the Aman season and gave similar yields in spite of lower N application during the Aus season. UDP increased N recovery from 25 and 16% of broadcast PU to 61 and 73% during the Aus and the Aman seasons, respectively in one site, but was similar in another site. On the other hand, alternate wetting and drying irrigation reduced grain yield and N recovery at the BRRI site during the Aman season.

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/ Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/ Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Growth and Forage Quality Responses of Smooth Bromegrass to Nitrogen Placement and Timing

Smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis (L.)] is a cool‐season perennial that is widely used in pastures and meadows. More intensive management of N may be required to optimize production. This study was conducted for 4 yr to determine bromegrass dry forage mass (FM) and quality responses to annual rates of 84 or 168 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer solution with three placements at four different fall/late winter (LW) timing combinations. Vegetative forage was harvested in April to represent early grazing, or postanthesis, in May to simulate hay production. Knife (KN) placement generally resulted in less vegetative FM than broadcast (BC) and dribble (DR) placements, regardless of N rate. In two typical moisture years, FM increased an average 15% when N rate increased from 84 to 168 kg N ha−1, but the first 84 kg ha−1 did not increase yields above the check (0 N). Forage crude protein (CP) generally increased as N rate increased, particularly with KN placement, or when most was applied in LW. Nitrogen increased postanthesis FM by an average of 24% with the first 84 kg ha−1 increment, and by an additional 15% with the next 84‐kg increment, while average CP was increased by 20%. Knife placement increased mass and CP, particularly with the 168 kg ha−1 rate, and when some was applied in LW, but often with increased neutral detergent fiber and decreased digestible dry matter. The most beneficial N management system would be determined by the projected forage use.Core Ideas Nitrogen fertility management of smooth bromegrass affects not only yield, but forage quality. Placement of N fertilizer affects bromegrass yield and quality. Responses to N amount and placement are also modified by application timing.

Nitrogen fertilizer placement and timing affects bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) quality and yield in an irrigated bed planting system

Searching for sustainable cropping systems has often focused on the optimization of system sustainability, yield or ideally both. It is important to also include wheat quality characteristics like grain protein concentration (GPC) and bread-making quality (loaf volume). The effect of placement and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on performance and quality of the bread wheat cultivar Navojoa, was tested in two tillage systems under furrow irrigation: conventionally tilled beds (CTB; new beds formed after disc ploughing and residue incorporation) and permanent beds (PB; only furrows reshaped and residues retained on the surface). N fertilizer (120 kg N ha−1 as urea) was broadcast, applied in furrows or disk-banded on top of beds. The timing treatments were all fertilizer applied before planting or split between pre-planting and first node. Permanent beds had the highest yield and grain quality was highest with split bed and furrow application. Averaged over four years, N use efficiency and GPC were significantly higher in CTB (24.5 kg kg−1 and 10.1 %, respectively) than in PB (22.2 kg kg−1 and 9.9 %, respectively) indicating the necessity in PB for optimal N management to obtain stable yields and acceptable grain quality. A reduced number of cold hours and solar radiation negatively affected grain yield. Broadcast fertilizer application reduced grain quality and N use efficiency. N fertilizer management in furrow-irrigated wheat cropping systems should combine splitting the N dose and disking it on the bed pre-planting and in the furrow later in the season, depending on the crop needs at the application time.

Deep placement of N fertilizers influences N use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under flooded condition

An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2014 to evaluate the effect of deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on N use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under flooded condition. The soil was silt loam in texture having pH 6.27, organic matter content 1.95%, total N 0.136%, available P 3.16 ppm, exchangeable K 0.095 me%, available S 10.5 ppm and EC 348 ?S cm-1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were T1 [Control], T2 [Prilled urea (130 kg N ha-1)], T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1], T4 [USG, 104 kg N ha-1], T5 [USG, 78 kg N ha-1], T6 [NPK briquette, 129 kg N ha-1], T7 [NPK briquette, 102 kg N ha-1] and T8 [NPK briquette, 78 kg N ha-1]. All the treatments except T6, T7 and T8 received 25 kg P and 64 kg K ha-1 as TSP and MoP respectively. In T6, T7 and T8 treatments, P and K were supplied from NPK briquettes. Prilled urea was applied in three equal splits. USG and NPK briquettes were applied at 10 DAT and were placed at 8-10 cm depth within four hills at alternate row. After deep placement of USG and NPK briquette, and each split application of PU, the water samples were collected for 5 consecutive days and analyzed for NH4-N concentration in surface water. After application of N fertilizers, the NH4-N in floodwater reached peak on the 2nd day in PU treated plots and then decreased rapidly over time. In the USG and NPK briquette treated plots, the NH4-N was generated slowly but spontaneously over the entire growth period as compared to PU indicating a beneficial role of USG and NPK briquette. The highest grain yield of 7.16 t ha-1 was recorded for T6 [NPK briquette, 129 kg N ha-1] which was statistically similar to that of T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1] and T4 [USG, 104 kg N ha-1]. The highest straw yield of 8.05 t ha-1 was obtained for T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1]. The deep placement of USG and NPK briquettes enhanced the recovery of applied N and N use efficiency in comparison with the broadcast application of N fertilizers.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 279-284

Fertilizer Deep Placement Increases Rice Production: Evidence from Farmers’ Fields in Southern Bangladesh

Efficient use of fertilizer is needed to meet the increasing food demand, minimize negative environmental impacts, and maximize farmers’ profits. Fertilizer deep placement (FDP) could be one of the best management techniques to achieve these multiple benefits. Experiments were conducted in 115 farmers’ fields spread over 35 upazilas across eight districts over nine contiguous rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons during 2009 to 2012 in southern Bangladesh to compare the effects of deep placement of urea briquettes (UB) and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium briquettes (NPK), with farmers’ broadcast prilled urea (PU) on rice yield and net economic return. Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice‐growing seasons and years compared to PU. Across the years, average yield increase in UB and NPK over PU was higher during the Aus and Aman (wet) seasons (21–31%) than in the Boro (dry) season (11–17%). In addition to increase in grain yield, deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus–Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season. The deep placement of one 2.4 g NPK (∼44 kg N ha−1) for the Aus–Aman season and two NPK (87 kg N ha−1) for the Boro season would be more profitable for southern Bangladesh. The FDP also provides the greatest benefits under rainfed wet season conditions where farmers have little control of water management and timing of N application.

Nitrogen source and placement effects on stand density, pasmo severity, seed yield, and quality of no-till flax

Field studies were conducted at two locations in western Manitoba over three years to evaluate the impact of rate, source, and placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on seedling emergence, disease severity, crop yield, and seed quality of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Urea, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), and ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizers were applied at 0, 30, 60, and 90 g N ha−1, pre-plant banded or side-banded 2.5 m to the side and 2.5 m below the seed-row, using a hoe-type opener with 20 m row spacing. Differences in stand emergence occurred from year to year, depending on the moisture conditions after seeding. Nitrogen fertilizer occasionally decreased stand density when side-banded, with effects being greatest with urea and UAN. The magnitude of stand decrease was generally low, although it may have restricted seed yield with high rates of urea fertilization in some years. Nitrogen applications frequently increased leaf and stem pasmo, but the effects of fertilizer source and placement were variable. Seed yield increased with N application except at a single site where soil N levels were high. Where differences existed among sources, yield was generally lower with urea than with the other sources, possibly related to seedling damage from the urea at higher rates of application, or to physiological effects of high ammonia:nitrate ratio nutrition during early growth. Seed quality for oil production tended to decline with increasing N applications due to lower oil concentration, lower iodine number, and a decrease in the concentration of high-quality linolenic and linoleic fatty acids. However, seed protein concentration increased with increasing N concentration. While risk of seedling damage and pasmo may increase with increasing levels of N fertilizer, either side-banded or pre-plant banded N applications still resulted in increased flaxseed yield. However, increasing N rate slightly decreased quality for oil production.

Effect of deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers on rice yield and N use efficiency under water regimes

The experiments were conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2013 to evaluate the effect of deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on rice yield and N use efficiency under two different water regimes [continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)]. After deep placement of USG and NPK briquettes and each split application of PU, the water samples were collected for five consecutive days and analyzed for ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4-N) concentration. In both water regimes the floodwater NH4-N concentration gave highest value at the second day of PU application followed by gradual decrease with time and in continuous flooding condition the release of NH4-N was higher compared to AWD condition. Deep placement of N fertilizers also increased grain yield under AWD compared to CF condition and the maximum value was obtained in treatment T5 [USG 78 kg N ha-1 + PM 3 t ha-1] statistically similar to T3 [USG, 156 kg N ha-1]. Due to application USG and NPK briquettes, the N uptake and N use efficiency also gave higher values in AWD compared to CF condition. The results revealed that the deep placement of USG with poultry manure performed better in terms yield, N uptake and N use efficiency by BRRI dhan29 under AWD condition. So, the deep placement of USG under AWD condition could be recommended for higher production of boro rice.SAARC J. Agri., 13(2): 161-172 (2015)

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Tillage and Nitrogen Placement Effects on Yields in a Short-Season Corn/Wheat/Double-Crop Soybean Rotation

Effect of Seeding Depth, Nitrogen Placement Method and Biochar on the Growth, Yield and its Related Parameters of Sugar Beet

Effect of Seeding Depth, Nitrogen Placement Method and Biochar on the Growth, Yield and its Related Parameters of Sugar Beet

Floodwater Nitrogen, Rice Yield and N Use Efficiency as Influenced by Deep Placement of Nitrogenous Fertilizers

An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the Aus season of 2012 to investigate the effects of deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on floodwater NH4-N concentration, rice yield and N use efficiency under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) condition. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were eight treatment combinations viz. T 1 (Control), T 2 [52 kg N from Urea super granule (USG)], T 3 (104 kg N from USG), T 4 [78 kg N from prilled urea (PU)], T 5 (120 kg N from PU), T 6 (51 kg N from NPK briquette), T 7 (78 kg N from USG) and T 8 (78 kg N from NPK briquette). The results regarding the floodwater NH 4 -N concentration revealed that, the highest value of (NH 4M -N) was observed at the second day of PU application followed by gradual decrease with time. USG and NPK briquette treated plots showed negligible amounts of NH 4 -N in flood water during the sampling periods. The highest grain yield (5265 kg ha -1 ) and straw yield (6434 kg ha -1 ) was recorded from 104 kg N from USG (treatment T 3 ) and the lowest values were obtained from control. Apparent nitrogen recovery by rice plants was much higher when 78 kg N was applied as USG. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increase in N rate either as PU, USG and NPK briquette and treatment T 7 (78 kg N as USG) showed the highest value. These results clearly indicate that the deep placement of N in the form of USG and NPK briquette minimizes the loss of N that results in higher N use efficiency and increased grain yield of rice as compared to broadcast application of N in the form of PU. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i1.22173 J. Environ. Sci. & Natual Resources, 7(1): 207-213 2014